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The Changing Ideals of ‘Individual Creativity & Traits in Bauhaus’ Preliminary Course

Year 2024, , 190 - 199, 15.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.54864/planarch.1518483

Abstract

The Bauhaus school, founded in the early 20th century by Walter Gropius, became a leading institution for art, design, and architectural education. Gropius' vision emphasized abolishing the distinctions between different branches of art & design, and between artists & craftsmen. This holistic approach was encapsulated also in the school's curriculum, which sought to integrate arts, crafts, and industry. Central to Bauhaus education was the Preliminary Course (Vorkurs), which was compulsory for all students regardless of their discipline. This course laid the foundation for further education and was known for its inclusivity and the influence of several unconventional and innovative masters, including Johannes Itten, László Moholy-Nagy, and Josef Albers. Each of these instructors brought distinct teaching methods and philosophies, contributing to the dynamic and evolving nature of the course. Vorkurs underwent significant changes throughout Bauhaus's 14-year history, reflecting the varying pedagogical approaches of its masters and the political and social changes of the era. As a result, the course cannot be seen as a static entity but rather as a series of diverse and sometimes inconsistent pedagogical experiments. This article examines the transformations and inconsistencies of Vorkurs by comparing the approaches of Itten, Moholy-Nagy, and Albers. It argues that the course should not be understood as a single, cohesive course but rather as a reflection of the diverse and evolving educational philosophies of its instructors. By focusing on these differences, the article aims to discuss the changing definitions and ideals of individual creativity and traits, which are still major topics of discussion within contemporary design education.

References

  • Aközer, E. (2019). Vorkurs ve Modern Eğitim: Bauhaus’un Aydınlık Yüzü. Dosya 44: Yüzüncü Yılında Bauhaus, 44, 29-44.
  • Aközer, E. (2009). Mimarın Özgürlüğü. In Artun, A. Aliçavuşoğlu, E. (Eds.), Bauhaus: Modernleşmenin Tasarımı (pp.111-121). İletişim Yayınları.
  • Albers, J. (2014) Minimal Means, Maximum Effect. Toledo, M. & Sanguino, J. (Eds.), Fundación Juan March.
  • Albers, J. (2013). Interaction of Color. Yale University Press.
  • Artun, A. Aliçavuşoğlu, E. (Eds.) (2009). Bauhaus: Modernleşmenin Tasarımı. İletişim Yayınları.
  • Banham, R. (1960). Theory and Design in the First Machine Age. Praeger Publishers (2nd Edition, 1967).
  • Cross, A. (1983). The Educational Background to the Bauhaus. Design Studies 4, (1), 43-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/0142-694X(83)90007-8
  • Dearstyne, H. (1986). Inside the Bauhaus. Rizzoli.
  • Dickerman, L. (2009). Bauhaus Fundaments. In Bauhaus 1919-1933, Workshops for Modernity. New York: The Museum of Modern Art.
  • Droste, M. (2006). Bauhaus. Köln: Taschen.
  • Forgács , E. (2017). Bauhaus 1919-1933. Central European University Press (1995), İstanbul: Janus Yayıncılık.
  • Forgács , E. (1995). The Bauhaus Idea and Bauhaus Politics. Central European University Press. https://doi.org/10.7829/j.ctv280b7w8
  • Gropius, W., Bayer, H., Gropius, I. (1938). Bauhaus, 1919-1928. The Museum of Modern Art, Distributed by New York Graphic Society.
  • Gropius, W. (1998). The New Architecture and the Bauhaus. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Itten, J. (1963). Design and Form, The Basic Course at the Bauhaus. London: Thames & Hudson.
  • Itten, J. (1997). The Art of Color: The Subjective Experience and Objective Rationale of Color. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Inan, A. D. (2020). Bauhaus ve ‘Basic Design’ / ‘Temel Tasarım’, Bağlantılar ya da Farklılıklar. In Inan, A.D., Cengizkan, A. (Eds.), Bauhaus_100+TR (pp.334-360). Ankara: TEDU Mimarlık Fakültesi Yayınları.
  • Kandinsky, W. (1947). Point and Line to Plane. Cranbrook Press.
  • Kandinsky, W. (1914). The Art of Spiritual Harmony. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.
  • Kaplan. L. (1995). Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, Biographical Writings. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822382676
  • Klee, P. (2010). Bauhaus Ders Notları ve Yazılar. İstanbul: Hayalbaz.
  • Lerner, F. (2005). Foundations for Design Education: Continuing the Bauhaus Vorkurs Vision. Studies in Art Education, 46(3), 211–226. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3497081.
  • MacCarthy, F. (2020). Walter Gropius: Visionary Founder of the Bauhaus. London: Faber & Faber.
  • Meyer, U., Engels, H. (2006). Bauhaus: 1919-1933. München: Prestel Publications.
  • Moholy-Nagy, L. (1930). The New Vision. Wisconsin Cuneo Press.
  • Moholy-Nagy, L. (1947). The New Vision and the Abstract of an Artist. New York: Wittenborn Schultz.
  • Naylor. G. (1985). The Bauhaus Reassessed. London: The Herbert Press.
  • Otto, E. (2019). Haunted Bauhaus. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Togay, N. (2002). (Ed.) Modern Mimarlığın Öncüleri, Walter Gropius ve Bauhaus. İstanbul: Boyut Yayınları.
  • Whitford, F. (1984). Bauhaus. London: Thames and Hudson.
  • URL-1. Retrieved from https://www.getty.edu/research/exhibitions_events/exhibitions/bauhaus/new_artist/history/ (last accessed: June 2024)
  • URL -2. Retrieved from https://bauhauskooperation.com/knowledge/the-bauhaus/training (last accessed: 1 July 2024)
  • URL-3. “Institutionalizing the Avant-Garde: Vkhutemas 1920–1930”. retrieved from https://walkerart.org/magazine/institutionalizing-the-avant-garde-vkhutemas-1920-1930. (last accessed: 15 July 2024)
  • URL-4. Retrieved from https://www.getty.edu/research/exhibitions_events/exhibitions/bauhaus/new_artist/form_color/interactive/ (last accessed: 15 June 2024)
  • URL-5. Retrieved from https://www.moma.org/collection/works/78749 (last accessed: 10 June 2024)
  • URL-6. Retrieved from https://www.bauhaus.de/en/das_bauhaus/48_1919_1933/ (last accessed: 15 July 2024)
  • URL-7. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9fGPdyX_lzg (last accessed: 15 July 2024)

Bauhaus'un Tasarıma Giriş Dersinde Değişen 'Bireysel Yaratıcılık ve Becerilere' Dair İdealler

Year 2024, , 190 - 199, 15.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.54864/planarch.1518483

Abstract

Walter Gropius tarafından 20.yy’ın başlarında kurulan Bauhaus okulu, sanat, tasarım ve mimarlık eğitiminde öncü bir kurumdur. Gropius’un vizyonu, sanat ve tasarımın farklı dalları ile sanatçılar ve zanaatkârlar arasındaki ayrımları ortadan kaldırmayı amaçlamaktaydı. Bu bütüncül yaklaşım, sanatlar, zanaatlar ve endüstriyi entegre etmeyi amaçlayan okulun müfredatında da somutlaşmıştı. Bauhaus eğitiminin merkezinde, disiplinden bağımsız olarak tüm öğrenciler için zorunlu olan Tasarıma Hazırlık (Vorkurs) yer almaktaydı. Bauhaus’daki eğitimin temelini oluşturan bu ders, kapsayıcılığı ve barındırdığı pek çok alışılmadık ve yenilikçi eğitim yaklaşımları sayesinde tanınıyordu. Bauhaus tarihinde eğitmenlerin her birinin, dersin dinamik doğasına katkıda bulunduğu ve geliştirdikleri farklı öğretim yöntemleri ve felsefeleri ile zengin bir ortamın kurulmasına katkı sağladıkları bir gerçektir. Vorkurs, tarihi boyunca önemli kırılmalar yaşamış ve bu, eğitmenlerinin değişen pedagojik yaklaşımlarını ve dönemin politik ve sosyal değişimlerini yansıtmıştır. Buradan hareketle, bu ders tekil bir yaklaşımın ürünü olarak değil, çeşitli ve bazen tutarsız pedagojik deneyler serisi olarak tartışılması gereken bir olgudur. Makale, Itten, Moholy-Nagy ve Albers'in yaklaşımlarını karşılaştırarak Vorkurs’un geçirdiği dönüşümleri ve kendi içindeki tutarsızlıklarını inceleme altına almayı hedeflerken, Vorkurs'u tutarlı bir tanım üzerinden incelemenin imkansızlığını vurgular. Tasarıma hazırlık dersi olarak gelişen dersin, sabit bir tutarlılığın aksine eğitmenlerinin çeşitli ve gelişen eğitim felsefelerinin bir yansıması olarak sürekli değişen yapısı üzerinden değerlendirilmesi gerektiğini savunur. Bu farklılıklara odaklanarak, bireysel yaratıcılık ve tasarım becerilerinin değişen tanımlarını ve ideallerini tartışmayı amaçlar; ki bu, çağdaş tasarım eğitimi için de hala önemli tartışma konularından biridir.

References

  • Aközer, E. (2019). Vorkurs ve Modern Eğitim: Bauhaus’un Aydınlık Yüzü. Dosya 44: Yüzüncü Yılında Bauhaus, 44, 29-44.
  • Aközer, E. (2009). Mimarın Özgürlüğü. In Artun, A. Aliçavuşoğlu, E. (Eds.), Bauhaus: Modernleşmenin Tasarımı (pp.111-121). İletişim Yayınları.
  • Albers, J. (2014) Minimal Means, Maximum Effect. Toledo, M. & Sanguino, J. (Eds.), Fundación Juan March.
  • Albers, J. (2013). Interaction of Color. Yale University Press.
  • Artun, A. Aliçavuşoğlu, E. (Eds.) (2009). Bauhaus: Modernleşmenin Tasarımı. İletişim Yayınları.
  • Banham, R. (1960). Theory and Design in the First Machine Age. Praeger Publishers (2nd Edition, 1967).
  • Cross, A. (1983). The Educational Background to the Bauhaus. Design Studies 4, (1), 43-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/0142-694X(83)90007-8
  • Dearstyne, H. (1986). Inside the Bauhaus. Rizzoli.
  • Dickerman, L. (2009). Bauhaus Fundaments. In Bauhaus 1919-1933, Workshops for Modernity. New York: The Museum of Modern Art.
  • Droste, M. (2006). Bauhaus. Köln: Taschen.
  • Forgács , E. (2017). Bauhaus 1919-1933. Central European University Press (1995), İstanbul: Janus Yayıncılık.
  • Forgács , E. (1995). The Bauhaus Idea and Bauhaus Politics. Central European University Press. https://doi.org/10.7829/j.ctv280b7w8
  • Gropius, W., Bayer, H., Gropius, I. (1938). Bauhaus, 1919-1928. The Museum of Modern Art, Distributed by New York Graphic Society.
  • Gropius, W. (1998). The New Architecture and the Bauhaus. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Itten, J. (1963). Design and Form, The Basic Course at the Bauhaus. London: Thames & Hudson.
  • Itten, J. (1997). The Art of Color: The Subjective Experience and Objective Rationale of Color. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Inan, A. D. (2020). Bauhaus ve ‘Basic Design’ / ‘Temel Tasarım’, Bağlantılar ya da Farklılıklar. In Inan, A.D., Cengizkan, A. (Eds.), Bauhaus_100+TR (pp.334-360). Ankara: TEDU Mimarlık Fakültesi Yayınları.
  • Kandinsky, W. (1947). Point and Line to Plane. Cranbrook Press.
  • Kandinsky, W. (1914). The Art of Spiritual Harmony. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.
  • Kaplan. L. (1995). Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, Biographical Writings. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822382676
  • Klee, P. (2010). Bauhaus Ders Notları ve Yazılar. İstanbul: Hayalbaz.
  • Lerner, F. (2005). Foundations for Design Education: Continuing the Bauhaus Vorkurs Vision. Studies in Art Education, 46(3), 211–226. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3497081.
  • MacCarthy, F. (2020). Walter Gropius: Visionary Founder of the Bauhaus. London: Faber & Faber.
  • Meyer, U., Engels, H. (2006). Bauhaus: 1919-1933. München: Prestel Publications.
  • Moholy-Nagy, L. (1930). The New Vision. Wisconsin Cuneo Press.
  • Moholy-Nagy, L. (1947). The New Vision and the Abstract of an Artist. New York: Wittenborn Schultz.
  • Naylor. G. (1985). The Bauhaus Reassessed. London: The Herbert Press.
  • Otto, E. (2019). Haunted Bauhaus. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Togay, N. (2002). (Ed.) Modern Mimarlığın Öncüleri, Walter Gropius ve Bauhaus. İstanbul: Boyut Yayınları.
  • Whitford, F. (1984). Bauhaus. London: Thames and Hudson.
  • URL-1. Retrieved from https://www.getty.edu/research/exhibitions_events/exhibitions/bauhaus/new_artist/history/ (last accessed: June 2024)
  • URL -2. Retrieved from https://bauhauskooperation.com/knowledge/the-bauhaus/training (last accessed: 1 July 2024)
  • URL-3. “Institutionalizing the Avant-Garde: Vkhutemas 1920–1930”. retrieved from https://walkerart.org/magazine/institutionalizing-the-avant-garde-vkhutemas-1920-1930. (last accessed: 15 July 2024)
  • URL-4. Retrieved from https://www.getty.edu/research/exhibitions_events/exhibitions/bauhaus/new_artist/form_color/interactive/ (last accessed: 15 June 2024)
  • URL-5. Retrieved from https://www.moma.org/collection/works/78749 (last accessed: 10 June 2024)
  • URL-6. Retrieved from https://www.bauhaus.de/en/das_bauhaus/48_1919_1933/ (last accessed: 15 July 2024)
  • URL-7. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9fGPdyX_lzg (last accessed: 15 July 2024)
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Architectural Design, Architecture (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

A. Derin İnan 0000-0003-4618-8494

Publication Date September 15, 2024
Submission Date July 18, 2024
Acceptance Date September 2, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

APA İnan, A. D. (2024). The Changing Ideals of ‘Individual Creativity & Traits in Bauhaus’ Preliminary Course. PLANARCH - Design and Planning Research, 8(2), 190-199. https://doi.org/10.54864/planarch.1518483

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