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PURSES OF MITHRIDATES’ MERCENARIES FROM THE CIMMERIAN BOSPORUS

Year 2024, , 111 - 132, 28.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.56170/propontica.1392117

Abstract

This article examines the numismatic sources from the Cimmerian Bosporus: hoards representing soldiers’ purses, cases of cash payments for rations, as well as the coinages minted to make these payments during the Mithridatic Wars. Several hoards of a military context came from this time, consisting of coins, which were precisely used for the allowances of soldiers. On the one hand, these hoards provide evidence of the payment made to Mithridates’ mercenaries who served in garrisons in cities and in their chora to protect the grain-producing areas that supplied the king’s army with bread. Such hoards consist of silver or bronze coinages specially minted for military payments in Bosporus. However, except for two cases of wage payment made to the garrison in silver (CH XI, 137, 138), using bronze coins for military payments is characteristic of the Bosporus in the Late Hellenistic period. On the other hand, at least five garrisons in Bosporus, whose existence has been attested due to finds of soldiers’ purses, are in Tyritace (IGCH 1145 = СΗ ΧΙ, 140), Myrmecium (CH XI, 116, 141), Patraeus (CH XI, 142), Phanagoria (CH XI, 145A-B) and the Vyshesteblievskaya 3 settlement, located in the grain-producing area subordinate to Phanagoria. These purses show that during the Mithridatic Wars, mercenaries were paid in Bosporan and Pontic bronze coins of significant denominations, which apparently amounted to less than an obol per day. The purses of mercenaries containing the same amount indicate the approximate level of their pay, equal to 22(?) obols per month. The case of Bosporus demonstrates the success of one of the major innovations of the Hellenistic period – the systematic use of bronze for military payment.

Project Number

No

References

  • Abramzon – Frolova 2007-2008, Abramzon, M. G. – Frolova, N. A., Korpus bosporskikh kladov antichnykh monet, I: 1834–2005 gg. (= Bosporskie Issledovaniya Suppl. 2), Simferopol-Kerch.
  • Abramzon – Kuznetsov 2011a, Abramzon, M. G. – Kuznetsov, V. D., “The Rebellion in Phanagoria in 63 BC (New Numismatic Evidence)”, ACSS, 17, 75-110.
  • Abramzon – Kuznetsov 2011b, Abramzon, M. – Kuznetsov, V., “The Phanagorian revolt against Mithridates VI Eupator (numismatic evidence)”, Phanagoreia und seine historische Umwelt (= Altertümer Phanagoreias, 2) (Hrsg. N. Povalahev and V. Kuznetsov), Göttingen, 15-90.
  • Abramzon 2012, Abramzon, M., “A hoard of bronze Pontic and Bosporan coins of the reign of Mithradates VI from Phanagoria, 2007”, The Black Sea, Paphlagonia, Pontus and Phrygia in Antiquity. Aspects of archaeology and ancient history = BAR International Series 2432, (ed. G.R. Tsetskhladze), Oxford, 1-8.
  • Abramzon – Novichikhin 2018, Abramzon, M.G. – Novichikhin, A.M., “Dva monetnykh klada mitridatovskogo vremeni s yugo-vostochnoj okrainy Bospora (2014 g.)”, Vestnik drevney istorii, 78, 2, 333-348.
  • Abramzon et al. 2022, Abramzon, M.G. – Karpov, D.A. – Kolesnikov, A.B., “Klad bronzovykh monet vremeni Mitridata VI s poseleniya Vyshesteblievskaya 3 na Tamanskom poluostrove”, Vestnik drevney istorii, 82, 1, 150-61.
  • Abramzon – Ostapenko 2023, Abramzon, M. G. – Ostapenko, S. N., “Klad bronzovykh monet mitridatovskogo vremeni iz Fanagorii”, Kratkie soobshcheniya Instituta arkheologii, 271, 131-137.
  • Abramzon – Smekalova 2024, Abramzon, M. G. – Smekalova, T. N., “XRF-analysis of the anonymous Bosporan obols from the Polynka 1985 Hoard”, Money of Mercenaries in the Cimmerian Bosporus: From the Mithridatic Wars to the Roman-Bosporan War of AD 45–49 (= Colloquia Antiqua, 32), Leuven-Paris-Bristol, 133-136.
  • BAR 1102, Frolova, N.A. – Ireland, S., The Coinage of the Bosporan Kingdom from the First Century BC to the First Century AD (= BAR International Series 1102), Oxford, 2002.
  • Belova 1958, Belova, L. N., “Monety iz raskopok Tiritaki, Mirmekiya i Ilurata v 1946–1953 gg.”, Materialy i issledovaniya po arkheologii SSSR, 85, Moscow/Leningrad, 330-350.
  • Callataÿ 1997, Callataÿ, F. de, L’histoire des guerres mithridatiques vue par les monnaies (= Numismatica Lovaniensia), 18, Louvain-la-Neuve.
  • Callataÿ 2000, Callataÿ, F. de, “Guerres et monnayages à l’epoque hellenistique. Essai de mise en perspective suivi d’une annexe sur le monnayoge de Mithridate VI Eupator”, Economie antique. La guerre dans les economies antiques (= Entretiens d’Archeologie et d’Histoire 5) (eds. A.P. Briant – R. Descat), Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges, 337-364.
  • Callataÿ 2007, Callataÿ, F. de, “La révision de la chronologie des bronzes de Mithridate Eupator et ses conséquences sur la datation des monnayages et des sites du Bosphore Cimmerien”, Une koinè pontique. Cites grecques, sociétés indigènes et empires mondiaux sur le littoral nord de la Mer Noire (VIIe s.a.C. – IIIe s.p.C.) (= Ausonius Mémoires, 18), (eds. A. Bresson et al.), Bordeaux, 271-308.
  • Callataÿ 2011, Callataÿ, F. de, “Quantifying Monetary Production in Greco-Roman Times: A General Frame”, Quantifying Monetary Supplies in Greco-Roman Times, (ed. F. de Callataÿ), Bari, 7-29.
  • Callataÿ 2015, Callataÿ, F. de, “The Late Hellenistic Didrachms of Leukas: Another Case of Greek Coinage for the Roman Army”, FIDES. Contributions to Numismatics in Honor of Richard B. Witschonke, (eds. P. van Alfen et al.), New York, 239-270.
  • CH XI, Abramzon, M. G. – Kuznetsov, V. D., Coin Hoards. Vol. XI. Greek Hoards. The Cimmerian Bosporus (= Colloquia Antiqua, 32), Leuven-Paris-Bristol, 2021.
  • Chryssanthaki 2005, Chryssanthaki, K., “Les monnaies lagides en Égée”, L’exception égyptienne? Production et échanges monétaires en Égypte hellénistique et romaine (= Études alexandrines 10), (ed. F. Duyrat – O. Picard), Caire, 159-175.
  • Golenko 1960, Golenko, K. V., “Iz istorii monetnogo dela na Bospore v I v. do n.e.”, Numizmatika i epigrafika, 2, 28-40.
  • Golenko 2003, Golenko, K. V., “Pontic Currency of the Period of Mithradates VI on the Bosporus”, Numismatic Circular, 111, 2, 64-69.
  • IGCH, Thompson, M. – Mørkholm, O. – Kraay, C., An Inventory of Greek Coin Hoards, New York, 1973.
  • Ireland – Frolova 1999, Ireland, S. – Frolova, N., “Two hoards of Bosporan coins of the 1st century BC from the ancient settlement of Poljanka (Kerch)”, Hermathena 166 (Summer), 31-43.
  • Kharko 1952, Kharko, L. P., “Monety iz raskopok Tiritaki i Mirmekiya v 1935–1940 gg.”, Materialy i issledovaniya po arkheologii SSSR, 25, Moscow-Leningrad, 357-362.
  • Krushkol 1952, Krushkol, Y. S., “Monety s monogrammami iz Patreyskogo klada 1950 g.”, Vestnik drevney istorii, 3, 137-147.
  • Krushkol 1956, Krushkol, Y. S., “Patreyskiy klad 1950 g.”, Kratkie soobshcheniya Instituta istorii material’noy kul’tury Akademii nauk SSSR, 56, 116-117.
  • Lenger – Dündar 2020, Lenger, D. S. – Dündar, E., “Attestation of a Ptolemaic Garrison in the Light of Coins: Tepecik Hill at Patara Lycia”, Annali, 66, 37-66.
  • Paromov 1992, Paromov, Y. M., Arkheologicheskaya karta Tamanskogo poluostrova, Moscow.
  • Psoma 2009, Psoma, S., “Τὰς σιταρχίας καὶ τοὺς μισθοὺς [Arist., Oec. 1351b). Bronze Currencies and Cash Allowances in Mainland Greece, Thrace and the Kingdom of Macedonia”, Revue belge de numismatique et de sigillographie, 155, 3-38.
  • Saprykin 2007, Saprykin, S., “The unification of Pontos: the bronze coins of Mithradates VI Eupator as evidence for commerce in the Euxine”, The Black Sea in Antiquity. Regional and Interregional Economic Exchange (= Black Sea Studies 6), (eds. V. Gabrielsen – J. Lund), Aarhus, 195-208.
  • Saprykin 2010, Saprykin, S. Yu., “Pozdneellinisticheskiy i rimskiy periody”, Antichnoe nasledie Kubani, (eds. G. M. Bongard-Levin – V. D. Kuznetsov), Moscow, 80-132.
  • SEG 41, Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum. Vol. 41, Amsterdam, 1994.
  • Smekalova 2019, Smekalova, T. N., “Novye dannye o chekanke Bospora vremeni Mitridata VI”, Vestnik drevney istorii, 79, 3, 640-652.
  • Smekalova et al. 2019, Smekalova, T. N. – Loboda, A. Yu. – Bykovskaya, N. V. – Trubnikova, E. D., “Rentgeno-fluorestsentnye issledovaniya monetnykh splavov Bospora vremeni Mitridata VI”, Problemy istorii, filologii, kul’tury, 4, 112-124.
  • SNG BM I, Price, M., Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. British Museum. Vol. IX. Part. 1. The Black Sea, London, 1993.
  • SNG PSMFA, Kovalenko S.A., Sylloge Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. State Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts Coins of the Black Sea Region. Part 1. Ancient coins from the Northern Black Sea Littoral (= Colloquia Antiqua 3), Leuven-Paris-Walpole, 2011.
  • SNG Stancomb, Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. British Museum. Vol. XI. The William Stancomb Collection of the Black Sea Region, Oxford, 2000.
  • Vinogradov 1991, Vinogradov, Y. G., “Fanagoriiskie naemniki”, Vestnik drevney istorii, 4, 14-33.
  • Vinogradov – Wörrle 1992, Vinogradov, J. G. – Wörrle, M., “Die Söldner von Phanagoreia”, Chiron, 22, 159-170.
  • Zograf 1951, Zograf, A. N., Antichnye monety (= Materialy i issledovaniya po arkheologii SSSR, 16), Moscow-Leningrad.
  • Zograf 1952, Zograf, A.N., “Opisanie monet, naydennykh pri raskopkakh Tiritaki i Mirmekiya v 1935–1940 gg.”, Materialy i issledovaniya po arkheologii SSSR, 25, Moscow-Leningrad, 363-386.

MİTHRİDATES’İN KİMMER BOSPORUSLU PARALI ASKERLERİNİN PARA KESELERİ

Year 2024, , 111 - 132, 28.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.56170/propontica.1392117

Abstract

Bu makale, askerlerin keselerini temsil eden defineler, tayınlar için nakit ödeme kutuları ve Mithridates Savaşları sırasında bu ödemeleri yapmak için basılan sikkeleri içeren Kimmer Boğazı’ndan gelen numismatik kaynakları incelemektedir. Bu döneme ait, askerlerin harcırahı için kullanılan sikkelerden oluşan, askeri içerikli birkaç define ortaya çıkmıştır. Bir yandan bu defineler, Mithridates’in şehirlerdeki garnizonlarda ve kralın ordusuna ekmek sağlayan tahıl üretim alanlarını korumak için choralarında görev yapan paralı askerlerine yapılan ödemenin kanıtlarını sunmaktadır. Bu defineler, Bosporus’ta askeri ödemeler için özel olarak basılmış gümüş ya da bronz sikkelerden oluşmaktadır. Ancak, garnizona gümüş olarak yapılan iki ücret ödemesi örneği dışında (CH XI, 137, 138), askeri ödemeler için bronz sikkelerin kullanılması Geç Hellenistik Dönem Bosporusu’nun karakteristik özelliğidir. Öte yandan, Bosporus’ta varlığı asker keseleri buluntularıyla kanıtlanan en az beş garnizon Tyritace (IGCH 1145 = СΗ ΧΙ, 140), Myrmecium (CH XI, 116, 141), Patraeus (CH XI, 142), Phanagoria (CH XI, 145A-B) ve Phanagoria’ya bağlı tahıl üretim bölgesinde yer alan Vyshesteblievskaya 3 yerleşimidir. Bu keseler, Mithridates Savaşları sırasında paralı askerlere Bosporus ve Pontus bronz sikkeleri ile ödeme yapıldığını göstermektedir ki bu da görünüşe göre günlük bir obolden daha az bir miktara tekabül etmektedir. Paralı askerlerin aynı miktarı içeren keseleri, aylık 22(?) obol’e eşit olan ücretlerinin yaklaşık seviyesini göstermektedir. Bosporus örneği, Hellenistik dönemin en önemli yeniliklerinden biri olan bronzun askeri ödemelerde sistematik olarak kullanılmasının başarısını göstermektedir.

Project Number

No

References

  • Abramzon – Frolova 2007-2008, Abramzon, M. G. – Frolova, N. A., Korpus bosporskikh kladov antichnykh monet, I: 1834–2005 gg. (= Bosporskie Issledovaniya Suppl. 2), Simferopol-Kerch.
  • Abramzon – Kuznetsov 2011a, Abramzon, M. G. – Kuznetsov, V. D., “The Rebellion in Phanagoria in 63 BC (New Numismatic Evidence)”, ACSS, 17, 75-110.
  • Abramzon – Kuznetsov 2011b, Abramzon, M. – Kuznetsov, V., “The Phanagorian revolt against Mithridates VI Eupator (numismatic evidence)”, Phanagoreia und seine historische Umwelt (= Altertümer Phanagoreias, 2) (Hrsg. N. Povalahev and V. Kuznetsov), Göttingen, 15-90.
  • Abramzon 2012, Abramzon, M., “A hoard of bronze Pontic and Bosporan coins of the reign of Mithradates VI from Phanagoria, 2007”, The Black Sea, Paphlagonia, Pontus and Phrygia in Antiquity. Aspects of archaeology and ancient history = BAR International Series 2432, (ed. G.R. Tsetskhladze), Oxford, 1-8.
  • Abramzon – Novichikhin 2018, Abramzon, M.G. – Novichikhin, A.M., “Dva monetnykh klada mitridatovskogo vremeni s yugo-vostochnoj okrainy Bospora (2014 g.)”, Vestnik drevney istorii, 78, 2, 333-348.
  • Abramzon et al. 2022, Abramzon, M.G. – Karpov, D.A. – Kolesnikov, A.B., “Klad bronzovykh monet vremeni Mitridata VI s poseleniya Vyshesteblievskaya 3 na Tamanskom poluostrove”, Vestnik drevney istorii, 82, 1, 150-61.
  • Abramzon – Ostapenko 2023, Abramzon, M. G. – Ostapenko, S. N., “Klad bronzovykh monet mitridatovskogo vremeni iz Fanagorii”, Kratkie soobshcheniya Instituta arkheologii, 271, 131-137.
  • Abramzon – Smekalova 2024, Abramzon, M. G. – Smekalova, T. N., “XRF-analysis of the anonymous Bosporan obols from the Polynka 1985 Hoard”, Money of Mercenaries in the Cimmerian Bosporus: From the Mithridatic Wars to the Roman-Bosporan War of AD 45–49 (= Colloquia Antiqua, 32), Leuven-Paris-Bristol, 133-136.
  • BAR 1102, Frolova, N.A. – Ireland, S., The Coinage of the Bosporan Kingdom from the First Century BC to the First Century AD (= BAR International Series 1102), Oxford, 2002.
  • Belova 1958, Belova, L. N., “Monety iz raskopok Tiritaki, Mirmekiya i Ilurata v 1946–1953 gg.”, Materialy i issledovaniya po arkheologii SSSR, 85, Moscow/Leningrad, 330-350.
  • Callataÿ 1997, Callataÿ, F. de, L’histoire des guerres mithridatiques vue par les monnaies (= Numismatica Lovaniensia), 18, Louvain-la-Neuve.
  • Callataÿ 2000, Callataÿ, F. de, “Guerres et monnayages à l’epoque hellenistique. Essai de mise en perspective suivi d’une annexe sur le monnayoge de Mithridate VI Eupator”, Economie antique. La guerre dans les economies antiques (= Entretiens d’Archeologie et d’Histoire 5) (eds. A.P. Briant – R. Descat), Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges, 337-364.
  • Callataÿ 2007, Callataÿ, F. de, “La révision de la chronologie des bronzes de Mithridate Eupator et ses conséquences sur la datation des monnayages et des sites du Bosphore Cimmerien”, Une koinè pontique. Cites grecques, sociétés indigènes et empires mondiaux sur le littoral nord de la Mer Noire (VIIe s.a.C. – IIIe s.p.C.) (= Ausonius Mémoires, 18), (eds. A. Bresson et al.), Bordeaux, 271-308.
  • Callataÿ 2011, Callataÿ, F. de, “Quantifying Monetary Production in Greco-Roman Times: A General Frame”, Quantifying Monetary Supplies in Greco-Roman Times, (ed. F. de Callataÿ), Bari, 7-29.
  • Callataÿ 2015, Callataÿ, F. de, “The Late Hellenistic Didrachms of Leukas: Another Case of Greek Coinage for the Roman Army”, FIDES. Contributions to Numismatics in Honor of Richard B. Witschonke, (eds. P. van Alfen et al.), New York, 239-270.
  • CH XI, Abramzon, M. G. – Kuznetsov, V. D., Coin Hoards. Vol. XI. Greek Hoards. The Cimmerian Bosporus (= Colloquia Antiqua, 32), Leuven-Paris-Bristol, 2021.
  • Chryssanthaki 2005, Chryssanthaki, K., “Les monnaies lagides en Égée”, L’exception égyptienne? Production et échanges monétaires en Égypte hellénistique et romaine (= Études alexandrines 10), (ed. F. Duyrat – O. Picard), Caire, 159-175.
  • Golenko 1960, Golenko, K. V., “Iz istorii monetnogo dela na Bospore v I v. do n.e.”, Numizmatika i epigrafika, 2, 28-40.
  • Golenko 2003, Golenko, K. V., “Pontic Currency of the Period of Mithradates VI on the Bosporus”, Numismatic Circular, 111, 2, 64-69.
  • IGCH, Thompson, M. – Mørkholm, O. – Kraay, C., An Inventory of Greek Coin Hoards, New York, 1973.
  • Ireland – Frolova 1999, Ireland, S. – Frolova, N., “Two hoards of Bosporan coins of the 1st century BC from the ancient settlement of Poljanka (Kerch)”, Hermathena 166 (Summer), 31-43.
  • Kharko 1952, Kharko, L. P., “Monety iz raskopok Tiritaki i Mirmekiya v 1935–1940 gg.”, Materialy i issledovaniya po arkheologii SSSR, 25, Moscow-Leningrad, 357-362.
  • Krushkol 1952, Krushkol, Y. S., “Monety s monogrammami iz Patreyskogo klada 1950 g.”, Vestnik drevney istorii, 3, 137-147.
  • Krushkol 1956, Krushkol, Y. S., “Patreyskiy klad 1950 g.”, Kratkie soobshcheniya Instituta istorii material’noy kul’tury Akademii nauk SSSR, 56, 116-117.
  • Lenger – Dündar 2020, Lenger, D. S. – Dündar, E., “Attestation of a Ptolemaic Garrison in the Light of Coins: Tepecik Hill at Patara Lycia”, Annali, 66, 37-66.
  • Paromov 1992, Paromov, Y. M., Arkheologicheskaya karta Tamanskogo poluostrova, Moscow.
  • Psoma 2009, Psoma, S., “Τὰς σιταρχίας καὶ τοὺς μισθοὺς [Arist., Oec. 1351b). Bronze Currencies and Cash Allowances in Mainland Greece, Thrace and the Kingdom of Macedonia”, Revue belge de numismatique et de sigillographie, 155, 3-38.
  • Saprykin 2007, Saprykin, S., “The unification of Pontos: the bronze coins of Mithradates VI Eupator as evidence for commerce in the Euxine”, The Black Sea in Antiquity. Regional and Interregional Economic Exchange (= Black Sea Studies 6), (eds. V. Gabrielsen – J. Lund), Aarhus, 195-208.
  • Saprykin 2010, Saprykin, S. Yu., “Pozdneellinisticheskiy i rimskiy periody”, Antichnoe nasledie Kubani, (eds. G. M. Bongard-Levin – V. D. Kuznetsov), Moscow, 80-132.
  • SEG 41, Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum. Vol. 41, Amsterdam, 1994.
  • Smekalova 2019, Smekalova, T. N., “Novye dannye o chekanke Bospora vremeni Mitridata VI”, Vestnik drevney istorii, 79, 3, 640-652.
  • Smekalova et al. 2019, Smekalova, T. N. – Loboda, A. Yu. – Bykovskaya, N. V. – Trubnikova, E. D., “Rentgeno-fluorestsentnye issledovaniya monetnykh splavov Bospora vremeni Mitridata VI”, Problemy istorii, filologii, kul’tury, 4, 112-124.
  • SNG BM I, Price, M., Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. British Museum. Vol. IX. Part. 1. The Black Sea, London, 1993.
  • SNG PSMFA, Kovalenko S.A., Sylloge Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. State Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts Coins of the Black Sea Region. Part 1. Ancient coins from the Northern Black Sea Littoral (= Colloquia Antiqua 3), Leuven-Paris-Walpole, 2011.
  • SNG Stancomb, Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. British Museum. Vol. XI. The William Stancomb Collection of the Black Sea Region, Oxford, 2000.
  • Vinogradov 1991, Vinogradov, Y. G., “Fanagoriiskie naemniki”, Vestnik drevney istorii, 4, 14-33.
  • Vinogradov – Wörrle 1992, Vinogradov, J. G. – Wörrle, M., “Die Söldner von Phanagoreia”, Chiron, 22, 159-170.
  • Zograf 1951, Zograf, A. N., Antichnye monety (= Materialy i issledovaniya po arkheologii SSSR, 16), Moscow-Leningrad.
  • Zograf 1952, Zograf, A.N., “Opisanie monet, naydennykh pri raskopkakh Tiritaki i Mirmekiya v 1935–1940 gg.”, Materialy i issledovaniya po arkheologii SSSR, 25, Moscow-Leningrad, 363-386.
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Numismatics
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Mikhail Abramzon

Project Number No
Publication Date March 28, 2024
Submission Date November 16, 2023
Acceptance Date March 13, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

APA Abramzon, M. (2024). PURSES OF MITHRIDATES’ MERCENARIES FROM THE CIMMERIAN BOSPORUS. PROPONTICA, 2(3), 111-132. https://doi.org/10.56170/propontica.1392117
AMA Abramzon M. PURSES OF MITHRIDATES’ MERCENARIES FROM THE CIMMERIAN BOSPORUS. PROPONTICA. March 2024;2(3):111-132. doi:10.56170/propontica.1392117
Chicago Abramzon, Mikhail. “PURSES OF MITHRIDATES’ MERCENARIES FROM THE CIMMERIAN BOSPORUS”. PROPONTICA 2, no. 3 (March 2024): 111-32. https://doi.org/10.56170/propontica.1392117.
EndNote Abramzon M (March 1, 2024) PURSES OF MITHRIDATES’ MERCENARIES FROM THE CIMMERIAN BOSPORUS. PROPONTICA 2 3 111–132.
IEEE M. Abramzon, “PURSES OF MITHRIDATES’ MERCENARIES FROM THE CIMMERIAN BOSPORUS”, PROPONTICA, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 111–132, 2024, doi: 10.56170/propontica.1392117.
ISNAD Abramzon, Mikhail. “PURSES OF MITHRIDATES’ MERCENARIES FROM THE CIMMERIAN BOSPORUS”. PROPONTICA 2/3 (March 2024), 111-132. https://doi.org/10.56170/propontica.1392117.
JAMA Abramzon M. PURSES OF MITHRIDATES’ MERCENARIES FROM THE CIMMERIAN BOSPORUS. PROPONTICA. 2024;2:111–132.
MLA Abramzon, Mikhail. “PURSES OF MITHRIDATES’ MERCENARIES FROM THE CIMMERIAN BOSPORUS”. PROPONTICA, vol. 2, no. 3, 2024, pp. 111-32, doi:10.56170/propontica.1392117.
Vancouver Abramzon M. PURSES OF MITHRIDATES’ MERCENARIES FROM THE CIMMERIAN BOSPORUS. PROPONTICA. 2024;2(3):111-32.


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