Amplification of Upper Extremity Power, Balance and Shoulder Stability in Soccer Goalkeepers With FIFA 11+ Shoulder Injury Prevention Programme

Abstract

To enhance players’ performance and prevent injuries, warm-up exercises are often employed in soccer. The study's objective was to determine how the upper extremity strength, balance, and shoulder stability of soccer goalkeepers are impacted by replacing traditional warm-up routines with FIFA 11+ Shoulder Injury Prevention programme. In this quasi-experimental study, 36 soccer goalkeepers from Delhi NCR region were recruited based on inclusion criteria. 18 subjects (age: 18.94 ±3.08; BMI: 20.39 ± 2.29) belonging to the control group continued their customary warm up routine and the other 18 subjects (age: 19.39 ± 1.94; BMI: 20.10 ± 2.03) of the experimental group underwent FIFA 11 + Shoulder Injury Prevention Program for a duration of 8 weeks with a frequency of 3 times per week. IBM SPSS Statistics 26 was used to analyse the data. The baseline data for both the groups was found similar (p>0.05) at the beginning of the study. Both groups reported a statistically significant (p<0.05) increase in upper extremity power, balance, and shoulder stability post 8 weeks. Large effect sizes were obtained when post-intervention values of all parameters were compared between the 2 groups (Cohen's d>1). Also, the experimental group significantly outperformed the control group. It is concluded that, when compared to the conventional warm-up routine, the FIFA 11+ Shoulder Injury Prevention Programme is more effective at improving upper extremity performance, dynamic balance, and dynamic stability in male soccer goalkeepers over an 8-week period. This study also suggests that soccer goalkeepers should incorporate this into their normal warm-up routines.

Keywords

• Dynamic balance
• FIFA 11+
• Power
• Soccer
• Upper extremity stability
• Warm-up

References

1. Ahmed, S., Saraswat, A., & Esht, V. (2022). Correlation of core stability with balance, agility and upper limb power in badminton players: a cross-sectional study. Sport Sciences for Health, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-021-00789-w
2. Al Attar, W. S. A., Faude, O., Bizzini, M., Alarifi, S., Alzahrani, H., Almalki, R. S., Banjar, R. G., & Sanders, R. H. (2021). The FIFA 11+ shoulder injury prevention program was effective in reducing upper extremity injuries among soccer goalkeepers: a randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 49(9), 2293-2300. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465211021828
3. Al Attar, W. S. A., Yamani, S., Ghulam, H., Alharbi, E., & Sanders, R. H. (2022). Limited Implementation of the FIFA 11+ Shoulder Injury Prevention Program (FIFA 11+ S) Among Professional Soccer Goalkeepers Globally. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 22(1), 36-42. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2022.1.05
4. Andrade, D. C., Henriquez-Olguin, C., Beltran, A. R., Ramirez, M. A., Labarca, C., Cornejo, M., Alvarez, C., & Ramirez-Campillo, R. (2015). Effects of general, specific and combined warm-up on explosive muscular performance. Biology of Sport, 32(2), 123-128. https://doi.org/10.5604/20831862.1140426
5. Beckham, G., Lish, S., Disney, C., Keebler, L., DeBeliso, M., & Adams, K. J. (2019). The reliability of the seated medicine ball throw as assessed with accelerometer instrumentation. Journal of Physical Activity Research, 4(2). https://digitalcommons.csumb.edu/kin_fac/3/
6. Ejnisman, B., Barbosa, G., Andreoli, C. V., de Castro Pochini, A., Lobo, T., Zogaib, R., Cohen, M., Bizzini, M., & Dvorak, J. (2016). Shoulder injuries in soccer goalkeepers: review and development of a FIFA 11+ shoulder injury prevention program. Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine, 75-80. https://doi.org/10.2147/oajsm.s97917
7. Ekstrand, J., Hägglund, M., Törnqvist, H., Kristenson, K., Bengtsson, H., Magnusson, H., & Waldén, M. (2013). Upper extremity injuries in male elite football players. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 21, 1626-1632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-012-2164-6
8. Granacher, U., Puta, C., Gabriel, H. H., Behm, D. G., & Arampatzis, A. (2018). Neuromuscular training and adaptations in youth athletes. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, 1264. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01264

9. Guirelli, A. R., Dos Santos, J. M., Cabral, E. M. G., Pinto, J. P. C., De Lima, G. A., & Felicio, L. R. (2021). Relationship between upper limb physical performance tests and muscle strength of scapular, shoulder and spine stabilizers: a cross-sectional study. Journal Of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 27, 612-619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2021.05.014
10. Imai, A., Kaneoka, K., Okubo, Y., & Shiraki, H. (2014). Comparison of the immediate effect of different types of trunk exercise on the star excursion balance test in male adolescent soccer players. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 9(4), 428. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4127505/
11. Kyranoudis, A. E., Mylonas, I., Kyranoudis, E., Chatzinikolaou, A., Ispyrlidis, I., & Metaxas, T. (2020). The Effect of Pre-Warm-Up Actions on Flexibility and Jumping Ability in Soccer Players. Archives of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, 3(2), 53-61. https://fortuneonline.org/articles/the-effect-of-prewarmup-actions-on-flexibility-and-jumping-ability-in-soccer-players.html
12. Martínez-Lagunas, V., Niessen, M., & Hartmann, U. (2014). Women's football: Player characteristics and demands of the game. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 3(4), 258-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2014.10.001
13. McCall, A., Davison, M., Andersen, T. E., Beasley, I., Bizzini, M., Dupont, G., Duffield, R., Carling, C., & Dvorak, J. (2015). Injury prevention strategies at the FIFA 2014 World Cup: perceptions and practices of the physicians from the 32 participating national teams. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49(9), 603-608. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094747
14. Nagamoto, H., Takahashi, H., Kurokawa, D., Muraki, T., Yaguchi, H., Shinagawa, K., & Kumai, T. (2022). Prevalence of disabled throwing shoulder and its shoulder function among youth football goalkeepers. Journal of Orthopaedics, 34, 74-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jor.2022.08.008
15. Saberian Amirkolaei, A. A., Balouchy, R., & Sheikhhoseini, R. (2019). The effect of eight-week Swiss ball training on the integration of functional movements and balance of teenage badminton players. Journal of Rehabilitation Sciences & Research, 6(4), 153-159. https://doi.org/10.30476/jrsr.2019.81534.1002
16. Sainz De Baranda, P., Ortega, E., & Palao, J. M. (2008). Analysis of goalkeepers’ defence in the World Cup in Korea and Japan in 2002. European Journal of Sport Science, 8(3), 127-134. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461390801919045
17. Shamardin, V. N., & Khorkavyy, B. V. (2015). Organizational structure of technical and tactical training of skilled goalkeepers in football. Pedagogics, Psychology, Medical-Biological Problems of Physical Training and Sports, 19(2), 75-79. https://doi.org/10.15561/18189172.2015.0213
18. Swart, J. J. W., & Olivier, B. (2021). Effectiveness of exercise interventions to prevent shoulder injuries in athletes: a systematic review protocol. JBI Evidence Synthesis, 19(10), 2847-2856. https://doi.org/10.11124/jbies-20-00465
19. West, J. (2018). A review of the key demands for a football goalkeeper. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 13(6), 1215-1222. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954118787493