The Effect of Caffeine Mouth Rinsing on Shooting Performance in Bocce Volo Players: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study

Mesut Tükenmez; Neşe Toktaş; Asuman Şahan; Y. Gül Özkaya; Eda Baytaş

doi:10.54141/psbd.1768380

The Effect of Caffeine Mouth Rinsing on Shooting Performance in Bocce Volo Players: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study

Abstract

The study aimed to evaluate the acute effects of caffeine mouth-rinse interventions on shooting accuracy among bocce volo (BV) players. Twenty-four healthy, professional men bocce players, aged 20.67±4.43 years; height 176.46±6.58 cm; body weight 65.79±10.00 kg, volunteered to participate in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Interventions included Caffeine mouth rinse (CAF-MR), Placebo (PLA), Control (CONT). In the study, participants' shooting performance was assessed during the BV progressive game. The collected data were analyzed (with SPSS Windows software) by repeated measure ANOVA analysis and Bonferroni post hoc test at p ≤ 0.05 level. The analysis of Volo Shots Accuracy revealed a significant main effect of condition (F (2,46) = 49.19, p = 0.001, η2 = 0.68), with post hoc analyses indicating significant differences between CAF-MR and PLA (p = 0.001), CAF-MR and CONT (p < .0001), and PLA and CONT (p = .003). Similarly, the analysis of Volo Shots Accuracy Percentage showed a significant condition effect (F (2,46) = 34.28, p = .001, η2 = 0.60), with post hoc analyses revealing significant differences between CAF-MR and PLA (p < 0.001), CAF-MR and CONT (p < 0.001), and PLA and CONT (p = .01). CAF-MR intervention increased shooting accuracy, as indicated by the shooting accuracy points obtained during the BV progressive game.

Keywords

Ethical Statement

The study was conducted following the ethical principles specified in the Declaration of Helsinki and approval for the study was obtained from the Akdeniz University Clinical Research Ethics Committee (2012-KAEK-20, Approval date: 31/01/2023, Protocol no: 70904504/3) and the Turkish Ministry of Health, Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency (Approval date: 14/03/2023, Protocol no: 23-AKD-57).

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Exercise Physiology, Sports Nutrition

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Mesut Tükenmez
0009-0006-7970-0449
Türkiye

Neşe Toktaş
0000-0002-3206-6536
Türkiye

Asuman Şahan
0000-0002-3198-1185
Türkiye

Y. Gül Özkaya
0000-0002-4887-8379
Türkiye

Eda Baytaş ^*
0000-0003-2963-0199
Türkiye

Early Pub Date

August 12, 2026

Publication Date

-

Submission Date

September 4, 2025

Acceptance Date

May 24, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Number: Advanced Online Publication

DOI

https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1768380

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA37SP43BR

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Tükenmez, M., Toktaş, N., Şahan, A., Özkaya, Y. G., & Baytaş, E. (2026). The Effect of Caffeine Mouth Rinsing on Shooting Performance in Bocce Volo Players: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences, Advanced Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1768380

AMA

1.Tükenmez M, Toktaş N, Şahan A, Özkaya YG, Baytaş E. The Effect of Caffeine Mouth Rinsing on Shooting Performance in Bocce Volo Players: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study. Pamukkale J Sport Sci. 2026;(Advanced Online Publication). doi:10.54141/psbd.1768380

Chicago

Tükenmez, Mesut, Neşe Toktaş, Asuman Şahan, Y. Gül Özkaya, and Eda Baytaş. 2026. “The Effect of Caffeine Mouth Rinsing on Shooting Performance in Bocce Volo Players: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study”. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences, no. Advanced Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1768380.

EndNote

Tükenmez M, Toktaş N, Şahan A, Özkaya YG, Baytaş E (August 1, 2026) The Effect of Caffeine Mouth Rinsing on Shooting Performance in Bocce Volo Players: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences Advanced Online Publication

IEEE

[1]M. Tükenmez, N. Toktaş, A. Şahan, Y. G. Özkaya, and E. Baytaş, “The Effect of Caffeine Mouth Rinsing on Shooting Performance in Bocce Volo Players: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study”, Pamukkale J Sport Sci, no. Advanced Online Publication, Aug. 2026, doi: 10.54141/psbd.1768380.

ISNAD

Tükenmez, Mesut - Toktaş, Neşe - Şahan, Asuman - Özkaya, Y. Gül - Baytaş, Eda. “The Effect of Caffeine Mouth Rinsing on Shooting Performance in Bocce Volo Players: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study”. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences. Advanced Online Publication (August 1, 2026). https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1768380.

JAMA

1.Tükenmez M, Toktaş N, Şahan A, Özkaya YG, Baytaş E. The Effect of Caffeine Mouth Rinsing on Shooting Performance in Bocce Volo Players: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study. Pamukkale J Sport Sci. 2026. doi:10.54141/psbd.1768380.

MLA

Tükenmez, Mesut, et al. “The Effect of Caffeine Mouth Rinsing on Shooting Performance in Bocce Volo Players: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study”. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences, no. Advanced Online Publication, Aug. 2026, doi:10.54141/psbd.1768380.

Vancouver

1.Mesut Tükenmez, Neşe Toktaş, Asuman Şahan, Y. Gül Özkaya, Eda Baytaş. The Effect of Caffeine Mouth Rinsing on Shooting Performance in Bocce Volo Players: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study. Pamukkale J Sport Sci. 2026 Aug. 1;(Advanced Online Publication). doi:10.54141/psbd.1768380