Fear of Missing Out and Happiness: The Indirect Influence of Digital Leisure Flow Experience and Social Media Addiction

Ali Çağrı Gücal; Umut Davut Başoğlu; Ali Sönmez

doi:10.54141/psbd.1847672

Fear of Missing Out and Happiness: The Indirect Influence of Digital Leisure Flow Experience and Social Media Addiction

Abstract

The rapid proliferation of social media among university students has heightened the need to understand both the benefits and potential detriments of digital engagement. While social media facilitates information access and leisure activities, excessive use may contribute to social media addiction (SMA), reduced well-being, and fear of missing out (FoMO). This study aimed to investigate the serial mediating roles of digital leisure flow experience and SMA in the relationship between FoMO and happiness, thereby providing integrated theoretical and practical insights into students’ digital experiences. By combining concepts from leisure studies and social media research, the study addresses a critical gap in understanding the mechanisms linking FoMO, digital leisure, addiction, and happiness. The sample comprised 416 university students from both state and private institutions, and hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling (SEM). Findings indicate that students’ FoMO influenced happiness indirectly through enhanced digital leisure flow and increased SMA, revealing the dual nature of digital engagement. The study underscores the crucial role of digital leisure flow in promoting happiness while also cautioning against the addictive potential of social media. Theoretically, it advances the literature by identifying complex interrelations between psychological, behavioral, and emotional aspects of online engagement. Practically, the results inform interventions, such as digital literacy and mindful social media use programs, designed to optimize well-being among university students. By integrating leisure and addiction perspectives, this research offers a nuanced understanding of how digital behaviors shape happiness, providing a robust framework for future studies and applied initiatives targeting student well-being.

Keywords

Ethical Statement

This research complies with the Declaration of Helsinki. The research, permission was obtained from the Ethics Committee Chair (İstanbul Nişantaşı University Ethics Committee, Issue Number:20240606-52, Date: 06/06/2024) about the ethical suitability of the study. Additionally, necessary permissions were obtained from the corresponding authors to use the scale tools in the research. After receiving ethics committee permission and scale use permission, informed consent forms and data collection tools were applied to participants by paying attention to principals of volunteerism and privacy.

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Sports and Recreation

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Ali Çağrı Gücal ^*
0000-0002-3200-0385
Türkiye

Umut Davut Başoğlu
0000-0002-8885-9543
Türkiye

Ali Sönmez
0000-0002-3700-2478
Türkiye

Early Pub Date

October 12, 2026

Publication Date

-

Submission Date

December 23, 2025

Acceptance Date

June 24, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Number: Advanced Online Publication

DOI

https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1847672

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA89EC48SR

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Gücal, A. Ç., Başoğlu, U. D., & Sönmez, A. (2026). Fear of Missing Out and Happiness: The Indirect Influence of Digital Leisure Flow Experience and Social Media Addiction. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences, Advanced Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1847672

AMA

1.Gücal AÇ, Başoğlu UD, Sönmez A. Fear of Missing Out and Happiness: The Indirect Influence of Digital Leisure Flow Experience and Social Media Addiction. Pamukkale J Sport Sci. 2026;(Advanced Online Publication). doi:10.54141/psbd.1847672

Chicago

Gücal, Ali Çağrı, Umut Davut Başoğlu, and Ali Sönmez. 2026. “Fear of Missing Out and Happiness: The Indirect Influence of Digital Leisure Flow Experience and Social Media Addiction”. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences, no. Advanced Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1847672.

EndNote

Gücal AÇ, Başoğlu UD, Sönmez A (October 1, 2026) Fear of Missing Out and Happiness: The Indirect Influence of Digital Leisure Flow Experience and Social Media Addiction. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences Advanced Online Publication

IEEE

[1]A. Ç. Gücal, U. D. Başoğlu, and A. Sönmez, “Fear of Missing Out and Happiness: The Indirect Influence of Digital Leisure Flow Experience and Social Media Addiction”, Pamukkale J Sport Sci, no. Advanced Online Publication, Oct. 2026, doi: 10.54141/psbd.1847672.

ISNAD

Gücal, Ali Çağrı - Başoğlu, Umut Davut - Sönmez, Ali. “Fear of Missing Out and Happiness: The Indirect Influence of Digital Leisure Flow Experience and Social Media Addiction”. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences. Advanced Online Publication (October 1, 2026). https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1847672.

JAMA

1.Gücal AÇ, Başoğlu UD, Sönmez A. Fear of Missing Out and Happiness: The Indirect Influence of Digital Leisure Flow Experience and Social Media Addiction. Pamukkale J Sport Sci. 2026. doi:10.54141/psbd.1847672.

MLA

Gücal, Ali Çağrı, et al. “Fear of Missing Out and Happiness: The Indirect Influence of Digital Leisure Flow Experience and Social Media Addiction”. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences, no. Advanced Online Publication, Oct. 2026, doi:10.54141/psbd.1847672.

Vancouver

1.Ali Çağrı Gücal, Umut Davut Başoğlu, Ali Sönmez. Fear of Missing Out and Happiness: The Indirect Influence of Digital Leisure Flow Experience and Social Media Addiction. Pamukkale J Sport Sci. 2026 Oct. 1;(Advanced Online Publication). doi:10.54141/psbd.1847672