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The Views and Roles of Coaches in Youth Athlete Motivation: A Qualitative Approach

Year 2010, Volume: 1 Issue: 3, 11 - 23, 20.09.2010

Abstract

The coach’s influence on youth sport motivation and adherence to sport has been studied previously (Conroy & Coatsworth, 2007; Smith, Smoll, & Cumming, 2007) albeit mostly from the perspective of the athletes. This study examines the way successful coaches view the motivations of young athletes. Six coaches, identified by their peers as quality coaches, were interviewed. Content analysis of the tape recorded semi-structured interviews revealed several main themes including: coaches’ role in encouraging motivation; the balance between praise and accountability; empowering the athletes; building personal relationships with the athletes; and focusing on improvement throughout the season. These themes show support for the prevailing motivational theories in youth sport.

References

  • Alvarez, M. A., Balaguer, I., Castillo, I., and Duda, J. L. (2009). “Coach Autonomy Support And Quality Of Sport Engagement In Young Soccer Players”, The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 12, pp: 138-148.
  • Ames, C. (1992). “Classrooms: Goals, Structures, And Student Motivation”, Journal of Educational Psychology, 84, pp: 261-271.
  • Bengoechea, E. G. and Strean, W. B. (2007). “On The Interpersonal Context Of Adolescents’ Sport Motivation”, Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8, pp: 195-217.
  • Coatsworth, J. D. and Conroy, D. E. (2006). Enhancing The Self-Esteem Of Youth Swimmers Through Coach Training: Gender And Age Effects, Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 7, pp: 173-192.
  • Conroy, D. E. and Coatsworth, J. E. (2007). “Assessing Autonomy-Supportive Coaching Strategies In Youth Sport”, Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8, pp: 671- 684.
  • Conroy, D. E., Kaye, M. P. and Coatsworth, J. D. (2006). “Coaching Climates And The Destructive Effects Of Mastery-Avoidance Achievement Goals On Situational Motivation”, Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 28, pp: 69-92.
  • Cumming, S. P., Smoll, F. L., Smith, R. E., and Grossbard, J. R. (2007). “Is Winning Everything? The Relative Contributions of Motivational Climate And Won-Lost Percentages In Youth Sports, Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19, pp: 322-336.
  • Deci, E., Eghari, H., Patrick, B. C., and Leone, D. R. (1994). “Facilitating Internalization: The Self-Determination Theory Perspective”, Journal of Personality, 62, pp: 119-142.
  • Deci, E. L. and Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic Motivation And Self-Determination In Human Behavior, Plenum Press, New York.
  • Ewing, M. and Seefeldt, V. (2002). Patterns Of Participation In American Agency-Sponsored Youth Sports. In R. Smith And F. Smoll (Eds.), “Children And Youth In Sport: A Biopsychosocial Perspective”, Dubuque, Kendall-Hunt.
  • Gagne, M., Ryan, R. M. and Bargmann, K. (2003). “Autonomy Support And Need Satisfaction In Motivation And Well-Bein Of Gymnasts”, Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 15, pp: 372-390.
  • Keegan, R., Spray, C., Harwood, C., and Lavallee, D. (2010). “The Motivational Atmosphere In Youth Sport: Coach, Parent, And Peer Influences On Motivation In Specializing Sport Participants”, Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 22, pp: 87- 105.
  • Keegan, R. J., Harwood, C. G., Spray, C. M., and Lavallee, D. E. (2009). “A Qualitative Investigation Exploring The Motivational Climate In Early Career Sport Participants: Coach, Parent, And Peer Influences On Sport Motivation”, Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10, pp: 361-372.
  • Mageau, G. A. and Vallerand, R. J. (2003).” The Coach-Athlete Relationship: A Motivational Model”, Journal of Sports Sciences, 21, pp: 883-904.
  • Newton, M., Watson, D. L., Kim, M., and Beachum, A. O. (2006). “Understanding Motivation Of Underserved Youth In Physical Activity Settings.”, Youth and Society, 37, pp: 348-371.
  • Ntoumanis, N. and Standage, M. (2009) “Prosocial And Antisocial Behavior In Sport: A Self-Determination Perspective”, Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21, pp: 365-380.
  • Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative Research And Evaluation Methods, Third edition, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks.
  • Pittman, T. S., Emery, J., and Boggiano, A. K. (1982). “Intrinsic And Extrinsic Motivational Orientations: Reward-Induced Changes In Preference For Complexity, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, pp: 789-797.
  • Reinboth, M. and Duda, J. L. (2006). “Perceived Motivational Climate, Need Satisfaction, And Indices Of Well-Being In Team Sports: A longitudinal study”, Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 7, pp: 269-286.
  • Rutten, E. A., Dekovic, M., Stams, G. J. J. M., Schuengel, C., Hoeksma, J. B., and Biesta, G. J. J. (2008). On- And Off-Field Antisocial And Prosocial Behavior In Adolescent Soccer Players: A Multilevel Study”, Journal of Adolescence, 31, pp: 371-387.
  • Ryan, R. M. and Deci, E. L. (2000). “Intrinsic And Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions And New Directions”, Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, pp: 54-67.
  • Seefeldt, V. D. and Ewing, M. E. (1997). “Youth Sports In America: An Overview”, Research Digest, 11(2), pp: 1-19.
  • Smith, B. and Sparkes, A. C. (2009). “Narrative Inquiry In Sport And Exercise Psychology: What Can It Mean And Why Might We Do It?”, Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10, pp: 1-11.
  • Smith, R. E., Smoll, F. L., and Cumming, S. P. (2007). “Effects Of A Motivational Climate Intervention For Coaches On Youth Athletes’ Sport Performance Anxiety”, Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 29, pp: 39-59.
  • Smoll, F. L., Smith, R. E., and S. P. Cumming (2007). “Effects Of A Motivational Climate Intervention For Coaches On Changes In Young Athletes’ Achievement Goal Orientations”, Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 1, pp: 23-46.
  • Smoll, F. L. and Smith, R. E. (1989). “Leadership Behaviors In Sport: A Theoretical Model And Research Paradigm”, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 19, pp: 1522-1551.
  • Sparkes, A. C., (1998). “Validity In Qualitative Inquiry And The Problem Of Criteria: Implications For Sport Psychology”, The Sport Psychologist, 12, pp: 363-386.
  • Vanreusel, B., Renson, R., Beunen, G., Claessens, A. L., Lefevre, J., Lysens, R., and Vanden Eynde, B. (1997). “A Longitudinal Study Of Youth Sport Participation And Adherence To Sport In Adulthood”, International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 32, pp: 373-387.
Year 2010, Volume: 1 Issue: 3, 11 - 23, 20.09.2010

Abstract

References

  • Alvarez, M. A., Balaguer, I., Castillo, I., and Duda, J. L. (2009). “Coach Autonomy Support And Quality Of Sport Engagement In Young Soccer Players”, The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 12, pp: 138-148.
  • Ames, C. (1992). “Classrooms: Goals, Structures, And Student Motivation”, Journal of Educational Psychology, 84, pp: 261-271.
  • Bengoechea, E. G. and Strean, W. B. (2007). “On The Interpersonal Context Of Adolescents’ Sport Motivation”, Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8, pp: 195-217.
  • Coatsworth, J. D. and Conroy, D. E. (2006). Enhancing The Self-Esteem Of Youth Swimmers Through Coach Training: Gender And Age Effects, Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 7, pp: 173-192.
  • Conroy, D. E. and Coatsworth, J. E. (2007). “Assessing Autonomy-Supportive Coaching Strategies In Youth Sport”, Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8, pp: 671- 684.
  • Conroy, D. E., Kaye, M. P. and Coatsworth, J. D. (2006). “Coaching Climates And The Destructive Effects Of Mastery-Avoidance Achievement Goals On Situational Motivation”, Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 28, pp: 69-92.
  • Cumming, S. P., Smoll, F. L., Smith, R. E., and Grossbard, J. R. (2007). “Is Winning Everything? The Relative Contributions of Motivational Climate And Won-Lost Percentages In Youth Sports, Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19, pp: 322-336.
  • Deci, E., Eghari, H., Patrick, B. C., and Leone, D. R. (1994). “Facilitating Internalization: The Self-Determination Theory Perspective”, Journal of Personality, 62, pp: 119-142.
  • Deci, E. L. and Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic Motivation And Self-Determination In Human Behavior, Plenum Press, New York.
  • Ewing, M. and Seefeldt, V. (2002). Patterns Of Participation In American Agency-Sponsored Youth Sports. In R. Smith And F. Smoll (Eds.), “Children And Youth In Sport: A Biopsychosocial Perspective”, Dubuque, Kendall-Hunt.
  • Gagne, M., Ryan, R. M. and Bargmann, K. (2003). “Autonomy Support And Need Satisfaction In Motivation And Well-Bein Of Gymnasts”, Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 15, pp: 372-390.
  • Keegan, R., Spray, C., Harwood, C., and Lavallee, D. (2010). “The Motivational Atmosphere In Youth Sport: Coach, Parent, And Peer Influences On Motivation In Specializing Sport Participants”, Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 22, pp: 87- 105.
  • Keegan, R. J., Harwood, C. G., Spray, C. M., and Lavallee, D. E. (2009). “A Qualitative Investigation Exploring The Motivational Climate In Early Career Sport Participants: Coach, Parent, And Peer Influences On Sport Motivation”, Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10, pp: 361-372.
  • Mageau, G. A. and Vallerand, R. J. (2003).” The Coach-Athlete Relationship: A Motivational Model”, Journal of Sports Sciences, 21, pp: 883-904.
  • Newton, M., Watson, D. L., Kim, M., and Beachum, A. O. (2006). “Understanding Motivation Of Underserved Youth In Physical Activity Settings.”, Youth and Society, 37, pp: 348-371.
  • Ntoumanis, N. and Standage, M. (2009) “Prosocial And Antisocial Behavior In Sport: A Self-Determination Perspective”, Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21, pp: 365-380.
  • Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative Research And Evaluation Methods, Third edition, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks.
  • Pittman, T. S., Emery, J., and Boggiano, A. K. (1982). “Intrinsic And Extrinsic Motivational Orientations: Reward-Induced Changes In Preference For Complexity, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, pp: 789-797.
  • Reinboth, M. and Duda, J. L. (2006). “Perceived Motivational Climate, Need Satisfaction, And Indices Of Well-Being In Team Sports: A longitudinal study”, Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 7, pp: 269-286.
  • Rutten, E. A., Dekovic, M., Stams, G. J. J. M., Schuengel, C., Hoeksma, J. B., and Biesta, G. J. J. (2008). On- And Off-Field Antisocial And Prosocial Behavior In Adolescent Soccer Players: A Multilevel Study”, Journal of Adolescence, 31, pp: 371-387.
  • Ryan, R. M. and Deci, E. L. (2000). “Intrinsic And Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions And New Directions”, Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, pp: 54-67.
  • Seefeldt, V. D. and Ewing, M. E. (1997). “Youth Sports In America: An Overview”, Research Digest, 11(2), pp: 1-19.
  • Smith, B. and Sparkes, A. C. (2009). “Narrative Inquiry In Sport And Exercise Psychology: What Can It Mean And Why Might We Do It?”, Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10, pp: 1-11.
  • Smith, R. E., Smoll, F. L., and Cumming, S. P. (2007). “Effects Of A Motivational Climate Intervention For Coaches On Youth Athletes’ Sport Performance Anxiety”, Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 29, pp: 39-59.
  • Smoll, F. L., Smith, R. E., and S. P. Cumming (2007). “Effects Of A Motivational Climate Intervention For Coaches On Changes In Young Athletes’ Achievement Goal Orientations”, Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 1, pp: 23-46.
  • Smoll, F. L. and Smith, R. E. (1989). “Leadership Behaviors In Sport: A Theoretical Model And Research Paradigm”, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 19, pp: 1522-1551.
  • Sparkes, A. C., (1998). “Validity In Qualitative Inquiry And The Problem Of Criteria: Implications For Sport Psychology”, The Sport Psychologist, 12, pp: 363-386.
  • Vanreusel, B., Renson, R., Beunen, G., Claessens, A. L., Lefevre, J., Lysens, R., and Vanden Eynde, B. (1997). “A Longitudinal Study Of Youth Sport Participation And Adherence To Sport In Adulthood”, International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 32, pp: 373-387.
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section SPORT PSYCHOLOGY
Authors

Kristin Zomermaand

Publication Date September 20, 2010
Published in Issue Year 2010 Volume: 1 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Zomermaand, K. (2010). The Views and Roles of Coaches in Youth Athlete Motivation: A Qualitative Approach. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences, 1(3), 11-23.