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Self-Objectification in the Fitness Center Environment: A Qualitative Perspective

Year 2018, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 54 - 72, 15.05.2018

Abstract

The
purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions and experiences of
physically active individuals in the fitness center environment.  We adopted the interpretive description methodology
to examine the question of whether, and how, this environment played a role in
individuals’ experiences of self-objectification and their body image.  Interviews were conducted with 16 college-age individuals,
who were exercising in a fitness center, at two time points separated by 12
weeks.  Deductive and inductive content
analyses of the semi-structured interviews revealed three general themes: (a) body
image and body (dis)satisfaction, (b) reasons and goals for exercising, and (c)
the physical environment.  This interpretive
description inquiry provided a preliminary framework for future studies of self-objectification
in potentially objectifying fitness and exercise environments.




References

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Year 2018, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 54 - 72, 15.05.2018

Abstract

References

  • Agliata, D., & Tantleff-Dunn, S. (2004). The impact of media exposure on males' body image. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(1), 7-22. doi: 10.1521/jscp.23.1.7.26988
  • America’s Health Rankings (2015). 2015 Annual report. Measure: Physical activity. Retrieved from http://www.americashealthrankings.org/explore/2015-annual-report/measure/sedentary/state/ALL
  • Bessenoff, G. R. (2006). Can the media affect us? Social comparison, self‐discrepancy, and the thin ideal. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 30(3), 239-251. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2006.00292.x
  • Biddle, S. J. H., & Mutrie, N. (2008). Psychology of physical activity: Determinants, well-being and interventions (2nd Ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Blanchard, C. M., Rodgers, W. M., & Gauvin, L. (2004). The influence of exercise duration and cognitions during running on feeling states in an indoor running track environment. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5, 119–133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1469-0292(03)00006-2
  • Burgess, G., Grogan, S., & Burwitz, L. (2006). Effects of a 6-week aerobic dance intervention on body image and physical self-perceptions in adolescent girls. Body Image, 3, 57-66. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2005.10.005
  • Buss, D. M. (1989). Sex differences in human mate preferences: Evolutionary hypotheses tested in 37 cultures. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 12, 1-49. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X00023992
  • Calogero, R. M. (2009). Objectification processes and disordered eating in British women and men. Journal of Health Psychology, 14, 394-402. doi: 10.1177/1359105309102192
  • Calogero, R. M. (2012). Objectification theory, self-objectification, and body image. In T. F. Cash (Ed.), Encyclopedia of body image and human appearance (pp. 574-580). San Diego: Academic Press.
  • Campbell, A., & Hausenblas, H. A. (2009). The role of exercise dependence for the relationship between exercise behavior and eating pathology: Mediator or moderator? Journal of Health Psychology, 13, 495-502. doi: 10.1177/1359105309338977
  • Cash, T. F. (1990). The psychology of physical appearance: Aesthetics, attributes, and images. In T. F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds.), Body images: Development, deviance, and change (pp. 51–79). New York: Guilford.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th Ed). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Darwin, C. (1859). The works of Charles Darwin: On the origin of species. New York, NY: New York University Press.
  • DiBartolo, P. M., Lin, L., Montoya, S., Neal, H., & Shaffer, C. (2007). Are there “healthy” and “unhealthy” reasons for exercise? Examining individual differences in exercise motivations using the Function of Exercise Scale. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 1, 93–120. Retrieved from http://journals.humankinetics.com/journal/jcsp
  • Dunn, A. L., Trivedi, M. H., & O’Neal, H. A. (2001). Physical activity dose-response effects on outcomes of depression and anxiety. Medicine Science in Sports and Exercise, 33, S587-S597. Retrieved from http://www.acsm-msse.org/
  • Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human relations, 7(2), 117-140. Retrieved from http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/001872675400700202
  • Förster, J., & Higgins, E. T. (2005). How global versus local perception fits regulatory focus. Psychological science, 16(8), 631-636. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01586.x
  • Fredrickson, B. L. (2001).The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56, 218–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0003-066X.56.3.218
  • Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women’s lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173-206. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x
  • Fredrickson, B. L., Roberts, T., Noll, S. M., Quinn, D. M., & Twenge, J. M. (1998). That swimsuit becomes you: Sex differences in self-objectification, restrained eating, and math performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 269-284. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.269
  • Frisén, A., & Holmqvist, K. (2010).What characterizes early adolescents with a positive body image? A qualitative investigation of Swedish girls and boys. Body Image, 7, 205–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2010.04.001
  • Furnham, A., Badmin, N., & Sneade, I. (2002). Body image dissatisfaction: Gender differences in eating attitudes, self-esteem, and reasons for exercise. The Journal of Psychology, 136(6), 581-596. doi: 10.1080/00223980209604820
  • Gervais, S. J., Vescio, T. K., Förster, J., Maass, A., & Suitner, C. (2012). Seeing women as objects: The sexual body part recognition bias. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42(6), 743-753. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.1890
  • Gonçalves, S. F., & Gomes, A. R. (2012). Exercising for weight and shape reasons vs. health control reasons: The impact on eating disturbance and psychological functioning. Eating Behaviors, 13(2), 127-130. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2011.11.011
  • Hallsworth, L., Wade, T., & Tiggemann, M. (2005). Individual differences in male body‐image: An examination of self‐objectification in recreational body builders. British Journal of Health Psychology, 10(3), 453-465. doi: 10.1348/135910705X26966
  • Harrison, K., & Cantor, J. (1997). The relationship between media consumption and eating disorders. Journal of Communication, 47(1), 40-67. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1997.tb02692.x
  • Hausenblas, H. A., Cook, B. J., & Chittester, N. I. (2008). Can exercise treat eating disorders? Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 36, 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jes.0b013e31815e4040
  • Hausenblas, H. A., & Fallon, E. A. (2006). Exercise and body-image: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Health, 21(1), 33-47. doi: 10.1080/14768320500105270
  • Homan, K. J., & Tylka, T. L. (2014). Appearance-based exercise motivation moderates the relationship between exercise frequency and positive body image. Body Image, 11. 101-108. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.01.003
  • Ingledew, D. K., & Markland, D. (2008). The role of motives in exercise participation. Psychology and health, 23(7), 807-828. doi:10.1080/08870440701405704
  • Jacobi, L., & Cash, T. F. (1994). In pursuit of the perfect appearance: Discrepancies among self‐ideal percepts of multiple physical attributes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24(5), 379-396.
  • Kilpatrick, M., Hebert, E., & Bartholomew, J. (2005). College students' motivation for physical activity: Differentiating men's and women's motives for sport participation and exercise. Journal of American college health, 54(2), 87-94. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/JACH.54.2.87-94
  • Krane, V., Choi, P. Y. L., Baird, S. M., Aimar, C. M., & Kauer, K. J. (2004). Living the paradox: Female athletes negotiate femininity and muscularity. Sex Roles, 50, 315–329. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:SERS.0000018888.48437.4f
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Details

Journal Section SPORT PSYCHOLOGY
Authors

Urska Dobersek

Karin Jeffery This is me

Publication Date May 15, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Dobersek, U., & Jeffery, K. (2018). Self-Objectification in the Fitness Center Environment: A Qualitative Perspective. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences, 9(2), 54-72.