Development of A New Tool to Analyze Injury Risk: Turkish Get Up Injury Risk Tool

Year 2024, Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 217 - 233, 29.04.2024

Ahmet Bayrak Necmiye Ün Yıldırım Mustafa Ertuğrul Yaşa Özge Çoban

https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1337290

Abstract

Injury risk analysis is critical to preventing injuries' physical and psychological impact. The purpose of this study was to develop a new tool to evaluate the risk of injury particular to the Turkish get up (TGU) exercise. According to expert opinions, the Turkish Get Up Injury Risk Tool (TUGIR) is a biomechanical assessment tool developed based on the Turkish Get Up (TGU) movement. It evaluates the alignment and quality of movement during the exercise to assess the risk of injury. The upper and lower quarter Y balance tests (YBTs) and Functional Movement Screening (FMS) were performed to determine construct validity. A total of thirty- three wrestlers performed all the tests. Reliability was assessed by internal consistency determined with Cronbach's alpha coefficients and inter-rater reliability determined with Kendall's coefficient of concordance. The injury risk cut-off value was calculated according to the Angoff method. The internal consistency of the TUGIR was found to be 0.77 and 0.76, respectively, quite reliable for the right and left sides. Kendall's concordance coefficient of the total score was determined to be 0.998 for both sides. The injury risk cut-off value was found to be %72 for the overall TUGIR score. A low to moderate association was observed between TUGIR and YBTs—FMS. The TUGIR is a novel, reliable, and valid tool for assessing injury risk in sports. This tool offers several advantages, including being an easy-to-use, low- cost, and comprehensive method that can reflect sports-specific biomechanical characteristics. This research could lead to the use of this tool to assess the risk of injury in other sports branches.

Keywords

Biomechanics, Sports injury, Turkish Get Up exercise, Wrestling

References

• Bishop, C., Read, P., Walker, S., & Turner, A. N. (2015). Assessing movement using a variety of screening tests. Professional Strength & Conditioning, (37), 17-26. https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/17260/1/screening_article.pdf
• Bonazza, N. A., Smuin, D., Onks, C. A., Silvis, M. L., & Dhawan, A. (2017). Reliability, validity, and injury predictive value of the functional movement screen: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(3), 725-732. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546516641937
• Bonazza, N. A., Smuin, D., Onks, C. A., Silvis, M. L., & Dhawan, A. (2017). Reliability, validity, and injury predictive value of the functional movement screen: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(3), 725-732. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546516641937
• Brewer, B. W., & Redmond, C. (Eds.). (2016). Psychology of Sport İnjury. Human Kinetics. https://us.humankinetics.com/products/psychology-of-sport-injury
• Bussey, M. (2002). Sports Biomechanics: Reducing İnjury and İmproving Performance. Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/
• Butowicz, C. M., Pontillo, M., Ebaugh, D., & Silfies, S. P. (2019). Comprehensive movement system screening tool (MSST) for athletes: Development and measurement properties. Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy, 24(6), 512-523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjpt.2019.10.002
• Chalmers, S., Fuller, J. T., Debenedictis, T. A., Townsley, S., Lynagh, M., Gleeson, K., Zacharia, A., Thomson, S., & Magarey, M. (2017). Asymmetry during preseason Functional Movement Screen testing is associated with injury during a junior Australian football season. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 20(7), 653-657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2016.12.076
• Collum, C., Weeks, M. Schnetzer, A. Lat, A. Snarr, R. L. (2022). Turkish Get-Up: Correcting Common Kinematic Errors and Translating Movements to More Complex Lifts. Strength and Conditioning Journal 44(1), 119-127, DOI:10.1519/SSC.0000000000000610
• Cook, G., Burton, L., & Hoogenboom, B. (2006a). Pre-participation screening: the use of fundamental movements as an assessment of function-part 1. North American Journal of Sports Physical Therapy: NAJSPT, 1(2), 62-72. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2953313/
• Cook, G., Burton, L., & Hoogenboom, B. (2006b). Pre-participation screening: the use of fundamental movements as an assessment of function-part 2. North American Journal of Sports Physical Therapy: NAJSPT, 1(3), 132-139. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2953359/
• dos Santos Bunn, P., Rodrigues, A. I., & da Silva, E. B. (2019). The association between the functional movement screen outcome and the incidence of musculoskeletal injuries: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Physical Therapy in Sport, 35, 146-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2018.11.011
• dos Santos Bunn, P., Rodrigues, A. I., & da Silva, E. B. (2019). The association between the functional movement screen outcome and the incidence of musculoskeletal injuries: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Physical Therapy in Sport, 35, 146-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2018.11.011
• Ercan, İ., & Kan, İ. (2004). Reliability and validity in the scales. Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 30(3), 211-216. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/uutfd/issue/35255/391149
• Frohm, A., Heijne, A., Kowalski, J., Svensson, P., & Myklebust, G. (2012). A nine‐test screening battery for athletes: a reliability study. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 22(3), 306- 315. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01267.x
• Hoover, D. L., Killian, C. B., Tinius, R. A., Bellar, D. M., Wilkinson, S. G., Esslinger, F. T., & Judge, L. W. (2020). Predictive validity of a functional movement screen in professional basketball players. Medicina, 56(12), 724.
• Jang, T.-R., Chang, C.-F., Chen, S.-C., Fu, Y.-C., & Lu, T.-W. (2009). Biomechanics and potential injury mechanisms of wrestling. Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications, 21(03), 215-222. https://doi.org/10.4015/S1016237209001271
• Kiesel, K. B., Butler, R. J., & Plisky, P. J. (2014). Prediction of injury by limited and asymmetrical fundamental movement patterns in American football players. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 23(2), 88-94. https://doi.org/10.1123/JSR.2012-0130
• Kraan, R. B., de Nobel, D., Eygendaal, D., Daams, J. G., Kuijer, P. P. F., & Maas, M. (2019). Incidence, prevalence, and risk factors for elbow and shoulder overuse injuries in youth athletes: A systematic review. Translational Sports Medicine, 2(4), 186-195. https://doi.org/10.1002/tsm2.82
• Leatherwood, M. D., Whittaker, A., & Esco, M. R. (2014). Exercise technique: The Turkish get-up with a kettlebell. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 36(6), 107-110. https://journals.lww.com/nsca-scj/pages/default.aspx
• Leatherwood, M. D., Whittaker, A., & Esco, M. R. (2014). Exercise technique: The Turkish get-up with a kettlebell. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 36(6), 107-110. https://journals.lww.com/nsca-scj/pages/default.aspx
• Liebenson, C., & Shaughness, G. (2011). The Turkish get-up. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 15(1), 125-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2010.10.004
• Liebenson, C., & Shaughness, G. (2011). The Turkish get-up. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 15(1), 125-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2010.10.004
• Loudon J.K., Parkerson-Mitchell A.J., Hildebrand L.D., & Teague C. (2014). Functional Movement Screen Scores In A Group Of Running Athletes. J Strength Cond Res, 28(4), 909-913.
• McGuigan M. (2016) Administration, Scoring and Interpretation of Selected Test In: Haff GG, Triplett NT (eds), Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning, 4th Edit. USA, Human Kinetics, 259-317.
• Mills, C. N., & Melican, G. J. (1988). Estimating and adjusting cutoff scores: Features of selected methods. Applied Measurement in Education, 1(3), 261-275. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324818ame0103_7
• Moore, E., Fuller, J. T., Milanese, S., Jones, S. C., Townsley, A., Lynagh, M., & Chalmers, S. (2023). Does changing the Functional Movement Screen composite score threshold influence injury risk estimation in junior Australian football players? Journal of sports sciences, 41(1), 20-26, DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2193782
• Moran, R. W., Schneiders, A. G., Major, K. M., & Sullivan, S. J. (2016). How reliable are Functional Movement Screening scores? A systematic review of rater reliability. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(9), 527-536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094913
• Mukaka, M. M. (2012). A guide to appropriate use of correlation coefficient in medical research. Malawi Medical Journal, 24(3), 69-71. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3576830/
• Mukaka, M. M. (2012). A guide to appropriate use of correlation coefficient in medical research. Malawi Medical Journal, 24(3), 69-71. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3576830/
• Niederberger, M., & Spranger, J. (2020). Delphi technique in health sciences: a map. Frontiers in Public Health, 457. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00457
• Padua, D. A., Marshall, S. W., Boling, M. C., Thigpen, C. A., Garrett Jr, W. E., & Beutler, A. I. (2009). The Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) is a valid and reliable clinical assessment tool of jump- landing biomechanics: the JUMP-ACL study. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 37(10), 1996-2002. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546509343200
• Peterson, L., & Renstrom, P. A. (Eds.). (2016). Sports İnjuries: Prevention, Treatment and Rehabilitation: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/go/crc-press
• Shaffer, S. W., Teyhen, D. S., Lorenson, C. L., Warren, R. L., Koreerat, C. M., Straseske, C. A., & Childs, J. D. (2013). Y-balance test: a reliability study involving multiple raters. Military Medicine, 178(11), 1264-1270. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-13-00222
• Silva, B., Clemente, F. M., & Martins, F. M. (2017). Associations between functional movement screen scores and performance variables in surf athletes. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical fitness, 58(5), 583-590. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28229573/
• Smith, C. A., Chimera, N. J., Wright, N. J., & Warren, M. (2013). Interrater and intrarater reliability of the functional movement screen. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 27(4), 982- 987. https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/Fulltext/2013/04000/Interrater_and_Intrarater_Reliability_of_the.15.aspx
• Smith, C. A., Chimera, N. J., Wright, N. J., & Warren, M. (2013). Interrater and intrarater reliability of the functional movement screen. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 27(4), 982- 987. https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/Fulltext/2013/04000/Interrater_and_Intrarater_Reliability_of_the.15.aspx
• St-Onge, E., Robb, A., Beach, T. A., & Howarth, S. J. (2019). A descriptive analysis of shoulder muscle activities during individual stages of the Turkish Get-Up exercise. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 23(1), 23-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2018.01.013
• Takahashi S, Nagano Y, Wataru I, Kido Y, Okuwaki T. (2019). A retrospective study of mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in high school basketball, handball, judo, soccer, and volleyball, Medicine (Baltimore), 98(26), 1-6, DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000016030
• Teyhen, D. S., Shaffer, S. W., Lorenson, C. L., Halfpap, J. P., Donofry, D. F., Walker, M. J., Dugan, J. L., & Childs, J. D. (2012). The functional movement screen: a reliability study. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 42(6), 530-540. https://www.jospt.org/doi/10.2519/jospt.2012.3838
• Vaske, J. J., Beaman, J., & Sponarski, C. C. (2017). Rethinking internal consistency in Cronbach's alpha. Leisure Sciences, 39(2), 163-173. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2015.1127189
• Vehrs, P. R., Uvacsek, M., & Johnson, A. W. (2021). Assessment of Dysfunctional Movements and Asymmetries in Children and Adolescents Using the Functional Movement Screen—A Narrative Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(23), 12501.
• Westrick, R. B., Miller, J. M., Carow, S. D., & Gerber, J. P. (2012). Exploration of the y-balance test for assessment of upper quarter closed kinetic chain performance. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 7(2), 139. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3325634/