Research Article
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Body Composition, Nutrition and Hydration Profile of Paralympic Athletes

Year 2024, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 292 - 315, 28.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1433152

Abstract

Paralympic athletes are separated from healthy athletes by having various diseases/disabilities and using auxiliary equipment. This study was planned to compare paralympic athletes' hydration, body composition, and nutritional status. For this purpose, a comparison of branches, sex, and nutritional habits on training day and non-training day were examined by 66 professional athletes from the Turkish Physically Disabled Sports Federation included in the research. Demographic characteristics, anthropometric measurements, nutritional habits, and physical activity data of individuals were collected. Dietary, physical activity, and water balance scale records were determined to evaluate the nutritional, physical activity, and hydration status of these athletes, respectively. Food consumption data were analyzed with the Nutrition Information System (BeBis) in detail; energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat, water, vitamin D, vitamin B12, calcium, magnesium, and iron were examined. Measuring mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) is a good indicator of skeletal muscle protein mass. While women’s MUAC was 28.9±3.8 cm and men’s MUAC was 30.7±7.0 cm, respectively. When the reference values recommended for healthy athletes are met, it has been observed that protein, carbohydrate, iron, and calcium didn’t meet the recommendations. Carbohydrate, dietary vitamin D, calcium and magnesium values were found to be higher on the training day than on the non-training day (p<0.05). There was no difference between spesific gravity, fluid intake during exercise or the amount of sweating of the athletes (p>0.05). The hydration status of the athletes was found to be inadequate in all conditions of gender, branch and the presence or absence of training.

Ethical Statement

Ethical approval for this study was obtained from Marmara University Faculty of Medicine Clinical Research Ethics Committee on 01.11.2019 with protocol code 09.2019.956. Written informed consent to participate in this study was provided by the participants.

Supporting Institution

No conflict of interest is declared by the authors. In addition, no financial support was received.

References

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Year 2024, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 292 - 315, 28.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1433152

Abstract

References

  • ACSM. (2016) Nutrition and Athletic Performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 48- 543-568. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000852
  • Ainsworth, B. E., Haskell, W. L., Herrmann, S. D., Meckes, N., Bassett, D. R., Jr, Tudor-Locke, C., et al. (2011). 2011 Compendium of Physical Activities: a second update of codes and MET values. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 43(8), 1575–1581. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31821ece12
  • Andrews, A. M., Deehl, C., Rogers, R. L., & Pruziner, A. L. (2016). Core Temperature in Service Members With and Without Traumatic Amputations During a Prolonged Endurance Event. Military medicine, 181(S4), 61–65. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-15-00515
  • Baysal, A. (2018) Beslenme, 18. Baskı, Hatiboğlu Yayınevi, Ankara. 8-30,109-264,531.
  • Bescós García, R., & Rodríguez Guisado, F. A. (2011). Low levels of vitamin D in professional basketball players after wintertime: relationship with dietary intake of vitamin D and calcium. Nutricion hospitalaria, 26(5), 945–951. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0212-16112011000500004
  • Bhurosy T, Jeewon R. (2013) Pitfalls Of Using Body Mass Index (BMI) In Assessment Of Obesity Risk. Curr Res Nutr Food Sci, 1(1):71-76 http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CRNFSJ.1.1.07
  • Blauwet, C. A., Brook, E. M., Tenforde, A. S., Broad, E., Hu, C. H., Abdu-Glass, E., et al. (2017). Low Energy Availability, Menstrual Dysfunction, and Low Bone Mineral Density in Individuals with a Disability: Implications for the Para Athlete Population. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 47(9), 1697–1708. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0696-0
  • Buchholz, A. C., & Bugaresti JM. (2005). A review of body mass index and waist circumference as markers of obesity and coronary heart disease risk in persons with chronic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 43(9):513-8. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.sc.3101744
  • Buchholz, A. C., McGilivray CF, Pencharz PB. (2003) Difference in resting metabolic rate between paralegic and able bodies subjects are explained by differences in body composition. Am J Clin Nutr. 77(2):371–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/77.2.371
  • Burke, L. M. (2011) Competition nutrition. In Sport and exercise nutrition, ed. S.A. LanhamNew, S.J. Stear, S.M. Shirreffs, and A.L. Collins, 200–209. London: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Calvo, M. S., & Tucker, K. L. (2013). Is phosphorus intake that exceeds dietary requirements a risk factor in bone health?. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1301, 29–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12300
  • Camaschella, C. (2015). Iron-deficiency anemia. The New England journal of medicine, 372(19), 1832–1843. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1401038 Casey, A. F. (2013) Measuring body composition in individuals with intellectual disability: a scoping review. J Obes : 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/628428
  • Çıtar Dazıroğlu, ME, & Köksal, E. (2023). Evaluation of Body Composition in Disabled People: A Traditional Review. Türkiye Klinikleri Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, vol.8, no.2, 343-353. Doi: 10.5336/healthsci.2022-93841
  • Crosland, J.& Broad, E. (2011). Nutrition for Disability Athletes. In Sport and Exercise Nutrition. (eds SA. Lanham-New, SJ. Stear, SM. Shirreffs and AL. Collins). 188-199. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444344905.ch15
  • Das, A., Bagchi, D., & Sen, C. K. (2019). Nutrition in Paralympics. In Nutrition and Enhanced Sports Performance, (eds D. Bagchi, S. Nair, CK. Sen). 203–210. Elsevier Academic Press. ISBN: 978-0-12-813922-6
  • Doubelt, I., Totosy de Zepetnek, J., MacDonald, M. J., & Atkinson, S. A. (2015). Influences of nutrition and adiposity on bone mineral density in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury: A cross-sectional, observational study. Bone reports, 2, 26–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bonr.2015.02.002
  • Egger, T., & Flueck, J. L. (2020). Energy Availability in Male and Female Elite Wheelchair Athletes over Seven Consecutive Training Days. Nutrients, 12(11), 3262. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113262
  • Ersoy, G. (2016). Fiziksel Uygunluk (Fitnes) Spor ve Beslenmeyle İlgili Temel Öğretiler. 2. Baskı, Ankara Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, Ankara. s:33, 34, 136, 210.
  • Eskici, G. & Ersoy G. (2016) An evaluation of wheelchair basketball players’ nutritional status and nutritional knowledge levels. J Sports Med Phys Fit, 56:259–68
  • Ferro, A., Garrido, G., Villacieros, J., Pérez, J., & Grams, L. (2017). Nutritional Habits and Performance in Male Elite Wheelchair Basketball Players During a Precompetitive Period. Adapted physical activity quarterly : APAQ, 34(3), 295–310. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.2016-0057
  • Flueck, J. L., & Parnell, J. A. (2021). Protein Considerations for Athletes With a Spinal Cord Injury. Frontiers in nutrition, 8, 652441. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.652441
  • Flueck, J. L., & Perret, C. (2017). Vitamin D deficiency in individuals with a spinal cord injury: a literature review. Spinal cord, 55(5), 428–434. https://doi.org/10.1038/sc.2016.155
  • Frost, A. P., Norman Giest, T., Ruta, A. A., Snow, T. K., & Millard-Stafford, M. (2017). Limitations of body mass index for counseling individuals with unilateral lower extremity amputation. Prosthetics and orthotics international, 41(2), 186–193. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309364616650079
  • Goosey-Tolfrey, V. L., & Crosland, J. (2010). Nutritional practices of competitive British wheelchair games players. Adapted physical activity quarterly : APAQ, 27(1), 47–59. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.27.1.47
  • Goosey-Tolfrey, V., Krempien J., and Price M. (2014) Spinal Cord Injuries. In Sports Nutrition for Paralympic Athletes. (ed E. Broad). CRC Press. 67-90.
  • Innocencio da Silva Gomes, A., Gonçalves Ribeiro, B., & de Abreu Soares, E. (2006). Nutritional profile of the Brazilian Amputee Soccer Team during the precompetition period for the world championship. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.), 22(10), 989–995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2006.05.019
  • Institute of Medicine (IOM) Dietary Reference Intakes Tables and Application. Available online: http://iom.nationalacademies.org/Activities/Nutrition/SummaryDRIs/DRI-Tables.aspx
  • Jackson, A. S., & Pollock, M. L. (1978). Generalized equations for predicting body density of men. The British journal of nutrition, 40(3), 497–504. https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn19780152
  • Kaner, G, Pekcan G, Pamuk G, Pamuk B. (2015). Skinfold Thickness Versus Bioimpedance Analysis: Body Fat Prediction in Adults. Beslenme ve Diyet Dergisi, 43(2), 111 - 118. https://beslenmevediyetdergisi.org/index.php/bdd/article/view/134
  • Kesari, A., & Noel, J. Y. (2023). Nutritional Assessment. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
  • Knuiman, P., Hopman, M. T. E., Verbruggen, C., & Mensink, M. (2018). Protein and the Adaptive Response With Endurance Training: Wishful Thinking or a Competitive Edge?. Frontiers in physiology, 9, 598. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00598
  • Kreider, R. B., Wilborn, C. D., Taylor, L., Campbell, B., Almada, A. L., Collins, R., et al. (2010). ISSN exercise & sport nutrition review: research & recommendations. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 7, 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-018-0242-y
  • Krempien, J. L., & Barr, S. I. (2011). Risk of nutrient inadequacies in elite Canadian athletes with spinal cord injury. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, 21(5), 417–425. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.21.5.417
  • Lee, R, Nieman D. (2012). Assessment of the hospitalized patient. In Nutritional Assessment. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education; p.221-48.
  • Madden, R. F., Shearer, J., & Parnell, J. A. (2017). Evaluation of Dietary Intakes and Supplement Use in Paralympic Athletes. Nutrients, 9(11), 1266. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9111266
  • Malisova, O., Bountziouka, V., Panagiotakos, D. B., Zampelas, A., & Kapsokefalou, M. (2012). The water balance questionnaire: design, reliability and validity of a questionnaire to evaluate water balance in the general population. International journal of food sciences and nutrition, 63(2), 138–144. https://doi.org/10.3109/09637486.2011.607799
  • Meyer, N. L., & Edwards S. (2014). Amputees. In Sports Nutrition for Paralympic Athletes. (ed E. Broad). CRC Press. 107-126.
  • Miyahara, K., Wang, D.H., Mori, K. Takahashi, K., Miyatake, N., Wang, B.L. et al. (2008). Effect of sports activity on bone mineral density in wheelchair athletes. J Bone Miner Metab 26, 101–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00774-007-0789-1
  • Osterkamp, L. K. (1995). Current perspective on assessment of human body proportions of relevance to amputees. J Am Diet Assoc. 95(2):215-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(95)00050-X
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There are 58 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Physical Training, Sports and Physical Activity For Disabled, Sports Nutrition
Journal Section Physical Activity, Health & Exercise
Authors

Tuğba Kahvecioğlu 0000-0003-0864-7506

Şule Aktaç 0000-0002-2158-5015

Publication Date August 28, 2024
Submission Date February 7, 2024
Acceptance Date July 28, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 15 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Kahvecioğlu, T., & Aktaç, Ş. (2024). Body Composition, Nutrition and Hydration Profile of Paralympic Athletes. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences, 15(2), 292-315. https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1433152