Research Article
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8-Week Online Fitness Intervention on Muscle Strength, Flexibility, Body Composition and Physical-Self Perception: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Year 2024, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 328 - 348, 28.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1491268

Abstract

This research examines the effect of an online physical fitness intervention plan on health-related components, and self-perception with randomized controlled trial. A total of 43 individuals completed the study, 21 of them were in the experimental group, and 22 were in the control group. Muscle strength was assessed using push-ups and sit-ups, while flexibility was determined through sit-and-reach tests. Fat and muscle mass in the arms, legs, trunk, android, gynoid regions, and total body were measured in grams by using Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry. Health, body fat, strength, flexibility, endurance sub-dimensions of Marsh Physical Self-Description Inventory was used for self-perception. Results showed that group and time interaction had a significant effect on self-perception of body fat and push-ups, flexibility left and right, total fat, body fat mass in the arm, leg, and gynoid regions. Although the muscle mass of the experimental group increased in the 8-week period, this situation was not statistically significant. The implemented physical fitness intervention program has a significant impact, particularly in terms of fat burning. The findings obtained in strength tests can be associated with a decrease in fat mass, especially in the upper body. In conclusion, these findings underscore the potential of online fitness interventions in achieving positive health outcomes, emphasizing the multifaceted benefits of such programs on both perceived and measured physical well-being.

Ethical Statement

This study was approved by the review board of Eskişehir Technical University with Protocol No. 63349 at 06.04.2022.

Supporting Institution

Eskişehir Technical University

Project Number

This research was supported by Eskişehir Technical University Research Project Commission under grant number 21GAP074.

References

  • Aksay, E. (2021). Live online exercise programs during the Covid-19 pandemic –are they useful for elderly adults? Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 21(4), 1650–1658. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2021.04209
  • Aşçı, F. H. (2003). The effects of physical fitness training on trait anxiety and physical self-concept of female university students. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 4(3), 255–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1469-0292(02)00009-2
  • Bauman, A. E., Petersen, C. B., Blond, K., Rangul, V., & Hardy, L. L. (2018). The descriptive epidemiology of sedentary behaviour. In Sedentary Behaviour Epidemiology (pp. 73–106). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61552-3_4
  • Beck, A. Q., Clasey, J. L., Yates, J. W., Koebke, N. C., Palmer, T. G., & Abel, M. G. (2015). Relationship of physical fitness measures vs. occupational physical ability in campus law enforcement officers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 29(8), 2340–2350. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000863
  • Belkhir, Y., Rekik, G., Chtourou, H., & Souissi, N. (2021). Does warming up with different music tempos affect physical and psychological responses? The evidence from a chronobiological study. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 62(1), 149–156. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.21.12093-6
  • Biddle, S. J. H., Bennie, J. A., Bauman, A. E., Chau, J. Y., Dunstan, D., & Owen, N. (2016). Too much sitting and all-cause mortality: Is there a causal link? BMC Public Health, 16(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12889-016-3307-3
  • Butler, K. M., Ramos, J. S., Buchanan, C. A., & Dalleck, L. C. (2018). Can reducing sitting time in the university setting improve the cardiometabolic health of college students? Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, Volume 11, 603–610. https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S179590
  • Castro, O., Bennie, J., Vergeer, I., Bosselut, G., & Biddle, S. J. H. (2020). How sedentary are university students? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prevention Science, 21(3), 332–343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-020-01093-8
  • Cohen J. (1988).Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed. NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates; Colakoglu, F. F. (2008). The effect of callisthenic exercise on physical fitness values of sedentary women. Science & Sports, 23(6), 306–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2008.06.002
  • Corbin, C. B., Robert, P. P., & Franks, B. D. (2000). Definitions: Health, fitness, and physical activity. The President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports Research Digest.
  • Deliens, T., Deforche, B., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., & Clarys, P. (2015). Determinants of physical activity and sedentary behaviour in university students: A qualitative study using focus group discussions. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1553-4
  • Dewitt, S., Hall, J., Smith, L., Buckley, J. P., Biddle, S. J. H., Mansfield, L., & Gardner, B. (2019). Office workers’ experiences of attempts to reduce sitting-time: An exploratory, mixed-methods uncontrolled intervention pilot study. BMC Public Health, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/S12889-019-7196-0
  • Faghy, M. A., Duncan, M. J., Pringle, A., Meharry, J. B., & Roscoe, C. M. P. (2022). UK university staff experience high levels of sedentary behaviour during work and leisure time. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 28(2), 1104–1111. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2021.1874704
  • Garber, C. E., Blissmer, B., Deschenes, M. R., Franklin, B. A., Lamonte, M. J., & Lee, I., M.(2011). Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: Guidance for prescribing exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 43(7), 1334–1359. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0B013E318213FEFB
  • Guo, M. M., Wang, X. Z., & Koh, K. T. (2022). Association between physical activity, sedentary time, and physical fitness of female college students in China. BMC Women’s Health, 22(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-022-02108-y
  • Hayran, M., & Hayran, M. (2020). Sağlık araştırmaları için temel istatistik (1st ed.). Ankara: Hipokrat Yayınevi
  • Jaakkola, T., Huhtiniemi, M., Salin, K., Seppälä, S., Lahti, J., Hakonen, H., & Stodden, D. F. (2019). Motor competence, perceived physical competence, physical fitness, and physical activity within finnish children. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 29(7), sms.13412. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13412
  • Kikuchi, N., Ohta, T., Hashimoto, Y., Mochizuki, Y., Saito, M., & Kozuma, A.(2023). Effect of online home-based resistance exercise training on physical fitness, depression, stress, and well-being in middle-aged persons: A pilot study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH20031769
  • Kim, I., & Ahn, J. (2021). The effect of changes in physical self-concept through participation in exercise on changes in self-esteem and mental well-being. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH18105224
  • Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and Practices of Structural Equation Modelling. The Guilford Press.
  • Li, W., Cui, Y., Gong, Q., Huang, C., & Guo, F. (2022). The association of smartphone usage duration with physical fitness among Chinese university students. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH19010572
  • Lopez-Jimenez, F., Almahmeed, W., Bays, H., Cuevas, A., Di Angelantonio, E., le & Roux, C. W. (2022). Obesity and cardiovascular disease: mechanistic insights and management strategies. A joint position paper by the world heart federation and world obesity federation. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 29(17), 2218–2237. https://doi.org/10.1093/EURJPC/ZWAC187
  • Lusa, S., Punakallio, A., Mänttäri, S., Korkiakangas, E., Oksa, J., Oksanen, T., & Laitinen, J. (2020). Interventions to promote work ability by increasing sedentary workers’ physical activity at workplaces – A scoping review. Applied Ergonomics, 82, 102962. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APERGO.2019.102962
  • Marsh, H. W., Marco, I. T., & Apçý, F. H. (2002). Cross-cultural validity of the physical self-description questionnaire: comparison of factor structures in Australia, Spain, and Turkey. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 73(3), 257–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2002.10609019
  • Mateo-Orcajada, A., González-Gálvez, N., Lucía Abenza-Cano, & Vaquero-Cristóbal, R. (2022). Differences in physical fitness and body composition between active and sedentary adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 51, 177–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-021-01552-7
  • Orange, S. T., Marshall, P., Madden, L. A., & Vince, R. V. (2020). Effect of home-based resistance training performed with or without a high-speed component in adults with severe obesity. Translational Sports Medicine, 3(1), 34–45. https://doi.org/10.1002/TSM2.115
  • Park, J. H., Moon, J. H., Kim, H. J., Kong, M. H., & Oh, Y. H. (2020). Sedentary lifestyle: overview of updated evidence of potential health risks. Korean Journal of Family Medicine, 41(6), 365–373. https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.20.0165
  • Pedersen, B. K., & Saltin, B. (2015). Exercise as medicine-Evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 25, 1–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/SMS.12581
  • Pescatello, L. S., Arena, R., Riebe, D., & Thompson, P. D. (2014). ACSM’s Guidelines for exercise testing and prescription (9th ed.).
  • Prieske, O., Dalager, T., Herz, M., Hortobagyi, T., Sjøgaard, G., Søgaard, K., & Granacher, U. (2019). Effects of physical exercise training in the workplace on physical Fitness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 49(12), 1903–1921. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01179-6
  • Prince, S. A., Elliott, C. G., Scott, K., Visintini, S., & Reed, J. L. (2019). Device-measured physical activity, sedentary behaviour and cardiometabolic health and fitness across occupational groups: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 16(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12966-019-0790-9
  • Rayes, A. B. R., De Lira, C. A. B., Viana, R. B., Benedito-Silva, A. A., Vancini, R. L., Mascarin, N., & Andrade, M. S. (2019). The effects of pilates vs. aerobic training on cardiorespiratory fitness, isokinetic muscular strength, body composition, and functional tasks outcomes for individuals who are overweight/obese: A clinical trial. PeerJ, 2019(2), 2–15. https://doi.org/10.7717/PEERJ.6022/SUPP-4
  • Rogers, K., & Gibson, A. L. (2009). Eight-week traditional mat pilates training-program effects on adult fitness characteristics. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 80(3), 569–574. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2009.10599595
  • Tremblay, M. S., Aubert, S., Barnes, J. D., Saunders, T. J., Carson, V., & Latimer-Cheung, A. E. (2017). Sedentary behavior research network (SBRN) – Terminology consensus project process and outcome. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 14(1), 75. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-017-0525-8
  • Turkish Ministry of Health. (2019). Türkiye beslenme ve sağlık araştırması. Ankara.
  • Vainshelboim, B., Brennan, G. M., LoRusso, S., Fitzgerald, P., & Wisniewski, K. S. (2019). Sedentary behavior and physiological health determinants in male and female college students. Physiology & Behavior, 204, 277–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.02.041
  • Wahlström, V., Januario, L. B., Mathiassen, S. E., Heiden, M., & Hallman, D. M. (2023). Hybrid office work in women and men: do directly measured physical behaviors differ between days working from home and days working at the office? Annals of Work Exposures and Health, 67(9), 1043-1055.
  • Yoo, J.-I., Cho, J., Baek, K.-W., Kim, M.-H., & Kim, J.-S. (2020). Relationship between smartphone use time, sitting time, and fitness level in university students. Exercise Science, 29(2), 170–177. https://doi.org/10.15857/ksep.2020.29.2.170
  • Zavanela, P. M., Crewther, B. T., Lodo, L., Florindo, A. A., Miyabara, E. H., & Aoki, M. S. (2012). Health and fitness benefits of a resistance training intervention performed in the workplace. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(3), 811–817. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0B013E318225FF4D
  • Zhang, Q., Miao, L., He, L., & Wang, H. (2022). The Relationship between self-concept and negative emotion: A moderated mediation model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(16), 2–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH191610377
  • Zou, L., Yao, L., Wilson Ansah, E., Bernardo-Filho, M., Codella, R., & Da Cunha De Sá Caputo, D. (2022). Influencing factors of students aged 10-20 non-participating in home physical exercise during the COVID-19 isolation policy period: A cross-sectional study from China. Frontiers in Public Health / 591, 10, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.787857
Year 2024, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 328 - 348, 28.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1491268

Abstract

Project Number

This research was supported by Eskişehir Technical University Research Project Commission under grant number 21GAP074.

References

  • Aksay, E. (2021). Live online exercise programs during the Covid-19 pandemic –are they useful for elderly adults? Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 21(4), 1650–1658. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2021.04209
  • Aşçı, F. H. (2003). The effects of physical fitness training on trait anxiety and physical self-concept of female university students. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 4(3), 255–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1469-0292(02)00009-2
  • Bauman, A. E., Petersen, C. B., Blond, K., Rangul, V., & Hardy, L. L. (2018). The descriptive epidemiology of sedentary behaviour. In Sedentary Behaviour Epidemiology (pp. 73–106). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61552-3_4
  • Beck, A. Q., Clasey, J. L., Yates, J. W., Koebke, N. C., Palmer, T. G., & Abel, M. G. (2015). Relationship of physical fitness measures vs. occupational physical ability in campus law enforcement officers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 29(8), 2340–2350. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000863
  • Belkhir, Y., Rekik, G., Chtourou, H., & Souissi, N. (2021). Does warming up with different music tempos affect physical and psychological responses? The evidence from a chronobiological study. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 62(1), 149–156. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.21.12093-6
  • Biddle, S. J. H., Bennie, J. A., Bauman, A. E., Chau, J. Y., Dunstan, D., & Owen, N. (2016). Too much sitting and all-cause mortality: Is there a causal link? BMC Public Health, 16(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12889-016-3307-3
  • Butler, K. M., Ramos, J. S., Buchanan, C. A., & Dalleck, L. C. (2018). Can reducing sitting time in the university setting improve the cardiometabolic health of college students? Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, Volume 11, 603–610. https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S179590
  • Castro, O., Bennie, J., Vergeer, I., Bosselut, G., & Biddle, S. J. H. (2020). How sedentary are university students? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prevention Science, 21(3), 332–343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-020-01093-8
  • Cohen J. (1988).Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed. NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates; Colakoglu, F. F. (2008). The effect of callisthenic exercise on physical fitness values of sedentary women. Science & Sports, 23(6), 306–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2008.06.002
  • Corbin, C. B., Robert, P. P., & Franks, B. D. (2000). Definitions: Health, fitness, and physical activity. The President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports Research Digest.
  • Deliens, T., Deforche, B., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., & Clarys, P. (2015). Determinants of physical activity and sedentary behaviour in university students: A qualitative study using focus group discussions. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1553-4
  • Dewitt, S., Hall, J., Smith, L., Buckley, J. P., Biddle, S. J. H., Mansfield, L., & Gardner, B. (2019). Office workers’ experiences of attempts to reduce sitting-time: An exploratory, mixed-methods uncontrolled intervention pilot study. BMC Public Health, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/S12889-019-7196-0
  • Faghy, M. A., Duncan, M. J., Pringle, A., Meharry, J. B., & Roscoe, C. M. P. (2022). UK university staff experience high levels of sedentary behaviour during work and leisure time. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 28(2), 1104–1111. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2021.1874704
  • Garber, C. E., Blissmer, B., Deschenes, M. R., Franklin, B. A., Lamonte, M. J., & Lee, I., M.(2011). Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: Guidance for prescribing exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 43(7), 1334–1359. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0B013E318213FEFB
  • Guo, M. M., Wang, X. Z., & Koh, K. T. (2022). Association between physical activity, sedentary time, and physical fitness of female college students in China. BMC Women’s Health, 22(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-022-02108-y
  • Hayran, M., & Hayran, M. (2020). Sağlık araştırmaları için temel istatistik (1st ed.). Ankara: Hipokrat Yayınevi
  • Jaakkola, T., Huhtiniemi, M., Salin, K., Seppälä, S., Lahti, J., Hakonen, H., & Stodden, D. F. (2019). Motor competence, perceived physical competence, physical fitness, and physical activity within finnish children. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 29(7), sms.13412. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13412
  • Kikuchi, N., Ohta, T., Hashimoto, Y., Mochizuki, Y., Saito, M., & Kozuma, A.(2023). Effect of online home-based resistance exercise training on physical fitness, depression, stress, and well-being in middle-aged persons: A pilot study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH20031769
  • Kim, I., & Ahn, J. (2021). The effect of changes in physical self-concept through participation in exercise on changes in self-esteem and mental well-being. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH18105224
  • Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and Practices of Structural Equation Modelling. The Guilford Press.
  • Li, W., Cui, Y., Gong, Q., Huang, C., & Guo, F. (2022). The association of smartphone usage duration with physical fitness among Chinese university students. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH19010572
  • Lopez-Jimenez, F., Almahmeed, W., Bays, H., Cuevas, A., Di Angelantonio, E., le & Roux, C. W. (2022). Obesity and cardiovascular disease: mechanistic insights and management strategies. A joint position paper by the world heart federation and world obesity federation. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 29(17), 2218–2237. https://doi.org/10.1093/EURJPC/ZWAC187
  • Lusa, S., Punakallio, A., Mänttäri, S., Korkiakangas, E., Oksa, J., Oksanen, T., & Laitinen, J. (2020). Interventions to promote work ability by increasing sedentary workers’ physical activity at workplaces – A scoping review. Applied Ergonomics, 82, 102962. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APERGO.2019.102962
  • Marsh, H. W., Marco, I. T., & Apçý, F. H. (2002). Cross-cultural validity of the physical self-description questionnaire: comparison of factor structures in Australia, Spain, and Turkey. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 73(3), 257–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2002.10609019
  • Mateo-Orcajada, A., González-Gálvez, N., Lucía Abenza-Cano, & Vaquero-Cristóbal, R. (2022). Differences in physical fitness and body composition between active and sedentary adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 51, 177–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-021-01552-7
  • Orange, S. T., Marshall, P., Madden, L. A., & Vince, R. V. (2020). Effect of home-based resistance training performed with or without a high-speed component in adults with severe obesity. Translational Sports Medicine, 3(1), 34–45. https://doi.org/10.1002/TSM2.115
  • Park, J. H., Moon, J. H., Kim, H. J., Kong, M. H., & Oh, Y. H. (2020). Sedentary lifestyle: overview of updated evidence of potential health risks. Korean Journal of Family Medicine, 41(6), 365–373. https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.20.0165
  • Pedersen, B. K., & Saltin, B. (2015). Exercise as medicine-Evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 25, 1–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/SMS.12581
  • Pescatello, L. S., Arena, R., Riebe, D., & Thompson, P. D. (2014). ACSM’s Guidelines for exercise testing and prescription (9th ed.).
  • Prieske, O., Dalager, T., Herz, M., Hortobagyi, T., Sjøgaard, G., Søgaard, K., & Granacher, U. (2019). Effects of physical exercise training in the workplace on physical Fitness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 49(12), 1903–1921. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01179-6
  • Prince, S. A., Elliott, C. G., Scott, K., Visintini, S., & Reed, J. L. (2019). Device-measured physical activity, sedentary behaviour and cardiometabolic health and fitness across occupational groups: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 16(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12966-019-0790-9
  • Rayes, A. B. R., De Lira, C. A. B., Viana, R. B., Benedito-Silva, A. A., Vancini, R. L., Mascarin, N., & Andrade, M. S. (2019). The effects of pilates vs. aerobic training on cardiorespiratory fitness, isokinetic muscular strength, body composition, and functional tasks outcomes for individuals who are overweight/obese: A clinical trial. PeerJ, 2019(2), 2–15. https://doi.org/10.7717/PEERJ.6022/SUPP-4
  • Rogers, K., & Gibson, A. L. (2009). Eight-week traditional mat pilates training-program effects on adult fitness characteristics. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 80(3), 569–574. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2009.10599595
  • Tremblay, M. S., Aubert, S., Barnes, J. D., Saunders, T. J., Carson, V., & Latimer-Cheung, A. E. (2017). Sedentary behavior research network (SBRN) – Terminology consensus project process and outcome. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 14(1), 75. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-017-0525-8
  • Turkish Ministry of Health. (2019). Türkiye beslenme ve sağlık araştırması. Ankara.
  • Vainshelboim, B., Brennan, G. M., LoRusso, S., Fitzgerald, P., & Wisniewski, K. S. (2019). Sedentary behavior and physiological health determinants in male and female college students. Physiology & Behavior, 204, 277–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.02.041
  • Wahlström, V., Januario, L. B., Mathiassen, S. E., Heiden, M., & Hallman, D. M. (2023). Hybrid office work in women and men: do directly measured physical behaviors differ between days working from home and days working at the office? Annals of Work Exposures and Health, 67(9), 1043-1055.
  • Yoo, J.-I., Cho, J., Baek, K.-W., Kim, M.-H., & Kim, J.-S. (2020). Relationship between smartphone use time, sitting time, and fitness level in university students. Exercise Science, 29(2), 170–177. https://doi.org/10.15857/ksep.2020.29.2.170
  • Zavanela, P. M., Crewther, B. T., Lodo, L., Florindo, A. A., Miyabara, E. H., & Aoki, M. S. (2012). Health and fitness benefits of a resistance training intervention performed in the workplace. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(3), 811–817. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0B013E318225FF4D
  • Zhang, Q., Miao, L., He, L., & Wang, H. (2022). The Relationship between self-concept and negative emotion: A moderated mediation model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(16), 2–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH191610377
  • Zou, L., Yao, L., Wilson Ansah, E., Bernardo-Filho, M., Codella, R., & Da Cunha De Sá Caputo, D. (2022). Influencing factors of students aged 10-20 non-participating in home physical exercise during the COVID-19 isolation policy period: A cross-sectional study from China. Frontiers in Public Health / 591, 10, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.787857
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Physical Activity and Health, Physical Fitness
Journal Section Physical Activity, Health & Exercise
Authors

Günay Yıldızer 0000-0002-4292-2156

Feridun Fikret Özer 0000-0002-8413-7367

Caner Özböke 0000-0001-6051-1556

Burak Söğüt 0009-0009-9117-0411

Didem Şafak 0009-0005-9356-3615

Dilara Ebru Uçar 0000-0001-9430-6630

Project Number This research was supported by Eskişehir Technical University Research Project Commission under grant number 21GAP074.
Publication Date August 28, 2024
Submission Date May 28, 2024
Acceptance Date August 13, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 15 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Yıldızer, G., Özer, F. F., Özböke, C., Söğüt, B., et al. (2024). 8-Week Online Fitness Intervention on Muscle Strength, Flexibility, Body Composition and Physical-Self Perception: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences, 15(2), 328-348. https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1491268