Research Article

How Does Etchmiadzin Govern Its Distant Ecclesiastical Jurisdictions Abroad?

Number: 53 May 5, 2026
EN TR

How Does Etchmiadzin Govern Its Distant Ecclesiastical Jurisdictions Abroad?

Abstract

The primary aim of this translation is to open a multidimensional discussion on the loss of authority experienced by Etchmiadzin in the nineteenth century, and to analytically demonstrate how this weakening of authority is exemplified at institutional, regional, social, and individual levels through a critical article published in 1879 in the newspaper Mshak by the Armenian writer Hakob Melik-Hakobyan (1835–1888), known by the penname Raffi, who is widely acknowledged as having played a significant role in the formation and shaping of the political ideologies of the period. Raffi’s critique of Etchmiadzin is not confined merely to a debate over institutional competence; rather, it evolves into a multilayered discussion that interrogates the limits of the spiritual center’s capacity to govern, the social consequences that emerge when this capacity is weakened or entirely eroded, and the destructive effects of corrupted representation on national consciousness. The neglect or misgovernance of Etchmiadzin not only creates a religious vacuum among Armenians but also, indirectly, constitutes a structural obstacle to national unity and awakening. Within the framework of the historical development and institutional organization of the Armenian Church, Etchmiadzin has been the subject of numerous studies. However, by addressing the relationship between religious corruption and national disintegration through concrete examples along the religion–nationalism axis, this article offers an original contribution to the existing literature from a critical perspective. Raffi is regarded as one of the most prominent figures of modern Armenian literature and as a writer with a broad readership. His historical novels, in particular, are considered to have served as a significant source of ideas that nourished the formation and development of Armenian nationalism. Throughout his life, the author was at times accused of irreligion due to his sharp criticisms directed at the Church and the clergy, and he was even targeted in an assassination attempt as a result of certain critiques articulated in his novels. Mshak, the periodical in which the article was published, began publication in Tiflis in 1871 and is recognized as the liberal newspaper of Caucasian Armenians in the final quarter of the nineteenth century. With its emphasis on themes such as social reform, education and cultural modernization, the critique of existing institutions, and Armenian nationalism, it played a central role in disseminating the ideas of contemporary writers to a broad readership.

Keywords

References

  1. Raffi, Collected Works, Volume 11, “Public and Literary-Critical Essays,” Yerevan, Nayiri, 1991, pp. 193–199.
  2. Dolukhanyan Aelita. Sergey Sarinyan. Two Centuries of Armenian Literature [V. 1, 1988; V. II, 1989; V. Ill, 2003; V. IV, 2004|. Book Rev., 2005, 3, 258-264
  3. Topchyan Aram. Michael E. Stone. Apocrypha, Pseudepigrapha and Armenian Studies ( collectcd papers) [Eng.], Vols. 1, 2. Book Rev., 2007, 2, 297-299

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Armenian Language, Literature and Culture

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

May 5, 2026

Submission Date

December 29, 2025

Acceptance Date

May 5, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Number: 53

APA
How Does Etchmiadzin Govern Its Distant Ecclesiastical Jurisdictions Abroad? (2026). Review of Armenian Studies, 53, 59-69. https://doi.org/10.54842/ras.1851330
AMA
1.How Does Etchmiadzin Govern Its Distant Ecclesiastical Jurisdictions Abroad? RAS. 2026;(53):59-69. doi:10.54842/ras.1851330
Chicago
“How Does Etchmiadzin Govern Its Distant Ecclesiastical Jurisdictions Abroad?”. 2026. Review of Armenian Studies, nos. 53: 59-69. https://doi.org/10.54842/ras.1851330.
EndNote
(May 1, 2026) How Does Etchmiadzin Govern Its Distant Ecclesiastical Jurisdictions Abroad? Review of Armenian Studies 53 59–69.
IEEE
[1]“How Does Etchmiadzin Govern Its Distant Ecclesiastical Jurisdictions Abroad?”, RAS, no. 53, pp. 59–69, May 2026, doi: 10.54842/ras.1851330.
ISNAD
“How Does Etchmiadzin Govern Its Distant Ecclesiastical Jurisdictions Abroad?”. Review of Armenian Studies. 53 (May 1, 2026): 59-69. https://doi.org/10.54842/ras.1851330.
JAMA
1.How Does Etchmiadzin Govern Its Distant Ecclesiastical Jurisdictions Abroad? RAS. 2026;:59–69.
MLA
“How Does Etchmiadzin Govern Its Distant Ecclesiastical Jurisdictions Abroad?”. Review of Armenian Studies, no. 53, May 2026, pp. 59-69, doi:10.54842/ras.1851330.
Vancouver
1.How Does Etchmiadzin Govern Its Distant Ecclesiastical Jurisdictions Abroad? RAS. 2026 May 1;(53):59-6. doi:10.54842/ras.1851330