Ermenistan’in Kafkasya’nin Siyasi Haritasinda Oluşumu Ve Karabağ Meselesi (1918-1921)

Abstract

Şubat 1917 yılında Romanov Hanedanlığı tarafından yönetilen eski Rus İmparatorluğunun tüm halkları için yeni bir devrimci dönem başlamıştır. Rusya’da Çarlık yönetiminin devrilmesiyle beraber Şubat 1917 devrimi ulusal bağımsızlık hareketleri doğurmuş ve böylece “halkların hapishanesi” olan Rus İmparatorluğu darbe almıştır. Çarlık yönetiminin devrilmesi Güney Kafkasya’daki siyasi süreçlerin hızlanmasına sebep olmuştur.

Devrim sonrasında Geçici Hükümetin ilk adımlarından bir tanesi Güney Kafkasya’nın yönetilmesi için özel bir kurum kurması olmuştur. 9 Mart’ta Özel Transkafkasya Komitesi (OZAKOM) bölgeyi yönetmek için kurulmuştur. Ekim 1917 devriminin gerçekleşmesi ise Rus İmparatorluğunun tebaası olan ulusların umutlarını arttırmıştır. Bu umutlar çoğunlukla Bolşeviklerin iktidara gelmelerinin ilk günlerinde yaptıkları beyanatlardan beslenmiştir. Bir barış fermanı ve Rusya’nın Halklarının Hakları Beyannamesi’nin yayınlanmasıyla uluslara eski imparatorluktan ayrılıp bağımsız cumhuriyetler kurmaları için garanti verilmesi öngörülmüştü. Ancak kısa bir süre sonra bu belgelerin propagandadan ibaret olduğu anlaşılmıştır.

Rus Halk Komiserleri Sovyeti, Stepan Georgevich Shaumian’ı Azerbaycan’ın özerkliğine karşı mücadele etmesi amacıyla Kafkasya için Olağanüstü Elçi olarak atadığında, kendisine ayrıca Josef Stalin tarafından hazırlanmış, “Türk Ermenistan’ın” özerkliği üzerine olan 29 Aralık 1917 fermanını yürürlüğe koyma görevi de verilmiştir. Bu ferman, Rus ordusunun işgali altında olan “Türk Ermenistan’daki” Ermeni ulusunun tam bağımsızlığını ve egemenliğini tanımaktaydı. Fermanda yer alan diğer hususlar şu şekildeydi: Rus ordusunun bölgeden çekilmesinden sonra milislerin kurulmasıyla “Türk Ermenistan” nüfusunun ve mal ve mülklerinin korunması; “Türk Ermenistan’ından” göç eden Ermenilerin engellenmeden geri dönmeleri ve demokratik yollarla seçilmiş bir Ermeni ulusal milletvekilleri konseyinden oluşan geçişi bir yönetimin kurulması. 

Keywords

• Dağlık Karabağ,Güney Kafkasya,Nahcivan,Şerur Dereleyez,Zangezür,Bakü,Moskova,Ermenistan,Azerbaycan,Gürcistan,Müttefik Güçleri (İtilaf Devletleri),Sovyet Rusya,Türkiye,Musavat hükümeti,Kafkasya Bürosu

Formation Of Armenia On The Political Map Of The Caucasus And Karabakh Issue (1918-1921)

Abstract

A new revolutionary era in Russia started in February 1917 for all the peoples of the former Russian empire ruled by the Romanov dynasty. Along with the overthrow of the tsarist monarchy in Russia, the revolution of February 1917 was a blow to the Russian empire, spawning national liberation movements in that “prison of nations.” The overthrow of the monarchy sped up the political processes taking place in the South Caucasus.

One of the first steps of the Provisional Government that was formed after the revolution was the creation of a special institution to govern the South Caucasus. On March 9, the Special Transcaucasian Committee (OZAKOM) was created to govern the region. When the revolution of October 1917 occurred, it raised the hopes of the nations that had been subjects of the Russian empire. These hopes for independence were for the most part nourished by the declarations made by the Bolsheviks in the early days of their coming to power. A peace decree and a Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia were to provide a guarantee that the nations of the former empire would be free to secede and create independent republics. However, quite soon it became clear that these documents were merely propaganda.

When the Russian Soviet of People’s Commissars appointed Stepan Georgevich Shaumian as the Envoy Extraordinary for the Caucasus to fight against the autonomy of Azerbaijan, he was commissioned to carry out the decree of 29 December 1917, on the autonomy of “Turkish Armenia,” which had been prepared by Joseph Stalin. The decree recognized the full independence and sovereignty of the Armenian nation in “Turkish Armenia,” which had been occupied by the Russian army. Other items were the creation of militias to protect the population of “Turkish Armenia” and their property once the Russian army withdrew from the territory; the unimpeded repatriation of Armenians who had emigrated from “Turkish Armenia”; and the creation of a provisional administration of a democratically elected Armenian national deputies’ council.

Keywords

• Nagorno-Karabakh,South Caucasus,Nakhichevan,Sharur-Daralayaz,Zangezur,Baku,Moscow,Armenia,Azerbaijan,Georgia,Allied Powers,Soviet Russia,Turkey,Musavat government,: Caucasian Bureau

References

1. “Results of Soviet Construction in Azerbaijan,” Report of Narimanov to Lenin. September 15, 1921, Russian State Archives of Social-Political History (RSASPH), rec. gr. 5, inv. 1, f. 1219, sheet 12.
2. A. Bekzadyan’s letter to Chicherin. April 15, 1921, AVP RF, rec. gr. 04, inv. 39, folder 232, f. 53001, sheets 58-59, 62.
3. Addendum to Protocol No. 6 of the evening sitting of the plenary session of the Caucasian Bureau of the CC RCP. (B). June 3,1921, RSASPH, rec. gr. 64, inv. 1, f. 1, sheet 77.
4. Chicherin’s ciphered telegram to Orjonikidze. July 2, 1920, RSASPH, rec. gr. 85, inv. 3c, f. 2, sheet 3.
5. Chicherin’s letter to Ter-Gabrielyan. April 21, 1921, AVP RF, rec. gr. 04, inv. 39, folder 232, f. 53001, sheet 63.
6. Chicherin’s reply to Lenin’s enquiry. June 1920, RSASPH, rec. gr. 2, inv. 1, f. 1451, sheet 1.
7. Chicherin’s telegram to Legran. April 22, 1921, AVP RF, rec. gr. 04, inv. 39, folder 232, f. 53001, sheet 65.
8. Ciphered telegram of Orjonikidze and Kirov to Lenin and Stalin. June 12, 1920, RSASPH, rec. gr. 85, inv. 2c, f. 2, sheets 9-11.

9. Conversation between Nazaretyan and Orjonikidze by direct telephone line. December 1, 1920, RSASPH, rec. gr. 85, inv. 14, f. 37, sheet 1.
10. Conversation between Stalin and Lenin by direct line. November 23, 1920, AVP RF, rec. gr. 04, inv. 39, folder 232, f. 52987, sheet 47.
11. Conversation of Shirvani and Narimanov by direct phone line with Huseynov. June 27, 1921, RSASPH, rec. gr. 64, inv. 1, f. 215, sheet 14.
12. Copy of a memo to Lenin. June 29, 1920, APDUDPAR, rec. gr. 1, inv. 1, f. 2a, sheets 13-14.
13. Decision of the Extraordinary Investigation Commission. July 28, 1919, State Archive of the Azerbaijan Republic (SAAR), rec.gr. 1061, inv. 1, f. 108, sheet 7.
14. Direct reminder to Lenin, Stalin and Chicherin. July 1920, RSASPH, rec. gr. 85, inv. 3c, f. 2, sheets 8-9.
15. From a member of the Armenian Revolutionary Committee (Mravyan) to representative of Soviet Armenia Ter-Gabrielyan. January 4, 1921, AVP RF, rec. gr. 04, inv. 39, folder 232, f. 53001, sheet 14.
16. Information of Soloviev to Lenin “Our Policy in Azerbaijan in Two Months (May-June) after the Coup. 1920, RSASPH, rec. gr. 17, inv. 84, f. 58, sheet 15.
17. Information supplied by Secretary of the Caucasian Bureau of the CC RCP (B) Figatner to Kirov. August 1921, APD UDP AR, rec. gr. 1, inv. 129, f. 107, sheet 58.
18. Interim Agreement with the Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh and the Azerbaijani Government. August 15, 1919, APDPARA, f. 1, r. 169, v. 249/II, p. 13-14.
19. Kirov’s confidential letter to Stalin. June 18, 1922, RSASPH, rec. gr. 558, inv. 11, f. 746, sheet 2.
20. Legran’s telegram to Lenin. September 23, 1920, RSASPH, rec. gr. 5, inv. 1, f. 21, sheet 144.
21. Letter from Chairman of the Delegation of the Republic of Azerbaijan at the Paris Peace Conference Ali Mardan bey Topchubashov to chairman of the Peace Conference. September 9, 1919, SAAR, rec.gr. 970, inv. 1, f. 142, sheet 77.
22. Letter from Аrshak Jamalyan to MFA of Armenia. October 8, 1918, Archive of Political Documents of the Presidential Administration of the Republic of Azer¬baijan (APDPARA), rec.gr. 276, inv. 9, f. 65, sheet 18.
23. Letter of Chicherin to the Politburo of the C.C. R.C.P. (B.). October 5, 1920, Foreign Policy Archives of the Russian Federation (AVP RF), rec. gr. 04, inv. 39, Folder 232, f. 52987, sheet 40.
24. Letter of Kirov to Chicherin. August 6, 1920, RSASPH, rec. gr. 80, inv. 4, f. 102k, sheets 1-2.
25. Letter of Legran to Chicherin. 22.12.1920, RSASPH, rec. gr. 5, inv. 1, f. 212733, sheet 5.
26. Letter of Narimanov to Lenin, July 1920, APDUDPAR, rec. gr. 609, inv. 1, f. 71, sheets 41-42.
27. Letter of Narimanov, Mdivani, Mikoyan, Naneishvili, Vesnik, Levandovsky and Mikhaylov to the C.C. R.C.P. (B.). July 10, 1920, APDUDPAR, rec. gr. 1, inv. 44, f. 118, sheet 25-27.
28. Letter of the People’s Commissar for Foreign Affairs G. Chicherin to the Politburo of the CC RCP (B), June 22, 1920, APDUDPAR, rec. gr. 1, inv. 1, f. 2a, sheet 9.
29. Minutes № 3 of the meeting of Azerbaijani National Council. May 29, 1918, SAAR, rec.gr. 970, inv. 1, f. 1, sheet 51.
30. Orjonikidze’s ciphered telegram to Legran and Chicherin. December 1, 1920, RSASPH, rec. gr. 85, inv. 14, f. 33, sheet 12.
31. Orjonikidze’s letter to Lenin and Stalin, December 2, 1920. RSASPH, rec. gr. 85, inv. 14, f. 33, sheet 20.
32. Orjonikidze’s reply on direct line to Chicherin’s telegram of 2 July about the disputed territories claimed by Azerbaijan and Armenia. July 1920, RSASPH, rec. gr. 85, inv. 3c, f. 2, sheet 6.
33. Protocol No. 11 of the evening sitting of the plenary session of the Caucasian Bureau of the CC RCP (B). July 4, 1921, RSASPH, rec. gr. 64, inv. 1, f. 1, sheet 114, 118.
34. Protocol No. 12 of the plenary session of the Caucasian Bureau of the CC RCP (B). July 5, 1921, RSASPH, rec. gr. 64, inv. 1, f. 1, sheet 122.
35. Protocol No. 2 of the sitting of the Caucasian Bureau of CC RCP (B). May 2, 1921, RSASPH, rec. gr. 64, inv. 1, f. 1, sheet 57.
36. Protocol No. 20 of the sitting of the Politburo and Orgburo of the CC Az.CP (B). June 27, 1921, APDUDPAR, rec. gr. 1, inv. 74, f. 1231, sheet 64.
37. Protocol No. 4 of the joint meeting of the CC Az.CP (B) and Caucasian Bureau. November 4,1920, APD UDP AR, rec. gr. 1, inv. 1, f. 22, sheet 20.
38. Protocol No. 6 of the evening sitting of the plenary session of the Caucasian Bureau of the CC RCP (B). June 3, 1921, RSASPH, rec. gr. 64, inv. 1, f. 1, sheet 76rev.
39. Protocol No. 8 of the meeting of the CC of the Communist Party of Armenia. June 15, 1921, RSASPH, rec. gr. 64, inv. 1, f. 105, sheet 11rev.
40. Protocol of a sitting of the Council of People’s Commissars of Azerbaijan. June 26, 1921, SAAR, rec. gr. 411, inv. 1, f. 12, sheet 1.
41. Protocol of the extraordinary Congress of the Soviets of the 2nd Part of the Shusha Uezd. 01.08.1921, APDUDPAR, rec. gr. 1, inv. 2, f. 18, sheets 120-120rev.
42. Report by Mirzoyan at the C.C. Az.C.P. (Copy to the Caucasian Bureau of the CC RCP (B)) about his trip to the mountainous part of Karabakh. August 3, 1921, RSASPH, rec. gr. 64, inv. 1, f. 95, sheet 3rev.
43. Secret telegram of Legran to Chicherin. October 24, 1920, RSASPH, rec. gr. 5, inv. 1, f. 2178, sheet 20.
44. Stalin’s letter about the situation in the Communist Party of Azerbaijan and the representative of Karabakh in the CEC of Azerbaijan. May 22, 1922, RSASPH, rec. gr. 558, inv. 11, f. 746, sheet 1.
45. Telegram from Orjonikidze to Chicherin. 1920, RSASPH, rec. gr. 64, inv. 1, f. 17, sheet 304.
46. Telegram from Orjonikidze to Lenin, Stalin and Chicherin. July 16, 1920, RSASPH, rec. gr. 85, inv. 3c, f. 2, sheet 12.
47. Telegram of Mikoyan to Orjonikidze. June 29, 1920, RSASPH, rec. gr. 64, inv. 1, f. 17, sheet 134.
48. Telegram of Narimanov, Mdivani, Mikoyan, Nurijanyan to Chicherin. June 19, 1920, SAAR, rec. gr. 28, inv. 1, f. 211, sheet 115.
49. Telegram sent by Kirov and Matyushin to the CC RCP (B). August 1, 1922, RSASPH, rec. gr. 80, inv. 25, f. 2, sheet 1.
50. The Diplomatic Representatives of Soviet Russia in Erivan to People’s Commissar for Foreign Affairs Chicherin. November 1920, SAAR, rec. gr. 28, inv. 1, f. 38, sheet 15.
51. Treaty between the RSFSR and the Republic of Armenia. August 10, 1920, APDUDPAR, rec. gr. 1, inv. 169, f. 249/II, sheets 11-12.
52. Urgent telegram of Chicherin to Narimanov. July 20, 1920, RSASPH, rec. gr. 5, inv. 1, f. 2097, sheet 1.
53. Allen, William Edward David, and Paul Muratoff. Caucasian Battlefields: A History of the Wars on the Turco–Caucasian Border (1828–1921). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953.
54. Avalov, Zurab. Независимость Грузии в международной политике (The Independence of Georgia in International Politics), 1918-1921. Paris, 1924.
55. Baberowski, Jörg, Vrag est vezde. Stalinism na Kavkaze, Moscow, 2010.
56. Bakinsky rabochy, June 22, 1921.
57. Документы и материалы по внешней политике Закавказья и Грузии (Documents and Materials on Foreign Policy of the Caucasus and Georgia). Tiflis, 1919.
58. Griboedov, A.S. Sochinenia v dvukh tomakh, Vol. 2. Moscow, 1971.
59. Hasanli, Jamil. Foreign Policy of the Republic of Azerbaijan, The Difficult Road to Western Integration, 1918-1920. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.
60. Hasanli, Jamil. The Sovietization of Azerbaijan: The South Caucasus in the Triangle of Russia, Turkey, and Iran, 1920-1922. London & New York: The University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, 2018.
61. Hasanli, Jamil. Leadership and Nationalism in Azerbaijan: Ali Mardan bey Topchibashov, Founder and Creator - Routledge Studies in the History of Russia and Eastern Europe. London & New York: Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.
62. Hasanli, Jamil. “How the Caucasus Bureau of the C.C. R.C.P. (B) Discussed the Karabakh Issue in 1920–1923.” Caucasus and Globalization 1–2 (2011).
63. Hasanli, Jamil. “Karabakh: Looking into the Past in Search of the Truth.” Caucasus and Globaliza¬tion 3–4 (2011).
64. Hasanli, Jamil. “Nagorno-Karabakh: Old Delusions and New Interpretations.” Caucasus and Globalization 3–4 (2011).
65. Hovannisian, Richard. Armenia on the Road to Independence, 1918. Berkeley, 1967.
66. Kazemzadeh, Firuz. The Struggle for Transcaucasia (1917–1921). New York: Philosophical Library, 1951.
67. Kommunist, December 2, 1920.
68. Köçerli, Tofig. Qarabağ: Yalan ve hegiget. Baku: İrşad, 1998.
69. Musayev, Ismail. Azerbaycanın Nakhçıvan ve Zangezur bölgelerinde siyasi veziyyet ve kharici dövletlerin siyaseti (1917–1921-ci iller). Baku: Baku Dövlet Universiteti, 1996.
70. Narimanov, Nariman. K istorii nashey revolutsii v okrainakh (Pismo I.V. Stalinu), Baku, 1992.
71. Suny, Ronald Grigor. Looking toward Ararat: Armenia in Modern History. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993.
72. Swietochowski, Tadeusz. Russian Azerbaijan, 1905-1920: The Shaping of National Identity in a Moslem Community. Cambridge University Press, 1985.