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THE SOUTH CAUCASUS IN 1905-1906 ACCORDING TO “THE NEW YORK TIMES” COVERAGE

Year 2021, Issue: 43, 83 - 108, 01.10.2021

Abstract

In the years 1905-1906, events took place in the South Caucasus that were called "Armenian-Tatar (Azerbaijani Turkish) clashes” or "Armenian-Tatar massacres”. The main sources in the study of this issue, along with archival documents, official records, and memoirs of eyewitnesses of events are newspaper periodicals. Newspapers are an irreplaceable source of scientific information, and for historical research, they have often been used as an additional source of information that provides an understanding of the historical context of past events. In this sense, newspaper periodicals are the most significant source for the reconstruction of the events of 1905-1906 in the South Caucasus. This article analyzes the events of 1905-1906 based on the coverage they received in the American press, the most important being the New York Times newspaper. The study of the materials convincingly shows that they were not objective, because despite the numerous facts cited about the huge casualties on both sides, the Azerbaijani Turks were still portrayed as the culprits of the conflict.

References

  • Abışov, Vagif. Azərbaycan xalqına qarşı 1918-ci il soyqırımları. Bakı: Elm, 2016.
  • Gözəlova, N.R. Azərbaycanın türk-müsəlman əhalisinin soyqırımı Britaniya Kitabxanasının arxiv sənədlərində (1918-1920). Bakı: Elm, 2014.
  • “Armenians give no quarter. Said to be Committing Frightful Atrocities in Transcaucasia”. The New York Times, January 21, 1906, https://www.nytimes.com/1906/01/21/archives/armenians-give-no-quarter-said-to-be-committing-frightful.html
  • “Article 2 - No Title”, The New York Times, August 9, 1906, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1906/08/09/101844830.html
  • “Article 2 - No Title”, The New York Times, September 6, 1905, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1905/09/06/117951254.html?pageNumber=2
  • “Baku is not pacified. Bomb thrown at Kovno. Chief of Police and Six Other Persons Badly Hurt. Tell of Caucasus horrors Rescued Englishmen Describe Relentless Butchery by the Tartars and Armenians. Article 2 - No Title”, The New York Times, September 27, 1905, https://www.nytimes.com/1905/09/27/archives/article-2-no-title.html
  • İsmayılov, Kamran. Azərbaycanın Zəngəzur bölgəsində türk-müsəlman əhalisini soyqırımı. 1918-1920-ci illər. Bakı: Elm, 2014.
  • “Fierce fighting in Shusha 85 Tartar slain in Cossacks and Armenians,” The New York Times, September 4, 1905, https://www.nytimes.com/1905/09/04/archives/fierce-fighting-in-shusha-85-tartars-slain-in-attack-on-cossacks.html
  • “Feared at Shulavery. Tartars kill journalist are conducting a crusade against Newspaper Men — Oil. Workmen Threatened”, The New York Times, September 16, 1905, https://www.nytimes.com/1905/09/16/archives/many-fights-at-baku-troops-sent-to-kutais-racial-war-is-also-feared.html
  • "Massacre 400 Tartars. Armenians Destroy a Village — Mujiks Continue Pillaging”, The New York Times, November 15, 1905, https://www.nytimes.com/1905/11/15/archives/massacre-400-tartars-armenians-destroy-a-village-mujiks-continue.html
  • “Moslem Hatred of Armenians”, The New York Times, September 9, 1905, https://www.nytimes.com/1905/09/09/archives/moslem-hatred-of-armenians.html
  • Məmmədov, Xəqani. Azərbaycan milli hərəkatı (1875-1918-ci illər). Bakı: Sabah nəşriyyatı, 1996.
  • “New Tartar-Armenian war. Eleven Villages Already Destroyed in Elizabethpol District”, The New York Times, October 15, 1905, https://www.nytimes.com/1905/10/15/archives/new-tartararmenian-war-eleven-villages-already-destroyed-in.html
  • “New Caucasus outbreak. Turkey Alleges That Russia Is Inciting Massacres of Tartars. Article 2 - No Title”, The New York Times, December 16, 1905, https://www.nytimes.com/1905/12/16/archives/article-2-no-title.html
  • Paşayev, Ataxan. XIX-XX əsrlərdə ermənilərin azərbaycanlılara qarşı ərazi iddiaları, soyqırımları və deportasiyalar (arxiv sənəd və materialları əsasında). Bakı: Çaşıoğlu, 2011.
  • “Persians menace Armenians. Mahommedans Plan to Aid Co-Religionists — Barbarities by Armenians,” The New York Times, June 27, 1905, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1905/06/27/120277143.html
  • “Russia in the Caucasus”, The New York Times, September 18, 1905, https://www.nytimes.com/1905/09/18/archives/russia-in-the-caucasus.html
  • “Slaughter in Caucasus. Armenians Have Field Guns — Rebel Government Runs Courland”, The New York Times, January 10, 1906, https://www.nytimes.com/1906/01/10/archives/slaughter-in-caucasus-armenians-have-field-guns-rebel-government.html
  • Seyidzadə, Dilarə. Azərbaycan XX əsrin əvvəllərində: müstəqilliyə aparan yollar. Bakı: Ulduz, 1998.
  • Sarınay, Yusuf, ed. Azerbaycan Belgelerinde Ermeni Sorunu (1918- 1920). Ankara: Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü, 2001.
  • Süleymanova, Sevda Azərbaycanda ictimai-siyasi hərəkat (XIX yüzilliyin sonu-XX yüzilliyin əvvəlləri. Bakı: Azərbaycan Dövlət Kitab Palatası, 1999.
  • Swietochowski, Tadeusz. Russian Azerbaijan, 1905-1920, the Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
  • Shafiyev, Farid. “Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict: roots. Massacres of 1905-1906”, Journal Of The Ministry Of Foreign Affairs Of The Republic Of Azerbaijan, № 18-19 (2008): 15-29.
  • “Troops powerless to check Baku mob”, The New York Times, September 10, 1905, https://www.nytimes.com/1905/09/10/archives/troops-powerless-to-check-baku-mob.html
  • “The Baku Oilfields; Great Fires Will Cripple Russia's Oil Trade. Story of the industry Rothschilds and Russian Government Interested in the Fields Which Produce Nearly Half World's Supply”, The New York Times, September 10, 1905, https://www.nytimes.com/1905/09/10/archives/the-baku-oilfields-great-fires-will-cripple-russias-oil-trade-story.html
  • Valehoğlu, Fəxri. Tiflis quberniyasında azərbaycanlılara qarşı 1905-ci il kütləvi qırğınları. Bakı: Turxan NPB, 2013.
  • “War in Caucasus over 1,000 killed. Czar's Troops Are Surrounded by Tartars. Oil towns wiped out. Government Will Lose an Enormous Sum. A Mussulman rebellion. Turkey Accused of Fomenting It — Inhabitants of Many Villages Massacred — Exodus from Baku.” The New York Times, September 8, 1905, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1905/09/08/101828944.html
  • “Want sultan to intervene. Mussulmans Say He Should Send Army to End Caucasus Massacres,” The New York Times, December 21, 1905, https://www.nytimes.com/1905/12/21/archives/want-sultan-to-intervene-mussulmans-say-he-should-send-army-to-end.html
  • “Wiping out the Tartars. Armenians at Batum said to be killing 500 a Day,” The New York Times, December 23, 1905, https://www.nytimes.com/1905/12/23/archives/wiping-out-the-tartars-armenians-at-batum-said-to-be-killing-500-a.html
  • Əzizov, Eldar. “Difai”: XX əsrin əvvəllərində erməni-azərbaycanlı münaqişəsinin ilikn tarixi şərtləri və səbəbləri. Bakı: CBS, 2009.
  • “15,000 Troops sent to Russian oilfield. Tartars and Armenians Ready to Fly at Each Other. Many Arme-nians poisoned. Naphta Operators Decide That No Work Is Possible Under the Present Conditions.” The New York Times, September 18, 1905, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1905/09/18/100493385.html?pageNumber=2
  • “300 Corpses found after riots at Baku. Tatars Were Let Loose on the Armenian Population. Poti reported bombarded Tumult in Many Cities of South Russia — Manufacture of Armaments Stopped.” The New York Times, February 24, 1905, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1905/02/24/101409376.html
  • Азербайджанская Демократическая Республика. Внешняя политика. (Документы и материалы). Баку: Азербайджан, 1998.
  • Багирова И.С. Политические партии и организации Азербайджана в начале ХХ века (1900-1917). Баку: Элм, 1997.
  • Гасымлы М.Дж. Анатолия и Южный Кавказ в 1724-1920-е гг.: в поисках исторической истины. Москва: АНО ИИЦ «Инсан», 2014.
  • Городницкий, Р.А. “Учреждения министерства внутренних дел на Кавказе в 1905–1917 гг”. Вестник Московского университета. Серия 21.Управление (государство и общество), №3 (2004): 63-79.
  • Джаббаров, Ф.Р. Армянский экстремизм на Южном Кавказе: вторая половина XIX-начало ХХ вв. Баку: TEAS Press, 2018.
  • Джаббаров, Ф.Р. “Власти Российской империи и армяно-азербайджанский конфликт”. Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. История. Т. 62. Вып. 3 (2017): 449–462.
  • Джаббаров, Ф.Р. “Князь М. А. Накашидзе: организатор армяно-азербайджанской резни 1905 г. или жертва клеветы?” Proceedings of the Institute of Georgian History of the Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Vol. XII. (2017): 340-351.
  • Джаббаров, Ф.Р. “К вопросу о «панисламистском следе» в межнациональном конфликте на Южном Кавказе в 1905–1906 гг.” Исламоведение. Т. 8. № 4 (2017): 53–60.
  • Коновалова, А.В. “Акции нефтяных предприятий в начале ХХ века на С.-Петербургской фондовой бирже”, Экономическая история. Обозрение / Под ред. Л.И.Бородкина. Вып. 10 (2005): 28-45.
  • Куба. Апрель-май 1918 г. Мусульманские погромы в документах. Составитель: д.и.н. Солмаз Рустамова-Тогиди, Баку: 2010.
  • Лукьянович, Н.В. Прокофьев И.В. “Исторические аспекты нефтяного соперничества России и США”, Проблемы национальной стратегии 58, № 1 (2020): 178-198.
  • Март 1918 г. Баку. Азербайджанские погромы в документах. Составитель: д.и.н. Солмаз Рустамова-Тогиди, Баку: Индигопресс, 2009.
  • Наджафов Б. Лицо врага. История армянского национализма в Закавказье в конце XIX - начале XX вв. в 2-х чч. Ч. 1. Баку: Элм, 1992.
  • Халилов, А. Геноцид против мусульманского населения Закавказья в исторических источниках. Баку: Азернешр, 2000.
  • Шавров Н.Н. Новая угроза русскому делу в Закавказье: предстоящая распродажа Мугани инородцам. С.-Петербург: Рус. собрание, 1911.
  • Шафиев, Ф. “Истоки армяно-азербайджанского конфликта: события 1905-1906 годов”. Irs 34, № 4 (2008): 48-53.
  • Шафиев, Ф. “Истоки армяно-азербайджанского конфликта: события 1905-1906 годов”, Irs 35, № 5 (2008): 18-23.

“THE NEW YORK TIMES” KAYITLARINA GÖRE 1905-1906 ARASI GÜNEY KAFKASYA

Year 2021, Issue: 43, 83 - 108, 01.10.2021

Abstract

1905-1906 yıllarında Güney Kafkasya’da “Ermeni-Tatar (Azerbaycan Türkü) çatışmaları” veya “Ermeni-Tatar katliamları” olarak adlandırılan olaylar meydana gelmiştir. Arşiv belgeleri, resmi kayıtlar ve olayların görgü tanıklarının hatıraları dışında bu mesele üzerinde çalışması için esas kaynak gazete yayınlarıdır. Gazeteler eşsiz bir bilimsel bilgi kaynağıdır ve tarihi araştırmalarda sıklıkla geçmiş olayların tarihi bağlamının anlaşılması sağlayan ek bilgi kaynakları olarak kullanılmaktadırlar. Bu anlamda gazete yayınları, Güney Kafkasya’daki 1905-1906 olaylarının tarih yazımı için en önemli kaynağı teşkil etmektedir. Bu makale, 1905-1906 olaylarını -en önemlisi New York Times gazetesi olan- Amerikan basınında haber yapıldığı şekliyle incelemektedir. İncelenen belgeler, ikna edici bir şekilde bu haberlerin objektiflikten uzak olduğunu göstermektedir, zira iki tarafın da çok büyük kayıplar verdiğini ortaya koyan olgulara atıf yapılmış olsa da Azerbaycan Türkleri çatışmanın esas sorumluları olarak tasvir edilmiştir.

References

  • Abışov, Vagif. Azərbaycan xalqına qarşı 1918-ci il soyqırımları. Bakı: Elm, 2016.
  • Gözəlova, N.R. Azərbaycanın türk-müsəlman əhalisinin soyqırımı Britaniya Kitabxanasının arxiv sənədlərində (1918-1920). Bakı: Elm, 2014.
  • “Armenians give no quarter. Said to be Committing Frightful Atrocities in Transcaucasia”. The New York Times, January 21, 1906, https://www.nytimes.com/1906/01/21/archives/armenians-give-no-quarter-said-to-be-committing-frightful.html
  • “Article 2 - No Title”, The New York Times, August 9, 1906, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1906/08/09/101844830.html
  • “Article 2 - No Title”, The New York Times, September 6, 1905, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1905/09/06/117951254.html?pageNumber=2
  • “Baku is not pacified. Bomb thrown at Kovno. Chief of Police and Six Other Persons Badly Hurt. Tell of Caucasus horrors Rescued Englishmen Describe Relentless Butchery by the Tartars and Armenians. Article 2 - No Title”, The New York Times, September 27, 1905, https://www.nytimes.com/1905/09/27/archives/article-2-no-title.html
  • İsmayılov, Kamran. Azərbaycanın Zəngəzur bölgəsində türk-müsəlman əhalisini soyqırımı. 1918-1920-ci illər. Bakı: Elm, 2014.
  • “Fierce fighting in Shusha 85 Tartar slain in Cossacks and Armenians,” The New York Times, September 4, 1905, https://www.nytimes.com/1905/09/04/archives/fierce-fighting-in-shusha-85-tartars-slain-in-attack-on-cossacks.html
  • “Feared at Shulavery. Tartars kill journalist are conducting a crusade against Newspaper Men — Oil. Workmen Threatened”, The New York Times, September 16, 1905, https://www.nytimes.com/1905/09/16/archives/many-fights-at-baku-troops-sent-to-kutais-racial-war-is-also-feared.html
  • "Massacre 400 Tartars. Armenians Destroy a Village — Mujiks Continue Pillaging”, The New York Times, November 15, 1905, https://www.nytimes.com/1905/11/15/archives/massacre-400-tartars-armenians-destroy-a-village-mujiks-continue.html
  • “Moslem Hatred of Armenians”, The New York Times, September 9, 1905, https://www.nytimes.com/1905/09/09/archives/moslem-hatred-of-armenians.html
  • Məmmədov, Xəqani. Azərbaycan milli hərəkatı (1875-1918-ci illər). Bakı: Sabah nəşriyyatı, 1996.
  • “New Tartar-Armenian war. Eleven Villages Already Destroyed in Elizabethpol District”, The New York Times, October 15, 1905, https://www.nytimes.com/1905/10/15/archives/new-tartararmenian-war-eleven-villages-already-destroyed-in.html
  • “New Caucasus outbreak. Turkey Alleges That Russia Is Inciting Massacres of Tartars. Article 2 - No Title”, The New York Times, December 16, 1905, https://www.nytimes.com/1905/12/16/archives/article-2-no-title.html
  • Paşayev, Ataxan. XIX-XX əsrlərdə ermənilərin azərbaycanlılara qarşı ərazi iddiaları, soyqırımları və deportasiyalar (arxiv sənəd və materialları əsasında). Bakı: Çaşıoğlu, 2011.
  • “Persians menace Armenians. Mahommedans Plan to Aid Co-Religionists — Barbarities by Armenians,” The New York Times, June 27, 1905, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1905/06/27/120277143.html
  • “Russia in the Caucasus”, The New York Times, September 18, 1905, https://www.nytimes.com/1905/09/18/archives/russia-in-the-caucasus.html
  • “Slaughter in Caucasus. Armenians Have Field Guns — Rebel Government Runs Courland”, The New York Times, January 10, 1906, https://www.nytimes.com/1906/01/10/archives/slaughter-in-caucasus-armenians-have-field-guns-rebel-government.html
  • Seyidzadə, Dilarə. Azərbaycan XX əsrin əvvəllərində: müstəqilliyə aparan yollar. Bakı: Ulduz, 1998.
  • Sarınay, Yusuf, ed. Azerbaycan Belgelerinde Ermeni Sorunu (1918- 1920). Ankara: Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü, 2001.
  • Süleymanova, Sevda Azərbaycanda ictimai-siyasi hərəkat (XIX yüzilliyin sonu-XX yüzilliyin əvvəlləri. Bakı: Azərbaycan Dövlət Kitab Palatası, 1999.
  • Swietochowski, Tadeusz. Russian Azerbaijan, 1905-1920, the Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
  • Shafiyev, Farid. “Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict: roots. Massacres of 1905-1906”, Journal Of The Ministry Of Foreign Affairs Of The Republic Of Azerbaijan, № 18-19 (2008): 15-29.
  • “Troops powerless to check Baku mob”, The New York Times, September 10, 1905, https://www.nytimes.com/1905/09/10/archives/troops-powerless-to-check-baku-mob.html
  • “The Baku Oilfields; Great Fires Will Cripple Russia's Oil Trade. Story of the industry Rothschilds and Russian Government Interested in the Fields Which Produce Nearly Half World's Supply”, The New York Times, September 10, 1905, https://www.nytimes.com/1905/09/10/archives/the-baku-oilfields-great-fires-will-cripple-russias-oil-trade-story.html
  • Valehoğlu, Fəxri. Tiflis quberniyasında azərbaycanlılara qarşı 1905-ci il kütləvi qırğınları. Bakı: Turxan NPB, 2013.
  • “War in Caucasus over 1,000 killed. Czar's Troops Are Surrounded by Tartars. Oil towns wiped out. Government Will Lose an Enormous Sum. A Mussulman rebellion. Turkey Accused of Fomenting It — Inhabitants of Many Villages Massacred — Exodus from Baku.” The New York Times, September 8, 1905, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1905/09/08/101828944.html
  • “Want sultan to intervene. Mussulmans Say He Should Send Army to End Caucasus Massacres,” The New York Times, December 21, 1905, https://www.nytimes.com/1905/12/21/archives/want-sultan-to-intervene-mussulmans-say-he-should-send-army-to-end.html
  • “Wiping out the Tartars. Armenians at Batum said to be killing 500 a Day,” The New York Times, December 23, 1905, https://www.nytimes.com/1905/12/23/archives/wiping-out-the-tartars-armenians-at-batum-said-to-be-killing-500-a.html
  • Əzizov, Eldar. “Difai”: XX əsrin əvvəllərində erməni-azərbaycanlı münaqişəsinin ilikn tarixi şərtləri və səbəbləri. Bakı: CBS, 2009.
  • “15,000 Troops sent to Russian oilfield. Tartars and Armenians Ready to Fly at Each Other. Many Arme-nians poisoned. Naphta Operators Decide That No Work Is Possible Under the Present Conditions.” The New York Times, September 18, 1905, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1905/09/18/100493385.html?pageNumber=2
  • “300 Corpses found after riots at Baku. Tatars Were Let Loose on the Armenian Population. Poti reported bombarded Tumult in Many Cities of South Russia — Manufacture of Armaments Stopped.” The New York Times, February 24, 1905, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1905/02/24/101409376.html
  • Азербайджанская Демократическая Республика. Внешняя политика. (Документы и материалы). Баку: Азербайджан, 1998.
  • Багирова И.С. Политические партии и организации Азербайджана в начале ХХ века (1900-1917). Баку: Элм, 1997.
  • Гасымлы М.Дж. Анатолия и Южный Кавказ в 1724-1920-е гг.: в поисках исторической истины. Москва: АНО ИИЦ «Инсан», 2014.
  • Городницкий, Р.А. “Учреждения министерства внутренних дел на Кавказе в 1905–1917 гг”. Вестник Московского университета. Серия 21.Управление (государство и общество), №3 (2004): 63-79.
  • Джаббаров, Ф.Р. Армянский экстремизм на Южном Кавказе: вторая половина XIX-начало ХХ вв. Баку: TEAS Press, 2018.
  • Джаббаров, Ф.Р. “Власти Российской империи и армяно-азербайджанский конфликт”. Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. История. Т. 62. Вып. 3 (2017): 449–462.
  • Джаббаров, Ф.Р. “Князь М. А. Накашидзе: организатор армяно-азербайджанской резни 1905 г. или жертва клеветы?” Proceedings of the Institute of Georgian History of the Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Vol. XII. (2017): 340-351.
  • Джаббаров, Ф.Р. “К вопросу о «панисламистском следе» в межнациональном конфликте на Южном Кавказе в 1905–1906 гг.” Исламоведение. Т. 8. № 4 (2017): 53–60.
  • Коновалова, А.В. “Акции нефтяных предприятий в начале ХХ века на С.-Петербургской фондовой бирже”, Экономическая история. Обозрение / Под ред. Л.И.Бородкина. Вып. 10 (2005): 28-45.
  • Куба. Апрель-май 1918 г. Мусульманские погромы в документах. Составитель: д.и.н. Солмаз Рустамова-Тогиди, Баку: 2010.
  • Лукьянович, Н.В. Прокофьев И.В. “Исторические аспекты нефтяного соперничества России и США”, Проблемы национальной стратегии 58, № 1 (2020): 178-198.
  • Март 1918 г. Баку. Азербайджанские погромы в документах. Составитель: д.и.н. Солмаз Рустамова-Тогиди, Баку: Индигопресс, 2009.
  • Наджафов Б. Лицо врага. История армянского национализма в Закавказье в конце XIX - начале XX вв. в 2-х чч. Ч. 1. Баку: Элм, 1992.
  • Халилов, А. Геноцид против мусульманского населения Закавказья в исторических источниках. Баку: Азернешр, 2000.
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There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Nigar Gozalova 0000-0002-2749-9556

Eldar Amirov This is me 0000-0001-6294-5534

Publication Date October 1, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 43

Cite

Chicago Gozalova, Nigar, and Eldar Amirov. “THE SOUTH CAUCASUS IN 1905-1906 ACCORDING TO ‘THE NEW YORK TIMES’ COVERAGE”. Review of Armenian Studies, no. 43 (October 2021): 83-108.