FACTS AND COMMENTS

Year 2024, Issue: 50, 15 - 76, 09.12.2024

Alev Kılıç

Abstract

This article covers the period of July-November 2024 of the internal developments in Armenia, the foreign dynamics shaping the international relations of Armenia, the ongoing process of signing the peace agreement with Azerbaijan, and the bilateral relations of Türkiye and Armenia in the light of the process of normalisation of their relations.
As Prime Minister, Nikol Pashinyan had to retract from or redefine some of his reformist proposals in the face of an extremist and disruptive opposition inside the country, numerically limited but encouraged and abetted by the radical-militant groups in the Diaspora, as well as by the foreign parties siding with the previous administrations and the Church. His vacillating rhetoric on the need for change of the Constitution is one such case in point. The Constitutional Court, in a very expansive decision, confirming that the Declaration of Independence, an inseparable part of the Constitution, is not binding with regard to issues pertaining to Azerbaijan, yet valid for Türkiye. Thus, harboring two conflicting assessments has provided Pashinyan with the ground to change his discourse again. In the process of drafting the peace agreement, Armenia has adamantly insisted, with the backing of foreign, particularly Western countries and circles, on signing a partial agreement which did not take into consideration legitimate concerns or interests of Azerbaijan, thus not befitting the spirit of a lasting peace. The practice of running with the hare and hunting with the hound has continued as Armenia, while extending a hand to Azerbaijan for peace and reconciliation, on the other hand, with the connivance of Western partners, did not shy away from keeping the Karabagh issue alive in international agenda and waged a campaign of accusing Azerbaijan for preparing a military assault. The latest blow to bettering relations was the last minute refusal to be represented in the COP29 conference.
In foreign relations, Armenia’s efforts to manage both Russia and the West, a policy of riding two horses or sitting on two chairs at the same time, has become all the more difficult to sustain. While openly siding with the West on security issues, deep rooted economic reliance on Russia has not changed. As a result of Western tolerance to Armenia in breaking the sanctions imposed on Russia, with collaboration of Iran, a significant leap, albeit temporary, in the GDP has been recorded. Armenia has not opted to stay away from the 3+3 Platform, a regional gathering that promotes the vision that regional issues can best be solved by the cooperation of the countries of the region, in spite of sharing a common understanding with the West that Russian influence in the region should be diminished. Nevertheless, Armenia has rejected the proposal to work out the peace agreement with Azerbaijan within that platform.
The process of normalization of relations between Türkiye and Armenia has kept its positive course. The increase in high level contacts and bilateral communications have demonstrated the mutually softening atmosphere. The developments in Iran and Georgia has made it imperative for Armenia to have the Turkish border open. A railway connection has also acquired priority in addition to the land crossing. Applying all means to press Türkiye to open the border in a dire situation, Armenia nevertheless has continued to totally ignore the need to take counter steps on issues of sensitivity and concern for Türkiye, well known by Armenia, under the guise of “no preconditions”. Furthermore, Armenia’s initiatives to side with countries entrenched in their anti-Türkiye positions or those with conjectural differences have also continued unabated.

Keywords

Pashinian, Mirzoyan, Rubinian, Diaspora, Galstanian, Putin, Lavrov, Zaharova, Biden, Blinken, Erdoğan, Fidan

References

• “Ruben Rubinyan meets with U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of State Joshua Huck”, Lurer, September 20, 2024, https://lurer.com/article/596455/en?ysclid=m330n7a4nn40087561.
• “Russia Insists On Key Role In Armenian-Azeri Transport Links”, Azatutyun Radiokayan, October 9, 2024, https://www.azatutyun.am/a/33152459.html.
• “Russian Envoy to Armenia Summoned to Moscow for Consultations — Foreign Ministry”, TASS, May 24, 2024, https://tass.com/politics/1792949.
• “The Congratulatory Message of President Vahagn Khachaturyan on The Adoption of The Declaration of Independence of Armenia”, The President of the Republic of Armenia, August 23, 2024, https://www.president.am/en/statements-and-messages/item/2024/08/23/President-VahagnKhachaturyan/.
• “Vice President Kamala Harris Commemorates Armenian Independence Day”, The Armenian Weekly, September 24 2024, https://armenianweekly.com/2024/09/24/vice-president-kamala-harris-commemorates- armenian-independence-day/.
• 2023 Թվականի Դեկտեմբերի 25-Ին Սանկտ Պետերբուրգում Ստորագրված «Եվրասիական Տնտեսական Միության Եվ Դրա Անդամ Պետությունների՝ Մի Կողմից, Եվ Իրանի Իսլամական Հանրապետության՝ Մյուս Կողմից, Միջեվ Ազատ Առեվտրի Մասին Համաձայնագրում Ամրագրված Պարտավորությունների` Սահմանադրությանը Համապատասխանության Հարցը Որոշելու Վերաբերյալ Գործով”, Հայաստանի ՀանրապետությանՍահմանադրական Դատարան, 27
• “946,162 Foreign Tourists Visited Armenia in First Half of 2024”, MassisPost, August 7, 2024, https://massispost.com/2024/08/946162-foreign-tourists-visited-armenia-in-first-half-of-2024/.
• “ A Joint Armenian-Russian Contract Has Been Signed”, Armenian Nuclear Power Plant, December 15, 2023, https://armeniannpp.am/en/info/noroutyounner/storagrvel-e-hay-rousakan-hamatex-paymanagir.html.
• Adlet Seilkhanov , “Armenian President Vahagn Khachaturyan to Pay Official Visit to Kazakhstan”, “Kazinform” International News Agency, October 12, 2024, https://en.inform.kz/news/armenian-presidentvahagn-khachaturyan-to-pay-official-visit-to-kazakhstan-9f2ef9/.
• “After Stern Criticism from Russia, Armenia Amends History Textbook”, Asbarez, August 16, 2024, https://www.asbarez.com/after-stern-criticism-from-russia-armenia-amends-history-textbook/.
• “Agreement on Mutual Assistance of Customs Authorities Signed Between Armenia and The USA”, ArmenPress, June 11, 2024, https://armenpress.am/en/article/1139307.
• “Alex Manoukian, “Kamala Harris: A Disappointing Partner for the Armenian Community”, The Armenian Weekly, August 27, 2024, https://armenianweekly.com/2024/08/27/kamala-harris-adisappointing- partner-for-the-armenian-community/.
• “Ali Gasimov, “President Joe Biden Sends Letter to President İlham Aliyev”, Trend News Agency, October 21, 2024, https://en.trend.az/azerbaijan/politics/3959437.html.
• Aline Grigoryan, “Armenia`s Minister of Territorial Administration Meets With Turkish Minister of Transport and Infrastructure”, Finport, October 16, 2024, https://finport.am/full_news.php?id=51388&lang=3&ysclid=m3318981he60903565.
• Ani Avetisyan, “Armenia Recalls Ambassador from Belarus Amid Rising Tension with Russia”, Eurasianet, June 14, 2024, https://eurasianet.org/armenia-recalls-ambassador-from-belarus-amidrising- tension-with-russia.
• “Ankara’s Lack of Political Will Obstructing Armenia-Turkey Normalization, Yerevan Says”, Asbarez, October 12, 2024, https://asbarez.com/ankaras-lack-of-political-will-obstructing-armenia-turkey-normalization-yerevan-says/.
• “ARF Western U.S.A. 58th Regional Convention Statement”, Asbarez, July 2, 2024, https://asbarez.com/arf-western-u-s-a-58th-regional-convention-statement/.
• “Armenia Becomes Largest Importer of Weapons from India”, MassisPost, July 24, 2024, https://massispost.com/2024/07/armenia-becomes-largest-importer-of-weapons-from-india/.
• “Armenia Condemns Fresh ‘Azerbaijani Aggression’ Against Karabakh”, Azatutyun Radiokayan, September 19, 2024, https://www.azatutyun.am/a/32599494.html.
• Armenia Could Act As Bridge Connecting Iran with Europe And Eurasia to Expand Iran’s Trade in the Region”, Tabnak, October 2, 2024, https://www.tabnak.ir/en/news/5188/%C2%A0-armeniairan% E2%80%99s-gateway-to-eurasia-tehran-yerevan-seek-expanding-bilateral-trade-to-us$-3-bln-%C 2%A0%C2%A0
• “Armenia Didn’t Join Two Statements at CIS Council of Foreign Ministers Meeting”, ArmenPress, October 7, 2024, https://armenpress.am/en/article/1201731.
• “Armenia Faces 48% Drop in Remittances, Heavily Reliant on Russia and US”, Caucasus Watch, September 4, 2024, https://caucasuswatch.de/en/news/armenia-faces-48-drop-in-remittances-heavily-relianton-russia-and-us.html.
• “Armenia Hosts EEU Prime Ministerial Meeting”, ArmenPress, October 1, 2024, https://armenpress.am/en/article/1201110.
• “Armenia Never Agreed to the Involvement of Third Countries ın Ensuring the Security of Communications - PM”, ArmenPress, October 8, 2024, https://armenpress.am/en/article/1201804.
• “Armenia PM: Not Big but Certain Change of Perceptions Taking Place in Turkey”, News.am, September 18, 2024, https://news.am/eng/news/843027.html#google_vignette.
• “Armenia Proposes Joint Investigations of Ceasefire Violations; Azerbaijan Unlikely to Accept”, The Armenian Report, June 24, 2024, https://www.thearmenianreport.com/post/armenia-proposes-jointinvestigations-of-ceasefire-violations-azerbaijan-unlikely-to-accept.
• “Armenia says recognises State of Palestine”, RFI, June 21, 2024, https://www.rfi.fr/en/middleeast/ 20240621-armenia-says-recognises-state-of-palestine?ysclid=m32zdrr5u61271709.
• “Armenia Skips CSTO Defense Ministers’ Meeting in Almaty”, ArmenPress, May 31, 2024, https://armenpress.am/en/article/1138417.
• “Armenia Skips CSTO Drills In Kazakhstan”, Azatutyun Radiokayan, September 26, 2024, https://www.azatutyun.am/a/32053026.html. “Armenia to Boost Defense Spending by 20% in 2025”, Report News Agency, October 28, 2024, https://report.az/en/region/armenia-to-boost-defense-spending-by-20-in-2025/.
• “Armenia to Participate in CIS Informal Summit”, ArmenPress, September 4, 2024, https://armenpress.am/en/article/1199014.
• “Armenia, Iran FMs Meet in Istanbul on Sidelines of 3+3 Platform”, News.am, October 18, 2024, https://news.am/eng/news/848001.html.
• “Armenia’s Decision to Freeze Participation in CSTO Sufficient for Now, PM Pashinyan Says”, APA, August 31, 2024, https://en.apa.az/cis-countries/armenias-decision-to-freeze-participation-in-cstosufficient- for-now-pm-pashinyan-says-446794.
• Armenia’s Foreign Minister Says Azerbaijan Lacks “Political Will” to Sign Peace Deal, Warns of Possible Military Action”, Zartonk, October 2, 2024, https://zartonkmedia.com/2024/10/02/armeniasforeign-minister-says-azerbaijan-lacks-political-will-to-sign-peace-deal-warns-of-possible-military-action/.
• “Armenia’s Trade Statistics for H1 2024: Export and Import Growth”, Arka News Agency, September 2, 2024, https://arka.am/en/news/economy/armenia_s_trade_statistics_for_h1_2024_export_and_import_growth/#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20Ministry%20of,included%20gold%20(%244.12%20billion%2C%20a.
• “Armenian Bar Association Files Global Magnitsky Sanctions Complaint Against Turkey’s SADAT”, Armenian Bar Association, September 23, 2024, https://armenianbar.org/2024/09/23/armenian-bar-association-files-global-magnitsky-sanctions-complaint-against-turkeys-sadat/.
• “Armenian Defense Minister Visits China”, Azatutyun Radiokayan, September 12, 2024, https://www.azatutyun.am/a/33117715.html.
• Armenian Foreign Minister Expressed His Hope for A Strong Partnership with The New NATO Secretary General”, ARKA News Agency, October 10, 2024, https://arka.am/en/news/politics/armenian_foreign_minister_expressed_his_hope_for_a_strong_partner ship_with_the_new_nato_secretary_ge/
• “Armenian Foreign Minister Takes Part in an Official Reception in Washington”, ArmenPress, July 10, 2024, https://armenpress.am/en/article/1195405. “Armenian Foreign Ministry Condemns Armed Attack in Ankara”, ArmenPress, October 23, 2024, https://armenpress.am/en/article/1203065.
• “Armenian Parliament Approves Regulations of Commissions on Border Delimitation with Azerbaijan”, Caliber, October 21, 2024, https://caliber.az/en/post/armenian-parliament-approves-regulations-ofcommissions-on-border-delimitation-with-azerbaijan?ysclid=m32pxrrqiz504881186.
• “Armenian Parliament Speaker Receives Secretary General of Black Sea Economic Cooperation”, ArmenPress, July 1, 2024, https://armenpress.am/en/article/1194838.
• “Armenia-Russia-Azerbaijan Trilateral Meeting Not Planned, Says Kremlin”, ArmenPress, October 8, 2024, https://armenpress.am/en/article/1201765. “Armenia's Premier Not to Participate in CSTO Summit in Astana," ArmInfo, last modified November 27, 2024, https://arminfo.info/full_news.php?id=87400&lang=3. “Armenia-Türkiye Normalization Could Become Reality in Foreseeable Future, Says President Khachaturyan”, ArmenPress, October 12, 2024, https://armenpress.am/en/article/1202129. Armenia-U.S. Joint Exercise “EAGLE PARTNER 2024” Will Be Held in Armenia, ArmenPress, July 6, 2024, https://armenpress.am/en/article/1195178.
• Arshaluis Mgdesyan, Birth Rate in Armenia Drops by 7.6%, Mortality Rises by 6.3% in First Seven Months of 2024, The California Courier, September 6, 2024, https://www.thecaliforniacourier.com/birthrate-in-armenia-drops-by-7-6-mortality-rises-by-6-3-in-first-seven-months-of-2024/.
• Arshaluys Barseghyan, “Armenia extends protection status for Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians”, OC Media, October 18, 2024, https://oc-media.org/armenia-extends-protection-status-for-nagorno-karabakharmenians/. “Assistant Secretary O’Brien’s Travel to Armenia”, U.S. Department of State, June 7, 2024, https://www.state.gov/assistant-secretary-obriens-travel-to-armenia/.
• “Astghik Bedevian, “Turkey Insists on Azeri Corridor Through Armenia”, Azatutyun Radiokayan, October 15, 2024, https://www.azatutyun.am/a/33159524.html. “Azerbaijani and Armenian Foreign Ministers Agreed to Continue Negotiations on Peace Agreement”, Azertag, October 18, 2024, https://azertag.az/en/xeber/azerbaijani_and_armenian_foreign_ministers_agreed_to_continue_negotiations_on_peace_agreement-3236218. “Azerbaijani FM Comments on Armenia's Non-Participation in COP29," Trend News Agency, last modified November 12, 2024, https://en.trend.az/azerbaijan/politics/3968699.html.
• “Biden Sends Letter to Pashinyan, Encouraging Finalization of Peace Agreement with Azerbaijan This Year”, ArmenPress, October 22, 2024, https://armenpress.am/en/article/1202956. “Bilateral Defence Consultations Between Armenia and Germany Held in Berlin”, ArmenPress, October 11, 2024, https://armenpress.am/en/article/1202082.
• Burc Eruygur, “Azerbaijani President, Armenian Premier Meet on Sidelines of BRICS Summit”, Anadolu Agency, October 24, 2024, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/azerbaijani-president-armenianpremier-meet-on-sidelines-of-brics-summit/3373258.
• Büşranur Koca-Can Efesoy, “Armenia Proposes Peace Treaty to Azerbaijan that Already Has 13 Of 17 Agreed-Upon Articles”, Anadolu Agency, September 1, 2024, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/armeniaproposes-peace-treaty-to-azerbaijan-that-already-has-13-of-17-agreed-upon-articles/3318171. Catherine Putz, “Commonwealth of Independent States Gathers in Moscow for Annual Heads of State Meeting”, The Diplomat, October 9, 2024, https://thediplomat.com/2024/10/commonwealth-of-independent- states-gathers-in-moscow-for-annual-heads-of-state-meeting/.
• Catherine Putz, “Commonwealth of Independent States Gathers in Moscow for Annual Heads of State Meeting”, The Diplomat, October 9, 2024, https://thediplomat.com/2024/10/commonwealth-ofindependent- states-gathers-in-moscow-for-annual-heads-of-state-meeting/.
• “Chief of Armenian Armed Forces General Staff meets with France’s Chief of Army Staff”, ArmenPress, June 11, 2024, https://armenpress.am/en/article/1139319. “Constitutional Reforms Referendum Planned for 2027”, ArmenPress, August 29, 2024, https://armenpress.am/en/article/1198566. “Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan, Efes-2024 Tatbikatı‘nın Seçkin Gözlemci Gününde Konuştu”, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı İletişim Başkanlığı, May 30, 2024, https://www.iletisim.gov.tr/turkce/haberler/detay/cumhurbaskani-erdogan-efes-2024-tatbikatinin-seckin-gozlemci-gununde-konustu.
• “Dışişleri Bakanı Fidan, Sabah’a Konuştu: İsrail, Maliyet Ödemeden Durmayacak”, Sabah, August 1, 2024, https://www.sabah.com.tr/galeri/gundem/disisleri-bakani-fidan-sabaha-konustu-israil-maliyet-odemeden- durmayacak/20.
• “Director of The Russian FSB: The West is Putting Pressure on Armenia, Forcing it to Leave The CSTO”, TopWar, October 4, 2024, https://en.topwar.ru/251343-direktor-fsb-zapad-okazyvaet-davlenie-naarmeniju- prinuzhdaja-ee-vyjti-iz-odkb.html. Elchin Mehdiyev, “Azerbaijan Provides Opportunity for Armenian Population of Karabakh to Return to Their Homes - Official” , Trend News Agency, October 16, 2024, https://en.trend.az/azerbaijan/politics/3957795.html.
• Elsa Court, “Moscow Issues Protest Note to Yerevan after Armenian Delegation Visits Bucha”, The Kyiv Independent, June 9, 2024, https://kyivindependent.com/moscow-issues-protest-note-toyerevan- after-armenian-delegation-visits-bucha/.
• EU Ambassadors Visit ‘’Margara’’ Checkpoint on Armenian-Turkish Border”, Arka News Agency, September 23, 2024, https://arka.am/en/news/politics/eu_ambassadors_visit_margara_checkpoint_on_armenian_turkish_border/. “Exclusive: EU Slams ‘Nonsense’ Comments by Russian FSB Chief about Armenia”, ArmenPress, October 4, 2024, https://armenpress.am/en/article/1201510.
• Eylül 2024, https://www.concourt.am/decision/decisions/66f6b93924413_sdv-1750.pdf. Fatima Latifova, “Armenian Education Ministry Rewriting History: Claim Filed against Russia”, AzerNews, August 16, 2024, https://www.azernews.az/nation/229956.html.
• “FM Fidan, Aliyev Discuss Türkiye, Azerbaijan's Relations with Armenia," Daily Sabah, last modified July 5, 2024, https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/diplomacy/fm-fidan-aliyev-discuss-turkiye-azerbaijans-relations-with-armenia. “For the First Time Flights to be Operated from Yerevan to China’s Urumqi City”, ArmenPress, July 10, 2024, https://armenpress.am/en/article/1195404.
• “Former Nagorno-Karabakh Official Sentenced to 18 Years in Jail for Espionage," Public Radio of Armenia, last modified November 22, 2024, https://en.armradio.am/2024/11/22/former-nagorno-karabakh-official-sentenced-to-18-years-in-jail-for-espionage/.
• “France Hails Deal To Provide Armenia with Howitzers As ‘New Important Milestone’”, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, June 18, 2024, https://www.rferl.org/a/armenia-france-defense-russia-azerbaijan-howitzer/32997862.html.
• “France’s Macron Deplores ‘Azeri Pressure on Armenia’”, Azatutyun Radiokayan, September 26, 2024, https://www.azatutyun.am/a/33136150.html.
• “French President Reaffirms Unconditional Support to Armenia During Meeting with Pashinyan”, ArmenPress, October 3, 2024, https://armenpress.am/en/article/1201440.
• “Galuzin: Russia Extremely Regrets Armenia’s Participation in Nato Summit in Washington”, News.am, July 11, 2024, https://news.am/eng/news/833511.html.
• “Garo Paylan Weighs in on Aliyev’s ‘Biggest Fear’ And Erdogan’s Deliberations Regarding Armenian Border Opening”, ArmenPress, September 11, 2024, https://armenpress.am/en/article/1199587.
• Gayane Saribekian, “Armenian Justice Minister Resigns Under Ruling Party Pressure”, Azatutyun Radiokayan, October 1, 2024, https://www.azatutyun.am/a/33142106.html.
• Gazze’de Sadece Çocuklar Değil, Aynı Zamanda Birleşmiş Milletler Sistemi Ölüyor’”, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı, September 24, 2024, https://www.tccb.gov.tr/haberler/410/153686/-gazze-de-sadece-cocuklar-degil-ayni-zamanda-birlesmis-milletler-sistemi-oluyor-
• Government Approves Strategy for Improving the Demographic Situation”, ArmenPress, October 17, 2024, https://armenpress.am/en/article/1202496.
• “Head Of EU Delegation to RA: We Will Unlock The Full Potential of Armenia-EU Relations”, News.am, October 12, 2024, https://news.am/eng/news/847010.html.
• Hoory Minoryan, “Armenia’s National Assembly Ratifies Border Delimitation Bill”, The Armenian Weekly, October 23, 2024, https://armenianweekly.com/2024/10/23/armenias-national-assembly-ratifiesborder-delimitation-bill/#:~:text=YEREVAN%E2%80%94The%20National%20Assembly%20of%20the,favor%20and%20no%20dissenting%20votes.
• Hoory Minoyan, “Armenian Prime Minister Criticizes Opposition as National Debates İntensify”, The Armenian Weekly, June 25, 2024, https://armenianweekly.com/2024/06/25/armenian-prime-ministercriticizes-opposition-as-national-debates-intensify/.
• Hoory Minoyan, “Pashinyan’s Remarks At Global Summit Question Armenian Patriotism”, The Armenian Weekly, September 18, 2024, https://armenianweekly.com/2024/09/18/pashinyans-remarks-atglobal-summit-question-armenian-patriotism/#:~:text=YEREVAN%E2%80%94During%20the%20Second%20Armenian%20Global,superficial%20concept%20lacking%20true%20sovereignty.
• “‘If Borders Were Restored to The 1920 Map, The Zangezur Corridor Wouldn’t Be Needed.’ Comment from Baku”, JamNews, August 16, 2024, https://jam-news.net/zangezur-removed-from-the-peace-agreement/. “If Turkey Shows Political Will, We Can Have Normalized Relations Even Tomorrow: Rubinyan”, Lurer, September 10, 2024, https://www.1lurer.am/en/2024/09/10/If-Turkey-shows-political-will-we-can-have- normalized-relations-even-tomorrow-Rubinyan/1185210.
• International Recognition of Armenian Genocide Not Number One Priority of the Government: FM," Public Radio of Armenia, last modified October 31, 2024, https://en.armradio.am/2024/10/31/international-recognition-of-armenian-genocide-not-number-one-priority-of-the-government-fm/.
• Iran’s Policy On Armenia Unchanged, Says New FM”, Azatutyun Radiokayan, August 23, 2024, https://www.azatutyun.am/a/33090278.html. “Iran’s Veep in Armenia for Eurasian Economic Forum”, Tasnim News Agency, October 1, 2024, https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2024/10/01/3169214/iran-s-veep-in-armenia-for-eurasianeconomic- forum. “Iranian, Armenian Officials Pledge Continued Collaboration”, Tasnim News Agency, May 30, 2024, https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2024/05/30/3095715/iranian-armenian-officials-pledgecontinued-collaboration#:~:text=Baqeri%20highlighted%20the%20significance%20of,and%20stability %20in%20the%20Caucasus.
• “Joint Statement: COP29 is Being Used as a Cover for Ethnic Cleansing," World Council of Churches, last modified November 11, 2024, https://www.oikoumene.org/resources/documents/joint-statement-cop29-is-being-used-as-a-cover-for-ethnic-cleansing.
• “Latest Version of Draft Peace Treaty Contains Fully Agreed Upon Articles, Says Armenian FM”, ArmenPress, September 9, 2024, https://armenpress.am/en/article/1199368.
• “Matanat Nasibova, “Azerbaijan’s Call for Minsk Group’s End Meets Armenian Defiance”, Caliber, August 16, 2024, https://caliber.az/en/post/azerbaijan-s-call-for-minsk-group-s-end-meets-armenian-defiance. “Meeting of Foreign Ministers of Armenia and Estonia”, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of The Republic of Armenia, June 27, 2024, https://www.mfa.am/en/press-releases/2024/06/27/Mirzoyan_Tsahkna/12715.
• “ Meeting of Foreign Ministers of Armenia and Lithuania” ”, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of The Republic of Armenia, June 20, 2024, https://www.mfa.am/en/press-releases/2024/06/20/Mirzoyan_Landsbergis/12704. Mirzoyan and US Deputy Secretary of State Huck Discuss Regulation of Armenian-Azerbaijani Relations”, News.am, September 19, 2024, https://news.am/eng/news/843355.html.
• Moscow Categorically Disagrees with Armenian PM’s Criticism of CSTO — Kremlin”, TASS, September 18, 2024, https://tass.com/politics/1844713.
• “Moscow Is Ready To Get Involved In Azerbaijan-Armenia Peace Process, Putin Says”, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, August 19, 2024, https://www.rferl.org/a/putin-ilham-laiyev-armenia-azerbaijan-baku-talks/33084517.html.
• “Muhammet Tarhan, Sümeyye Dilara Dinçer, “Bakan Fidan: Güney Kafkasya’ya Bakışımızın Temelinde Bölgesel Sahiplenme Anlayışımız Bulunmakta”, Anadolu Ajansı, October 18, 2024, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/bakan-fidan-guney-kafkasyaya-bakisimizin-temelinde-bolgesel-sahiplenme- anlayisimiz-bulunmakta/3366083.
• Nigar Abbasova, “Lavrov: Russia, Türkiye, Iran Offered Baku, Yerevan to Use 3+3 Platform to Complete Work on Peace Treaty”, Report News Agency, October 18, 2024, https://report.az/en/foreignpolitics/lavrov-russia-turkiye-iran-offered-baku-yerevan-to-use-3-3-platform-to-complete-work-on-peace-treaty/?ysclid=m331kkym55869640423.
• “No: 152, 30 July 2024, Regarding the Fifth Meeting of the Special Representatives for the Normalization Process between Türkiye and Armenia”, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Türkiye, July 30, 2024, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-152_-turkiye-ermenistan-normallesme-sureci-ozel-temsilcilerinin-besinci-toplantisi-hk.en.mfa
• “No: 216, 18 October 2024, Regarding the Third Meeting of the 3+3 Regional Cooperation Platform in İstanbul”, Ministry Of Foreign Affairs of the Republic Of Türkiye, October 18, 2024, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-216_-istanbul-da-duzenlenen-3-3-guney-kafkasya-bolgesel-isbirligi-platformunun-ucuncu-toplantisi-hk.en.mfa
• “Not A Single Millimeter of Armenian Territory is Up for Debate” - Pashinyan”, JamNews, September 16, 2024, https://jam-news.net/not-a-single-millimeter-of-the-territory-of-armenia-is-up-for-debate-pashinyan/. “Our Goal is to Make Armenia-Diaspora Relations More İnstitutional anState-Oriented" (PM)”, ArmenPress, September 20, 2024, https://armenpress.am/en/article/1200375.
• “Participation of the Foreign Minister of Armenia in the Warsaw Security Forum”, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of The Republic of Armenia, October 2, 2024, https://www.mfa.am/en/press-releases/2024/10/02/Mirzoyan_WSF/12879.
• “Pashinian Blasts Armenia’s Independence Declaration," Azatutyun, last modified November 14, 2024, https://www.azatutyun.am/a/33202094.html.
• “Pashinyan Meets with Iran’s Khamenei in Tehran”, ArmenPress, July 30, 2024, https://armenpress.am/en/article/1196706.
• “Pashinyan, Lukashenko Meet During BRICS Summit”, ArmenPress, October 25, 2024, https://armenpress.am/en/article/1203185.
• “Pashinyan’s Proposal Came to Life: “History of Armenia” Instead of “History of Armenians””, Media Max, July 11, 2024, https://mediamax.am/en/news/education/55246/.
• “PM Pashinyan Holds Meeting with Iranian President” ArmenPress, October 24, 2024, https://armenpress.am/en/article/1203086.
• “Police Attempt to Stop Catholicos Karekin II from Visiting Sardarabad Monument”, Asbarez, May 28, 2024, https://asbarez.com/police-attempt-to-stop-catholicos-karekin-ii-from-visiting-sardarabad-monument/.
• “Polish President Arrives in Armenia for Meetings with Top Officials," Caliber.Az, last modified November 25, 2024, https://caliber.az/en/post/polish-president-arrives-in-armenia-for-meetings-with-top-officials.
• “Political Consultations between The Foreign Ministries of Armenia And Ukraine”, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of The Republic of Armenia, June 17, 2024, https://www.mfa.am/en/press-releases/2024/06/17/arm_ua_politicalconsultation/12697.
• “”President Erdoğan Meets with PM Pashinyan of Armenia”, Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye, September 24, 2024, https://www.tccb.gov.tr/en/news/542/153707/president-erdogan-meets-with-pm-pashinyan-of- armenia.
• President Erdoğan, Prime Minister Pashinyan of Armenia Talk Over Phone”, Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye Directorate of Communications, June 19, 2024, https://www.iletisim.gov.tr/englIsh/haberler/detay/president-erdogan-prime-minister-pashinyan-of-armenia- talk-over-phone.
• “Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan’s Working Visit to the French Republic”, The Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia, October 3, 2024, https://www.primeminister.am/en/foreign-visits/item/2024/10/03/Nikol-Pashinyan-visiting-France/.
• “Prime Minister on Erdogan’s Statement Regarding Turkey’s Participation in 44-day War”, Lurer, August 31, 2024, https://www.1lurer.am/en/2024/08/31/Prime-Minister-on-Erdogan-s-statement-regarding-Turkey-s-participation-in-44-day-war/1180037.
• “Prime Minister Pashinyan Receives the Delegation Led by US Deputy Assistant Secretary of State Joshua Huck”, The Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia, September 20, 2024, https://www.primeminister.am/en/press-release/item/2024/09/20/Nikol-Pashinyan-meeting-20-09.
• “Rabia İclal Turan, “Armenia Ready for ‘Full Normalization’ with Türkiye, Welcomes ‘Positive Dynamics’”, Anadolu Agency, September 28, 2024, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkiye/armenia-ready-for-full-normalization- with-turkiye-welcomes-positive-dynamics-/3344531#.
• “SCO Secretary-General Meets with Foreign Minister of Armenia”, The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, June 8, 2024, https://eng.sectsco.org/20240608/1388471.html.
• “Secretary Blinken’s Call with Armenian Prime Minister Pashinyan”, U.S Depertman of State, September 13, 2024, https://www.state.gov/secretary-blinkens-call-with-armenian-prime-minister-pashinyan-17/. Shoghik Galstian, “Garegin Warns Armenian Church’s Detractors In Mass Attended By Pashinian”, Azatutyun Radiokayan, September 30, 2024, https://www.azatutyun.am/a/garegin-warns-armenian-churchs-detractors-in-mass-attended-by-pashinian/33140850.html.
• Shoghik Galstian, “Pashinian Again Calls For New Armenian Constitution”, Azatutyun Radiokayan, July 5, 2024, https://www.azatutyun.am/a/33023447.html. Shoghik Galstian, “Pashinian Calls Russian-Led Alliance Security Threat to Armenia”, Azatutyun Radiokayan, September 18, 2024, https://www.azatutyun.am/a/33124969.html.
• Siranush Ghazanchyan, “Armenia’s Foreign Policy ‘on The Right Track’ – PM”, Public Radio of Armenia, October 2, 2024, https://en.armradio.am/2024/10/02/armenias-foreign-policy-on-the-right-track-pm/.
• Siranush Ghazanchyan, “Presidents of Armenia and Azerbaijan Confirm Ratification of The Regulation on Joint Activity of Border Commissions”, Public Radio of Armenia, October 25, 2024, https://en.armradio.am/2024/10/25/presidents-of-armenia-and-azerbaijan-confirm-ratification-of-theregulation-on-joint-activity-of-border-commissions/.
• Siranush Ghazanchyan, “US Confirms Nuclear Pact with Armenia ‘Under Consideration’”, Public Radio of Armenia, August 22, 2024, https://en.armradio.am/2024/08/22/us-confirms-nuclear-pact-witharmenia- under-consideration-civilnet/#:~:text=The%20United%20States%20has%20confirmed,written %20comments%20to%20CivilNet%20Tuesday.
• “South Caucasus Opens Doors to Peace - Turkish President," Trend News Agency, last modified November 6, 2024, https://en.trend.az/azerbaijan/politics/3965919.html. “Statement by The Foreign Minister of Armenia for The Press Following the Meeting with The Foreign Minister of Georgia”, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia, July 3, 2024, https://www.mfa.am/en/press-conference/2024/07/03/fms_armenia_georgia/12729.
• “Telephone Conversation between The Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Armenia And Türkiye”, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of The Republic of Armenia, June 25, 2024, https://www.mfa.am/en/press-releases/2024/06/25/mirzoyan_fidan/12712. “Tensions Continue to Rise Between Armenia, Belarus”, Azatutyun Radiokayan, June 14, 2024, https://www.azatutyun.am/a/32993532.html.
• The 12th Liturgy Was Held in the Armenian Holy Cross Church of Aghtamar Island, in Which the Delegation of Western Armenia also Participated”, Western Armenia TV, September 10, 2024, https://westernarmeniatv.com/en/society_en/the-12th-liturgy-was-held-in-the-armenian-holy-cross-church-of-aghtamar-island-in-which-the-delegation-of-western-armenia-also-participated/. “The Joint Armenia-U.S. Military Exercise “EAGLE PARTNER 2024””, Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Armenia, July 15, 2024, https://mil.am/en/news/12290.
• “The meeting of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Armenia and Ukraine”, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of The Republic of Armenia, June 29, 2024, https://www.mfa.am/en/press-releases/2024/06/29/Mirzoyan_Kuleba/12721.
• “The Meeting of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Armenia and Türkiye”, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia, October 18, 2024, https://www.mfa.am/en/press-releases/2024/10/18/Mirzoyan_Fidan/12898.
• “The Prime Minister again Offered Azerbaijan to Sign The Peace Treaty”, Radar Armenia, October 24, 2024, https://radar.am/en/news/politics-2659552253/#:~:text=RA%20Prime%20Minister%20Nikol%20Pashinyan,each%20other%20in%20the%20future.
• “The Start of The Two-Day Visit of The Foreign Minister of France to Armenia”, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia, September 15, 2024, https://www.mfa.am/en/press-releases/2024/09/15/sejourne_armenia_visit/12825.
• “The Third Meeting of the “3+3” Regional Cooperation Platform Joint Communique, 18 October 2024", Ministry Of Foreign Affairs of the Republic Of Türkiye, October 18, 2024, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/the-third-meeting-of-the-3-3-regional-cooperation-platform-joint-communique-18-october-2024.en.mfa The United States of America and the Republic of Armenia Sign a Memorandum of Understanding Concerning Civil Nuclear Cooperation”, U.S. Department of State, May 2, 2022, https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-of-america-and-the-republic-of-armenia-sign-a-memorandumof- understanding-concerning-strategic-civil-nuclear-cooperation/.
• “Top U.S., Armenian Generals Meet in Washington”, Azatutyun Radiokayan, October 17, 2024, https://www.azatutyun.am/a/33162699.html.
• Trump Vows to Restore Armenia-Azerbaijan Peace if Elected, Slams Harris For Doing ‘Nothing’ During NK Ethnic Cleansing”, ArmenPress, October 24, 2024, https://armenpress.am/en/article/1203077.
• Tuğba Altun, “Armenia-Azerbaijan Peace Crucial for Caucasus Stability, Says Turkish Intelligence Chief”, Anadolu Agency, September 17, 2024, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/armenia-azerbaijan-peace-crucial-for-caucasus-stability-says-turkish-intelligence-chief/3332315.
• “Turkey Not Implementing Agreement on Border Opening with Armenia”, Asbarez, June 11, 2024, https://asbarez.com/turkey-not-implementing-agreement-on-border-opening-with-armenia/.
• “Turkey’s Normalization of Relations with Armenia Will Contribute to Azerbaijan Acting More Constructively in Negotiations: Ambassador Mkrtchyan’s Interview with Financial Mirror”, ArmenPress, June 28, 2024, https://armenpress.am/en/article/1194704.
• “U.S. ‘Investigates’ Karabakh Exodus to Decide if it’s Ethnic Cleansing”, The California Courier, July 11, 2024, https://www.thecaliforniacourier.com/u-s-investigates-karabakh-exodus-to-decide-if-its-ethnic-cleansing/. “U.S. Hosts Key Meeting Between Armenia and Azerbaijan in New York”, The Armenian Report, September 26, 2024, https://en.armradio.am/2024/10/25/presidents-of-armenia-and-azerbaijan-confirmratification-of-the-regulation-on-joint-activity-of-border-commissions/. “U.S. Launches New Department to Liaise with Local Governments in Armenia”, Asbarez, June 17, 2024, https://www.asbarez.com/u-s-launches-new-department-to-liaise-with-local-governments-in-armenia/.
• “U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken made a phone call to the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev”, President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, September 16, 2024, https://president.az/en/articles/view/66844.
• “UK Foreign Secretary Says Azerbaijan ‘Liberated’ Nagorno-Karabakh; Yerevan Reportedly Seeks Clarification from Foreign Office”, Asbarez, September 20, 2024, https://www.asbarez.com/uk-foreign-secretary-says-azerbaijan-liberated-nagorno-karabakh-yerevan-reportedly-seeks-clarification-from-foreign-office/.
• “Unacceptable to Single Out One Article When Others Are Unfulfilled, PM Pashinyan Says on 2020 Trilateral Statement”, ArmenPress, October 12, 2024, https://armenpress.am/en/article/1202121.
• “Under Secretary Zeya’s Travel to Georgia and Armenia”, U.S. Department of State, July 10, 2024, https://www.state.gov/under-secretary-zeyas-travel-to-georgia-and-armenia/.
• “Unlike Armenia, Azerbaijani Constitution Indeed Contains Territorial Claims – PM”, ArmenPress, August 31, 2024, https://armenpress.am/en/article/1198730.
• “US First Deputy Secretary of State to Visit Armenia”, Caliber, June 14, 2024, https://caliber.az/en/post/us-first-deputy-secretary-of-state-to-visit-armenia.
• “USAID Head to Visit Armenia”, ED News, July 8, 2024, https://ednews.net/en/news/world/669040-usaid-head-to-visit-armenia.
• “USAID to Increase Assistance to Armenia to $250 Million”, Report News Agency, September 11, 2024, https://report.az/en/region/usaid-to-increase-assistance-to-armenia-to-250-million/.
• “Working visit of the President Vahagn Khachaturyan to Turkmenistan”, The President of the Republic of Armenia, October 10, 2024, https://www.president.am/en/foreign-visits/item/2024/10/10/President-Vahagn-Khachaturyans-working-visit-to-Turkmenistan/.
• “Zangezur Corridor’ is a fake corridor - Ebrahim Azizi”, ArmenPress, September 7, 2024, https://armenpress.am/en/article/1199273.
• “Zangezur Corridor’: Details of the Negotiations Revealed”, AzeMedia, August 29, 2024, https://aze.media/zangezur-corridor-details-of-the-negotiations-revealed/.
• Անկախության հռչակագրի և ՀՀ Սահմանադրության բովանդակությունները նույնական չեն Փաշինյան”, Azatutyun Radiokayan, August 23, 2024,