This study combines project-based learning with mentorship. Utilizing a sustainable development project (i.e., SEED Bank Project), this study aims to achieve multiple goals. While it attempts to promote pre-service teacher education by assigning pre-service teachers as mentors to high school students, the study critically examines the impact of a Seed Bank project to its stakeholders. The conceptual framework begins with a description of Project-Based Mentoring (PBM) and the role of Seed Bank project as a Project-Based Learning (PBL) opportunity and then examines the effectiveness of the project through the lens of PBM theory. A phenomenological case study was undertaken with nine pre-service teachers and nine high school students during the 2023–2024 academic year. The context and product evaluation areas of the CIPP (Context, Input, Process, Product) Model, along with the impact and process evaluation dimensions of Stake’s Responsive Evaluation Model (REM), were selected to analyse the study’s findings. The findings of the research highlight the importance of (a) the complementary use of PBL and mentorship to create a win-win context for enriched educational outcomes, (b) the significance of e-mentoring, peer mentoring, and reverse mentoring, and (c) the importance of university & K-12 collaborative projects to advance educational and sustainable development outcomes.
The authors have declared that there are no conflicts of interest.
Supporting Institution
BAHÇEŞEHİR ÜNİVERSİTESİ
Project Number
BAP.2022-02.36
Thanks
This research is funded by Bahçeşehir University, Istanbul, Turkey with project Code BAP.2022-02.36
References
Almulla, M. A. (2020). The effectiveness of the project-based learning (pbl) approach as a way to engage students in learning. Sage Open, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020938702
Alper, P. (2017). Teach to work: How a mentor, a mentee, and a project can close the skills gap in America. Taylor and Francis.
Alper, P. (2021). Bringing project-based mentors into the educational fold. Getting Smart. https://www.gettingsmart.com/2021/09/23/bringing-project-based-mentors-into-the-educational-fold/applications
Bell, S. (2010). Project-based learning for the 21st century: Skills for the future. The Clearing House, 83(2), 39–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/00098650903505415
Bhuyan, J., Wu, F., Thomas, C., Koong, K., Hur, J. W., & Wang, C. (2020). Aerial drone: An effective tool to teach information technology and cybersecurity through project-based learning to minority high school students in the U.S. TechTrends, 64, 899–910. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-020-00502-7
Blumenfeld, P. C., Soloway, E., Marx, R. W., Krajcik, J. S., Guzdial, M., Palincsar, A. (1991). Motivating project-based learning: Sustaining the doing, supporting the learning. Educational Psychologist, 26(3-4), 369–398. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.1991.9653139
Buck Institute for Education (2019). Gold standard PBL: Essential project design elements. https://www.pblworks.org/what-is-pbl/gold-standard-project-design
Callahan, J. (2016). Encouraging retention of new teachers through mentoring strategies. Delta Kappa Gamma Bulletin, 83(1), 6.
Clark, N. (2022). Why do we have such dilemmas? A reflection on shadowing a pbl mentor teacher. Journal of Education, 202(4), 543-548. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022057420979601
Cohen, J. (2001). Mentoring undergraduates with professional and liberal arts goals: The mass communication experience. New Directions for Teaching & Learning,85, 49-50. https://doi.org/10.1002/tl.6
Curran, V. R., Christopher, J., Lemire, F., & Collins, A. (2003). Application of a responsive evaluation approach in medical education. Medical Education, 37(3), 256-66. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2923.2003.01442.x
Du, X., Chen, J., Stegeager, N., Lindvig Thomsen, T., Guerra, A., Kristoffer Kjærsdam Telléus, P., & Bune Juhl, L. (2024). Mentorship for early career academics in a long-term problem- and project-based university academic development program in Denmark: Views of subject and pedagogy mentors. International Journal for Academic Development, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360144X.2024.2405158
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Greenberg, A. E. (2018). Entering mentoring: A mentor training seminar for REU mentors. In M. A. Griep & L. M. Watkins (Eds.), Best practices for chemistry REU programs (pp. 121–137). American Chemical Society.
Haidusek-Niazy, S., Huyler, D., & Carpenter, R.E. (2023). Mentorship reconsidered: A case study of K-12 teachers’ mentor-mentee relationships during the COVID-19 pandemic. Social Psychology of Education, 26, 1269–1288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-023-09788-w
Haji, F., Morin, M. P., & Parker, K. (2013). Rethinking program evaluation in health professions education: Beyond “did it work? Medical Education, 47(4), 331-431. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.12091
Hartman, P., Renguette, C., & Seig, M. (2018). Problem-Based Teacher-Mentor Education: Fostering Literacy Acquisition in Multicultural Classrooms. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.7771/1541-5015.1659
Hayes, S. D., & Mahfouz, J. (2020). Principalship and mentoring: A review of perspectives, evidence, and literature 1999 – 2019. Research in Educational Administration & Leadership, 5(3), 722-751. https://doi.org/10.30828/real/2020.3.4
Heckman, J., & Kautz, T. (2014). Fostering and measuring skills: Interventions that improve character and cognition. In Heckman, J., Humphries, J.E. & Kautz, T. (Eds.) The myth of achievement tests: The GED and the role of character in American life (pp. 341–430). University of Chicago Press.
Hine, G., & Thai, T. (2019). Pre-Service mathematics teachers' self-perceptions of readiness to teach secondary school mathematics. Mathematics Teacher Education and Development, 21(2), 64-86.
Hozien, W. (2023). Creating a mentoring culture: Cultivating leadership potential in faculty and staff. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202308.2173.v1
Joplin, L. (1981). On defining experiential education. Journal of Experiential Education, 4(1), 17-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/105382598100400104
Krajcik, J.S., & Czerniak, C.M. (2018). Teaching science in elementary and middle school: A Project-based learning approach (5th Ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315205014
Land, S., Hannafin, M. J., & Oliver, K. (2012). Student-centered learning environments. In D. Jonassen, & S. Land (Eds.), Theoretical foundations of learning environments (2nd ed., pp. 3–25). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203813799
Larmer, J., Mergendoller, J., & Boss, S. (2015a). Gold standard PBL: Essentials project design elements. https://www.pblworks.org/blog/gold-standard-pbl-essential-project-design-elements.
Larmer, J., Mergendoller, J., & Boss, S. (2015b). Setting the standard for project-based learning. ASCD.
Malka, M., Komem, M., Eyal-Lubling, R., & Lerner-Ganor, E. (2022). The mentor’s role from the perspective of marginalized young women becoming mentors: Photovoice-based research. Affilia, 37(2), 320-342. https://doi.org/10.1177/08861099211060045
Michailidi, E., & Stavrou, D. (2021). Mentoring in-service teachers on implementing innovative teaching modules. Teaching and Teacher Education, 105, 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103414
Mokoena, T.D., & van Tonder, G.P. (2024). Influencing beginner teachers' autonomy: The impact of mentorship in fostering self-directed learning. International Journal of Educational Management, 38(5), 1265-1288. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-05-2023-0247
Patton. M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd Ed.), Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications.
Prensky, M. (2014). The world needs a new curriculum: It’s time to lose the “proxies,” and go beyond “21st century skills”-and get all students in the world to the real core of education. Educational Technology, 54(4), 3–15. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44430282
Rijken, P.E., & Fraser, B.J. (2023). Effectiveness of project-based mathematics in first-year high school in terms of learning environment and student outcomes. Learning Environment Research https://doi.org/10.1007/s10984-023-09477-7
Sankaran, S., & Saad, N. (2022). Evaluating the bachelor of education program based on the context, input, process, and product model. Frontiers in Education, 7, 924374. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.924374
Sayuti, H., Ann, T., Saimi, W., Bakar, M., Dawawi, S., & Mohamad, M. (2020). Using gold standard project-based learning for intermediate year three pupils to enhance English speaking skill: A conceptual paper. Creative Education, 11, 1873-1889. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2020.1110137
Stake, R.E. (1975). Evaluating the arts in education: A responsive approach. Merrill Publishing.
Stufflebeam, D. (2000). The CIPP model for program evaluation. In G. Madaus, M. Scriven & D. Stufflebeam (Eds.), Evaluation models: Viewpoints on educational and human services evaluation (pp. 279–318). Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Stufflebeam, D. L., & Shinkfield, A. J. (2007). Evaluation theory, models and applications. Jossey-Bass.
Stufflebeam, D.L. (2003). The CIPP Model for Evaluation. In Kellaghan, T., Stufflebeam, D.L. (Eds.), International Handbook of Educational Evaluation. Kluwer International Handbooks of Education. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0309-4_4
T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı (2019). On Birinci Kalkınma Planı (2019-2023). http://www.sbb.gov.tr//wp-content/uploads/2019/07/On-Birinci-Kalkinma-Plani.pdf
Van Heijster, H., Van Berkel, J., Boot, C. R., Abma, T., & de Vet, E. (2022). Responsive evaluation: an innovative evaluation methodology for workplace health promotion interventions. BMJ Open. 12(12), e062320. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062320
Yin, R. (2009). Case study research: Design and methods. (4th Ed.), Sage, Thousand Oaks.
Zhao, Y., & Wang, L. (2022). A case study of student development across project-based learning units in middle school chemistry. Disciplinary and Interdisciplinary Science EducationResearch,4(1). https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A691982482/AONE?u=anon~16470405&sid=googleScholar&xid=2a7569d9
Year 2025,
Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 42 - 87, 31.03.2025
Almulla, M. A. (2020). The effectiveness of the project-based learning (pbl) approach as a way to engage students in learning. Sage Open, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020938702
Alper, P. (2017). Teach to work: How a mentor, a mentee, and a project can close the skills gap in America. Taylor and Francis.
Alper, P. (2021). Bringing project-based mentors into the educational fold. Getting Smart. https://www.gettingsmart.com/2021/09/23/bringing-project-based-mentors-into-the-educational-fold/applications
Bell, S. (2010). Project-based learning for the 21st century: Skills for the future. The Clearing House, 83(2), 39–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/00098650903505415
Bhuyan, J., Wu, F., Thomas, C., Koong, K., Hur, J. W., & Wang, C. (2020). Aerial drone: An effective tool to teach information technology and cybersecurity through project-based learning to minority high school students in the U.S. TechTrends, 64, 899–910. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-020-00502-7
Blumenfeld, P. C., Soloway, E., Marx, R. W., Krajcik, J. S., Guzdial, M., Palincsar, A. (1991). Motivating project-based learning: Sustaining the doing, supporting the learning. Educational Psychologist, 26(3-4), 369–398. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.1991.9653139
Buck Institute for Education (2019). Gold standard PBL: Essential project design elements. https://www.pblworks.org/what-is-pbl/gold-standard-project-design
Callahan, J. (2016). Encouraging retention of new teachers through mentoring strategies. Delta Kappa Gamma Bulletin, 83(1), 6.
Clark, N. (2022). Why do we have such dilemmas? A reflection on shadowing a pbl mentor teacher. Journal of Education, 202(4), 543-548. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022057420979601
Cohen, J. (2001). Mentoring undergraduates with professional and liberal arts goals: The mass communication experience. New Directions for Teaching & Learning,85, 49-50. https://doi.org/10.1002/tl.6
Curran, V. R., Christopher, J., Lemire, F., & Collins, A. (2003). Application of a responsive evaluation approach in medical education. Medical Education, 37(3), 256-66. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2923.2003.01442.x
Du, X., Chen, J., Stegeager, N., Lindvig Thomsen, T., Guerra, A., Kristoffer Kjærsdam Telléus, P., & Bune Juhl, L. (2024). Mentorship for early career academics in a long-term problem- and project-based university academic development program in Denmark: Views of subject and pedagogy mentors. International Journal for Academic Development, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360144X.2024.2405158
Ehrich, L. C. (2022). Mentoring for women academics: What works. In English, F.W. (Ed.), The Palgrave handbook of educational leadership and management discourse (pp. 1803-1821). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99097-8_7
Greenberg, A. E. (2018). Entering mentoring: A mentor training seminar for REU mentors. In M. A. Griep & L. M. Watkins (Eds.), Best practices for chemistry REU programs (pp. 121–137). American Chemical Society.
Haidusek-Niazy, S., Huyler, D., & Carpenter, R.E. (2023). Mentorship reconsidered: A case study of K-12 teachers’ mentor-mentee relationships during the COVID-19 pandemic. Social Psychology of Education, 26, 1269–1288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-023-09788-w
Haji, F., Morin, M. P., & Parker, K. (2013). Rethinking program evaluation in health professions education: Beyond “did it work? Medical Education, 47(4), 331-431. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.12091
Hartman, P., Renguette, C., & Seig, M. (2018). Problem-Based Teacher-Mentor Education: Fostering Literacy Acquisition in Multicultural Classrooms. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.7771/1541-5015.1659
Hayes, S. D., & Mahfouz, J. (2020). Principalship and mentoring: A review of perspectives, evidence, and literature 1999 – 2019. Research in Educational Administration & Leadership, 5(3), 722-751. https://doi.org/10.30828/real/2020.3.4
Heckman, J., & Kautz, T. (2014). Fostering and measuring skills: Interventions that improve character and cognition. In Heckman, J., Humphries, J.E. & Kautz, T. (Eds.) The myth of achievement tests: The GED and the role of character in American life (pp. 341–430). University of Chicago Press.
Hine, G., & Thai, T. (2019). Pre-Service mathematics teachers' self-perceptions of readiness to teach secondary school mathematics. Mathematics Teacher Education and Development, 21(2), 64-86.
Hozien, W. (2023). Creating a mentoring culture: Cultivating leadership potential in faculty and staff. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202308.2173.v1
Joplin, L. (1981). On defining experiential education. Journal of Experiential Education, 4(1), 17-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/105382598100400104
Krajcik, J.S., & Czerniak, C.M. (2018). Teaching science in elementary and middle school: A Project-based learning approach (5th Ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315205014
Land, S., Hannafin, M. J., & Oliver, K. (2012). Student-centered learning environments. In D. Jonassen, & S. Land (Eds.), Theoretical foundations of learning environments (2nd ed., pp. 3–25). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203813799
Larmer, J., Mergendoller, J., & Boss, S. (2015a). Gold standard PBL: Essentials project design elements. https://www.pblworks.org/blog/gold-standard-pbl-essential-project-design-elements.
Larmer, J., Mergendoller, J., & Boss, S. (2015b). Setting the standard for project-based learning. ASCD.
Malka, M., Komem, M., Eyal-Lubling, R., & Lerner-Ganor, E. (2022). The mentor’s role from the perspective of marginalized young women becoming mentors: Photovoice-based research. Affilia, 37(2), 320-342. https://doi.org/10.1177/08861099211060045
Michailidi, E., & Stavrou, D. (2021). Mentoring in-service teachers on implementing innovative teaching modules. Teaching and Teacher Education, 105, 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103414
Mokoena, T.D., & van Tonder, G.P. (2024). Influencing beginner teachers' autonomy: The impact of mentorship in fostering self-directed learning. International Journal of Educational Management, 38(5), 1265-1288. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-05-2023-0247
Patton. M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd Ed.), Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications.
Prensky, M. (2014). The world needs a new curriculum: It’s time to lose the “proxies,” and go beyond “21st century skills”-and get all students in the world to the real core of education. Educational Technology, 54(4), 3–15. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44430282
Rijken, P.E., & Fraser, B.J. (2023). Effectiveness of project-based mathematics in first-year high school in terms of learning environment and student outcomes. Learning Environment Research https://doi.org/10.1007/s10984-023-09477-7
Sankaran, S., & Saad, N. (2022). Evaluating the bachelor of education program based on the context, input, process, and product model. Frontiers in Education, 7, 924374. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.924374
Sayuti, H., Ann, T., Saimi, W., Bakar, M., Dawawi, S., & Mohamad, M. (2020). Using gold standard project-based learning for intermediate year three pupils to enhance English speaking skill: A conceptual paper. Creative Education, 11, 1873-1889. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2020.1110137
Stake, R.E. (1975). Evaluating the arts in education: A responsive approach. Merrill Publishing.
Stufflebeam, D. (2000). The CIPP model for program evaluation. In G. Madaus, M. Scriven & D. Stufflebeam (Eds.), Evaluation models: Viewpoints on educational and human services evaluation (pp. 279–318). Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Stufflebeam, D. L., & Shinkfield, A. J. (2007). Evaluation theory, models and applications. Jossey-Bass.
Stufflebeam, D.L. (2003). The CIPP Model for Evaluation. In Kellaghan, T., Stufflebeam, D.L. (Eds.), International Handbook of Educational Evaluation. Kluwer International Handbooks of Education. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0309-4_4
T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı (2019). On Birinci Kalkınma Planı (2019-2023). http://www.sbb.gov.tr//wp-content/uploads/2019/07/On-Birinci-Kalkinma-Plani.pdf
Van Heijster, H., Van Berkel, J., Boot, C. R., Abma, T., & de Vet, E. (2022). Responsive evaluation: an innovative evaluation methodology for workplace health promotion interventions. BMJ Open. 12(12), e062320. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062320
Yin, R. (2009). Case study research: Design and methods. (4th Ed.), Sage, Thousand Oaks.
Zhao, Y., & Wang, L. (2022). A case study of student development across project-based learning units in middle school chemistry. Disciplinary and Interdisciplinary Science EducationResearch,4(1). https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A691982482/AONE?u=anon~16470405&sid=googleScholar&xid=2a7569d9
Garipağaoğlu, B. Ç., Güloğlu, B., & Diker Coşkun, Y. (2025). Project-Based Mentoring and K-12 Collaboration for Sustainable Development in Pre-Service Teacher Education. Research in Educational Administration and Leadership, 10(1), 42-87. https://doi.org/10.30828/real.1531676
AMA
Garipağaoğlu BÇ, Güloğlu B, Diker Coşkun Y. Project-Based Mentoring and K-12 Collaboration for Sustainable Development in Pre-Service Teacher Education. REAL. March 2025;10(1):42-87. doi:10.30828/real.1531676
Chicago
Garipağaoğlu, Burçak Çağla, Berna Güloğlu, and Yelkin Diker Coşkun. “Project-Based Mentoring and K-12 Collaboration for Sustainable Development in Pre-Service Teacher Education”. Research in Educational Administration and Leadership 10, no. 1 (March 2025): 42-87. https://doi.org/10.30828/real.1531676.
EndNote
Garipağaoğlu BÇ, Güloğlu B, Diker Coşkun Y (March 1, 2025) Project-Based Mentoring and K-12 Collaboration for Sustainable Development in Pre-Service Teacher Education. Research in Educational Administration and Leadership 10 1 42–87.
IEEE
B. Ç. Garipağaoğlu, B. Güloğlu, and Y. Diker Coşkun, “Project-Based Mentoring and K-12 Collaboration for Sustainable Development in Pre-Service Teacher Education”, REAL, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 42–87, 2025, doi: 10.30828/real.1531676.
ISNAD
Garipağaoğlu, Burçak Çağla et al. “Project-Based Mentoring and K-12 Collaboration for Sustainable Development in Pre-Service Teacher Education”. Research in Educational Administration and Leadership 10/1 (March 2025), 42-87. https://doi.org/10.30828/real.1531676.
JAMA
Garipağaoğlu BÇ, Güloğlu B, Diker Coşkun Y. Project-Based Mentoring and K-12 Collaboration for Sustainable Development in Pre-Service Teacher Education. REAL. 2025;10:42–87.
MLA
Garipağaoğlu, Burçak Çağla et al. “Project-Based Mentoring and K-12 Collaboration for Sustainable Development in Pre-Service Teacher Education”. Research in Educational Administration and Leadership, vol. 10, no. 1, 2025, pp. 42-87, doi:10.30828/real.1531676.
Vancouver
Garipağaoğlu BÇ, Güloğlu B, Diker Coşkun Y. Project-Based Mentoring and K-12 Collaboration for Sustainable Development in Pre-Service Teacher Education. REAL. 2025;10(1):42-87.