Adaptation After Covid-19 Scale: The Study of Validity And Reliability

Year 2021, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 324 - 349, 31.12.2021

Azize Canel Mustafa Otrar

https://doi.org/10.54535/rep.1014632

Abstract

This study aims to conduct validity and reliability studies of the Adaptation After COVID-19 Scale (AACS) to measure adults’ perceptions of adapting to life after COVID-19. The research study group consists of 2,042 adults who were accessed in July 2020 using convenience sampling. Half of this group was used in the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and the other half in the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). As a result of the two-step EFA analysis conducted in the validity studies, the scale was revealed to have 18 items with two factors explaining 50.37% of the total variance whose eigen values are greater than 1.00. However, because the difference between the first factor and the second factor is very large (42.68%), the scale has been evaluated as having one factor. In the second study group for the CFA after the modification procedures, the model showed good fit ( = 3.62; p <.001), and the other fit-indices of the model (RMSEA = .06; RMR = .05; NFI = .96; CFI = .97; GFI = .96; AGFI = .92) were found to be within acceptable ranges. In the reliability analyses, Cronbach’s alpha of internal consistency has been determined as α = .94, the Guttman variable as G = .97; Spearman-Brown predicted reliability as SB = .97; split-half reliability as r1-2 = .94; and test-retest reliability as r = .87. As a result, the study reveals the AACS to be acceptable as a valid and reliable scale.

Keywords

Adaptation After Covid-19 Scale, Covid-19, Pandemic, Pandemic psychology, Corona

References

• Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and initial validation. International Journal Of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
• Alpar, R. (2020). Uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistiksel yöntemler [Applied multivariate statistical methods]. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
• Altunışık, R., Coşkun, R., Bayraktaroğlu, S. ve Yıldırım, E. (2004). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri [Research methods in social sciences] (3rd ed.). Adapazarı: Seçkin Yayınları.
• Armutlulu, İ. H. (2008). İşletmelerde uygulamalı istatistik [Applied statistics in business]. İstanbul, Alfa Yayınları.
• Bayram, N. (2013). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş [Introduction to structural equation modeling]. Bursa, Ezgi yayınları.
• Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2005). Anket geliştirme [Questinaire development]. Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi [The Journal of Turkish Educational Sciences], 3(2), 133-151.
• Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2020). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı: istatistik, araştırma deseni, spss uygulamaları ve yorum [Data analysis handbook for social sciences: statistics, research design, spss applications and interpretation]. Ankara: Pegem Yayınları.
• Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 287, 112934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
• Çil, B. (2008). İstatistik. Ankara, Detay Yayıncılık.
• Conway III, L. G., Woodard, S. R., & Zubrod, A. (2020). Social Psychological Measurements of COVID-19: Coronavirus Perceived Threat, Government Response, Impacts, and Experiences Questionnaires. Retrieved from https://psyarxiv.com/z2x9a/
• Çokluk, Ö., Şekerçioğlu, G. ve Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik SPSS ve Lisrel uygulamaları [Applications of SPSS and Lisrel in multivariate statistics for social sciences]. Ankara, Pegem A.
• Duan, L.; Zhu, G. (2020) Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. The Lancet Psychiatry. Vol.7, Published Online February 18, 2020 https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S2215-0366%2820%2930073-0
• Ercan, E. S.; Rodopman-Arman, A.; İnal Emiroğlu, N.; Öztop, D.B.; Yalçın, Ö. 2020 Türkiye çocuk ve genç psikiyatrisi derneği covıd-19 (korona) virüs salgını sırasında aile, çocuk ve ergenlere yönelik psikososyal ve ruhsal destek rehberi [Turkish child and adolescent psychiatry association psychosocial and spiritual support guide for family, children and adolescents during the COVID-19 (corona) virus outbreak]. http://www.cogepder.org.tr/images/covid-19-rehber.pdf
• Golob, T.F., (2003), Structural equation modeling for travel behavior research, Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 37, 1-25
• Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. ve Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
• Helson, H. (1947). Adaptation-level as frame of reference for prediction of psychophysical data. The American journal of psychology, 60(1), 1-29.
• Ho, C. S., Chee, C. Y., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Mental health strategies to combat the psychological impact of COVID-19 beyond paranoia and panic. Ann Acad Med Singapore, 49(1), 1-3.
• Jöreskog, K. G. (2004). On chi-squares for the ındependence model and fit measures in Lisrel. http://www.ssicentral.com/lisrel/techdocs/ftb.pdf
• Jöreskog, K. Ve Sörbom, D. (2001). LISREL 8.51. Mooresvile. Scientific Software
• Kline, P. (2005). An Easy Guide to Factor Analysis. New York, Routledge.
• Li, S., Wang, Y., Xue, J., Zhao, N., & Zhu, T. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 epidemic declaration on psychological consequences: a study on active Weibo users. International Journal of Environmental Research And Public Health, 17(6), 2032.
• Mardia, K. V. (1974). Applications of some measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis in testing normality and robustness studies, The Indian Journal of Statistics, Series B, 36(2), 115-129.
• Neuman, W.L. (2014). Toplumsal araştırma yöntemleri [Social research methods] (Çev: Sedef Özge). Ankara, Yayın Odası.
• Schumacher R.E., Lomax R.G.,(2004). A Beginner‘s Guide to SEM, 2nd ed, Lawrenge Erlbaum Associotes, Publishers, New Jersey.
• Schumacher, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2010). A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York, NY, US: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
• Sipahi, İ. B. Yurtkoru, E. S., & Çinko, M. (2008). Sosyal bilimlerde spss’le veri analizi [Data Analysis with SPSS in Social Sciences]. İstanbul, Beta.
• Pakpour, A. H., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). The fear of CoVId-19 and its role in preventive behaviors. Journal of Concurrent Disorders.
• Qiu, J.; Shen, B.; Zhao, M.; Wang, Z.; Xie, B.; and Xu, Y. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations. Gen Psychiatr. 2020; 33(2): e100213. Published online 2020 Mar 6. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213
• Özdamar, K. (1999). Paket programlar ile istatistiksel veri analizi 1 [Statistical data analysis with package programs 1]. Eskişehir, Kaan Kitabevi.
• Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston, Allyn and Bacon.
• Tan, B. Y., Chew, N. W., Lee, G. K., Jing, M., Goh, Y., Yeo, L. L., ... & Shanmugam, G. N. (2020). Psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health care workers in Singapore. Annals of Internal Medicine, 173(4), 317-320.
• Tavşancıl, E. (2019). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve spss ile veri analizi [Measuring attitudes and data analysis with spss]. Ankara, Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
• Terrizzi Jr, J. A., Shook, N. J., & McDaniel, M. A. (2013). The behavioral immune system and social conservatism: A meta-analysis. Evolution and Human Behavior, 34(2), 99-108.
• Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020a). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health, 17(5), 1729.
• Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., McIntyre, R. S., ... & Ho, C. (2020b). A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 40-48.
• WHO (World Health Organization), 2020, Retreived from https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus2019clid=EAIaIQobChMIiOLuhPf86QIVhe3tCh2xUg75EAAYASAAEgLxHfD_BwE
• Yaşlıoğlu, M.M. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde faktör analizi ve geçerlilik: keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanılması [Factor analysis and validity in social sciences: using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis]. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 46, 74-85.