TURİZM ENDÜSTRİSİNİN TURİST KABUL EDEN TOPLUMLARA ETKİSİ: ANTALYA VE ÇANAKKALE ÖRNEKLERİ

Year 2017, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 153 - 170, 01.01.2017

Ezgi Karakaş Mustafa Boz

Abstract

Turizm endüstrisi ekonomik, sosyal, kültürel ve çevresel bir olgudur. Bu makale başlıca iki bölümden oluşmaktadır. İlk bölümde; turizm endüstrisinin turist kabul eden toplumlar üzerindeki ekonomik, sosyo-kültürel ve çevresel etkileri, alanyazın taranarak incelenmiştir. İkinci bölümde; Antalya ve Çanakkale illerinde yaşayanlar ile yüz yüze alan araştırması yapılarak, turizmin yerel topluluk üzerindeki etkileri konusundaki görüşleri ve algıları ortaya çıkartılmaya çalışılmıştır. Antalya, Türkiye’de en fazla turist ağırlayan ve herşey dahil sistemin yoğun olarak uygulandığı ildir. Çanakkale’de turizm yeni gelişmeye başlayan bir endüstridir ve hedef sektörlerden birisi olarak belirlenmiştir. Farklı özelliklerinden dolayı bu iller arasında karşılaştırma yapmak mümkündür. kullanılmıştır. Evrenin tam sayımı mümkün olmadığı ve evrende herkese ulaşma imkanı bulunmadığı için, örneklemede, ihtimalsiz örnekleme yöntemlerinden kolayda örnekleme tekniği tercih edilmiştir. Antalya ve Canakkale illerinde yaşayan halk ile 2013 yılında yüzyüze anket yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, Antalya ve Çanakkale’de yaşayan halkın algıları ve görüşleri arasında belirgin farklılıklar olduğu ortaya çıkartılmıştır. Bazı bulgular şu şekildedir: Turizmin gelişmesi insanların yabancı bir dil öğrenme ve yabancı kültürlerle aşina olma isteğini arttırmaktadır. Turizm yerel toplulukların sosyal yaşamını geliştirmekte ve kadınların işgücüne katılımına katkı sağlamaktadır. Turizm endüstrisi işsizlik probleminin çözümüne pozitif katkı sağlamaktadır

Keywords

Turizm Endüstrisi Turist Kabul Eden Toplumlar Turizmin Ekonomik Etkileri Turizmin Sosyo-külürel Etkileri Turizmin Çevresel Etkileri

IMPACT OF TOURISM INDUSTRY ON HOST COMMUNITIES: ANTALYA AND CANAKKALE CASES

Abstract

Tourism industry is an economic, social, cultural, and environmental phenomenon. This article consists of mainly two parts: In the first part, economic, sociocultural and environmental impacts of tourism industry on host communities were examined in the light of literature. In the second part, a face to face survey was conducted with residents of Antalya and Canakkale provinces to reveal perceptions and attitudes of host communities about the impacts of tourism on the local community. Antalya is the most tourist receiving city in Turkey and all- inclusive system is implemented heavily. In Canakkale, tourism is a newly developing industry, and identified as one of the target sectors. It is possible to make comparison between these provinces due to their different characteristics. Quantitative research method was used. In sampling convenience sample technic from non-probability sample types was applied because of difficulties to count and reach the whole population. A face to face survey was conducted with residents of Antalya and Canakkale provinces in 2013. At the end of the survey, it was revealed that there are significant differences between perception and attitudes of local people who live in Antalya and Canakkale. Some findings are as below: The development of tourism increases the desire of people to learn a foreign language and to become acquainted with foreign cultures. Tourism improves social life of host communities, and contributes women in participating to labor force. The tourism industry provides a positive contribution to the solution of unemployment problem

Keywords

Tourism Industry Host Communities Economic Impacts of Tourism Sociocultural Impacts of Tourism Environmental Impacts of Tourism

References

• Acharya, P. (2005). Socio-economic Impacts of Tourism in Lumbini, Nepal: A Case Study. Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology. 1, 193-206.
• Alhasanat, S. (2010). Sociocultural Impacts of Tourism on the Local Community at Petra, Jordan. European Journal of Scientific Research. 44(3), 374-386.
• ALTİD (Alanya Turistik İşletmeciler Derneği) (2017). 2015 Ziyaretçi Sayıları. Available: http://www.altid.org.tr/tr/Turizm-Istatistikleri/1906-2015-Ziyaretci-Sayilari.html (accessed March 14, 2017).
• Archer, B., Chris C. and Lisa R. (2005). The positive and negative impacts of tourism. Global Tourism Third edition. Edited by William F. Theobald.
• Ashley, C. (2000). The Impacts of Tourism on Rural Livelihoods: Namibia’s Experience. Overseas Development Institute. Working Paper 128.
• Aydın, S. and Boz, M. (2006). The Importance of Alternate Types of Tourism in the Continuous Development of the Tourism Industry: Antalya Case. Paper presented at TurkKazakh International Tourism Conference: “New Perspectives and Values in World Tourism and Tourism Management in the Future, Alanya, Turkey, November 20-26, 2006.
• Bauer, I. (1999). Tourism in Developing Countries on the Health of the Local Host Communities: The need for more research. The Journal of Tourısm Studıes. 10(1), 1999.
• Baysan, S. (Külçür). (2001). Perceptions of the environmental impacts of tourism: a comparative study of the attitudes of German, Russian and Turkish tourists in Kemer, Antalya. Tourism Geographies 3(2), 218–235.
• Brooks, G. (2001). Heritage at Risk from Tourism. Available: http://www.icomos.org/risk/2001/tourism.htm (accessed June 16, 2016)
• Brunt, P. and Courtney, P. (1999). Host Perceptions of Sociocultural Impacts. Annals of Tourism Research. 26(3), 493-515.
• Chandralal, K. P. L. (2010). Impacts of Tourism and Community Attitude towards Tourism: A Case Study in Sri Lanka. South Asian Journal of Tourism and Heritage. 3(2), 41 – 49.
• Cook, A. R., Laura J. Y. and Marqua, J. J. (2006). Tourism: The Business of Travel. Third Edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
• Enemuo, O. B and Oduntan O. C. (2012). Social Impact of Tourism Development on Host Communities of Osun Oshogbo Sacred Grove. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (JHSS). 2(6), 30-35.
• European Commission. (2007). Environmental Impacts of Tourists. BIO Intelligence Service. 67, 2007.
• Fredline, L., Margaret D. and Leo J. (2006). Development of a Scale to Assess the Social Impact of Tourism within Communities. CRC for Sustainable Tourism Pty Ltd 2006. Technical Reports ISBN 1 920704 60 4.
• Gumus, N. and Ozupekce, S. (2009). Foça’da Turizmin Ekonomik, Sosyal, Kültürel ve Çevresel Etkilerine Yönelik Yerel Halkın Görüşleri. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi [Bağlantıda]. 6:2. 398-417. Available http://www.insanbilimleri.com (accessed March 12, 2013).
• GVIC (Gawler Visitor Information Centre). (2016). The Social & Cultural Impacts of Tourism, Tourism Fact Sheets 5. https://vanweringh8.wikispaces.com/.../5_ (accessed July 14. 2016)
• Haley, A. J., Tim S., and Graham M. (2004). The Social Impacts of Tourism: A Case Study of Bath, UK. Annals of Tourism Research. 32(3), 647-668.
• Ikiara, M. and Okech, C. (2002). Impact of Tourism on Environment in Kenya: Status and Policy. KIPPRA (Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis) Discussion Paper. 19.
• Kabote, F. (2015). Tourism Development and Social Carrying Capacity of Zimbabwe’s Victoria Falls Rural Peripheries. International Journal of Safety and Security in Tourism/Hospitality. 3(1).
• Kreag, G. (2010). The Impacts of Tourism. Available: http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/tourism/pdfs/ImpactsTourism.pdf (accessed May 16, 2010)
• Lamorski, T. and Dabrowski, P. (1977). Tourism and Its Impacts on Biodiversity. The Case Study of Babia Góra National Park / Biosphere Reserve Poland. Case study on Guidelines for the preparation of case studies. International Workshop “Tourism in Mountain Areas” Ecological Tourism in Europe (ETE), Bonn-Germany.
• Ozdemir, M. A. and Kervankiran, I. (2011). Determining the Attitudes of Local People Towards Tourism and Its Effects: A Case Study From Afyonkarahisar. Marmara Cografya Dergisi. No.24, July 2011, 1-25.
• Pickering. C. M., Janice H. and Graeme W. (2003). Environmental Impacts of Tourism on the Australian Alps Protected Areas Judgments of Protected Area Managers. Mountain Research and Development 23(3), 247–254.
• Ratz, T. (2000). The Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism Case of Balaton. Research Support Scheme Electronic Library. http://e-lib.rss.cz (accessed May 10, 2010)
• Scowsill, D. (2015). Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2015, United Kingdom. Report of WTTC. Foreword. The Authority on World Travel & Tourism (2015).
• Stynes, D. J. (1997). Economic Impacts of Tourism: A Handbook for Tourism Professionals Editor: Vanessa Arnold. Tourism Research Laboratory at the University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign.
• Taylor, J. E. (2010). Technical Guidelines for Evaluating the Impacts of Tourism Using Simulation Models. Impact-Evaluation Guidelines Technical Notes No. IDB-TN-229. Office of Strategic Planning and Development Effectiveness. Inter-American Development Bank.
• UNEP (United Nations Environment Program) (2016). Impacts of Tourism. Available: http://www.unep.org/resourceefficiency/Business/SectoralActivities/Tourism/FactsandFigure saboutTourism/ImpactsofTourism/Socio-CulturalImpacts/tabid/78780/Default.aspx (accessed July 14, 2016)
• UNWTO (2012). UNWTO (World Tourism Organization) Annual Report 2011. Madrid: UNWTO
• UNWTO (2013). UNWTO (World Tourism Organization) Annual Report 2012. Madrid: UNWTO.
• Yoon, Y., Gursoy, D. and Chen, J. S. (2001). Validating a Tourism Development Theory with Structural Equation Modeling. Tourism Management, 22 (2001) 363-372.