Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Deciphering France’s Mediterranean and Foreign Policy against Turkey

Year 2021, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 151 - 174, 01.04.2021

Galip Emre Yıldırım

Abstract

France’s policy has become intertwined with its involvement in the Eastern Mediterranean dispute against Turkey as a result of the natural gas discovery in recent years in the region. France’s identification of Turkey as an ‘external enemy’ reflects the former’s political and economic concerns in regard to the Mediterranean gas reserves. Therefore, the envisaged French leadership in the
region insists that the EU adopt an exclusionary political approach toward Turkey with the political and diplomatic support of France for Greece and Cyprus

Keywords

France Türkiye Greece European Union Eastern Mediterranean Islamophobia

References

  • “Aide au Développement évFace à la Chine, la France veut Proposer “une autre voie” aux États Africains,” Le Figaro, (December 17, 2020), retrieved from https://www.lefigaro.fr/conjoncture/aide-au-developpement-face-a-la-chine-la-france-veut-proposer-une-autre-voie-aux-etats-africains-20201217.
  • Timothy Reid, “Strange Bedfellows: Why France’s Emmanuel Macron and His Autocratic Friends Are Attempting to Impose another Strongman in the MENA Region,” Insight Turkey, Vol. 22, No. 4 (2020), pp. 60-61.
  • “Méditerranée : Macron Appelle l’UE à Faire Front Commun Face à la Turquie,” Le Figaro, (September 10, 2020), retrieved from https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/france-pour-macron-l-europe-doit-avoir-une-voix-plus-unie-et-plus-claire-face-a-la-turquie-20200910.
  • “Macron Accuse la Turquie de Travailler 'Parfois avec des Intermédiaires de l’État Islamique,” Le Figaro, (December 3, 2019), retrieved from https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/macron-accuse-la-turquie-de-travailler-parfois-avec-des-intermediaires-de-l-etat-islamique-20191203.
  • Emmanuel Macron, “Propos Liminaire du Président de la République: Conférence de Presse des Membres du Med7,” (March 16, 2020), retrieved from https://www.elysee.fr/front/pdf/elysee-module-15991-fr.pdf.
  • Lamb Harold, Suleiman the Magnificent: Sultan of the East, (Luce Press, 2008).
  • Louis Blin, “Quelle Politique Française en Méditerranée ? ” Cah Orient, Vol. 129, No. 1 (2018), pp. 29-43.
  • Paul A. Silverstein, “France’s Mare Nostrum: Colonial and Post‐colonial Constructions of the French Mediterranean,” Journal of North African Studies, Vol. 7, No. 4 (December 2002), p. 3.
  • Hélène Blais and Florence Deprest, “The Mediterranean, a Territory between France and Colonial Algeria: Imperial Constructions,” European Review of History, Vol. 19, No. 1 (March 2012), pp. 33-57.
  • Denys P. Myers, “The Mandate System of the League of Nations,” Annals of American Academy of Political and Social Science Vol. 96, No. 1 (July 1921), pp. 74-77.
  • Vincent Labouret, “Politique Méditerranéenne de la France,” Politique Étrangère, Vol. 36, No. 5-6, (1971), pp. 489-499.
  • Alessandro Brogi, “Competing Missions: France, Italy, and the Rise of American Hegemony in the Mediterranean,” Diplomatic History, Vol. 30, No. 4 (September 2006), pp. 741-770.
  • Samy Cohen, “De Gaulle et Israël. Le Sens d’une Rupture,” in Élie Barnavi (ed.), La Politique Étrangère du Général de Gaulle, (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1985), pp. 192-202.
  • Giuliano Garavini, “Completing Decolonization: The 1973 ‘Oil Shock’ and the Struggle for Economic Rights,” International Historical Review, Vol. 33, No. 3 (September 2011), pp. 473-487.
  • Mikhaël Harsgor, “Idéologie et Praxis dans la Politique Étrangère du Général de Gaulle,” in Élie Barnavi (ed.), La Politique Étrangère du Général de Gaulle, (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1985), pp. 43-60.
  • Keith Hamilton, “Britain, France, and America’s Year of Europe 1973,” Diplomacy and Statecraft, Vol. 17, No. 4 (December 2006), pp. 871-895.
  • Edward A. Kolodziej, “French Mediterranean Policy: The Politics of Weakness,” International Affairs, Vol. 47, No. 3 (1971), pp. 503-517.
  • Sami Makki, “La Stratégie Américaine en Méditerranée,” Confluences Méditerranée, Vol. 40, No. 1 (2002), pp. 125-140.
  • “Mediterranean Quality Status Report,” UN Environment/MAP—Barcelona Convention Secretariat, (2017) retrieved from https://www.medqsr.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/2017MedQSR_Online_0.pdf.
  • “Nicolas Sarkozy: Si on dit que la Turquie est un pays Européen, c’est qu’on veut la mort de l’Europe,” CNEWS, retrieved on February 8, 2021, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jo9o-7kNo9Y.
  • Présidence de la République Française, Déclaration Commune du Sommet de Paris pour la Méditerranée, Paris, MAE, (July 13, 2008), retrieved from https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/Declaration_commune_UPM_bis.pdf, p. 12-13, (translated by the author).
  • “Sarkozy et Obama s’opposent sur l’entrée de la Turquie dans l’UE,” Libération, (April 5, 2009), retrieved from https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2009/04/05/sarkozy-et-obama-s-opposent-sur-l-entree-de-la-turquie-dans-l-ue_550988/.
  • “Europe’s Growing Muslim Population,” Pew Research Center, (November 29, 2017) retrieved from https://www.pewforum.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2017/11/FULL-REPORT-FOR-WEB-POSTING.pdf.
  • Simon Hadler, “Europe’s Other? The Turks and Shifting Borders of Memory,” European Review of History, Vol. 24, No. 4 (July 2017), pp. 507-526.
  • Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011).
  • Jack Goody, The Theft of History, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
  • Alissa J. Rubin, “Muslims in France say Emergency Powers Go too Far,” The New York Times, (February 18, 2016), retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/18/world/europe/frances-emergency-powers-spur-charges-of-overreach-from-muslims.html?emc=edit_th_20160218&nl=todaysheadlines&nlid=49519343&_r=0.
  • Senem Aydın Düzgit, “Critical Discourse Analysis in Analysing European Union Foreign Policy: Prospects and Challenges,” Cooperation and Conflict, Vol. 49, No. 3 (2014), p. 355.
  • Michael J. Shapiro, “Strategic Discourse/Discursive Strategy: The Representation of ‘Security Policy’ in the Video Age,” International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 34, No. 3 (1990), pp. 331-332.
  • Eckart Woertz and Eduard Soler Lecha, “Populism and Euro-Mediterranean Cooperation: The Barcelona Process 25 Years After,” Mediterranean Politics, (August 2020), p. 7.
  • Piotr Smolar, “En Libye, le Pari Perdu de la France,” Le Monde, (July 26, 2020), retrieved from //www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/06/26/en-libye-le-pari-perdu-de-la-france_6044218_3212.html.
  • Frédéric Bobin and Marc Semo, “Libye: La France Critiquée pour son Rôle Ambigu dans la Crise Actuelle,” Le Monde, (April 12, 2019), retrieved from https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/04/12/la-france-critiquee-pour-son-role-ambigu-dans-le-dossier-libyen_5449212_3212.html.
  • Groupe de Réflexions Mars, “Pourquoi l’intervention de la France en Méditerranée Orientale a été Nécessaire,” La Tribune, (October 6, 2020) retrieved from https://www.latribune.fr/opinions/pourquoi-l-intervention-de-la-france-en-mediterranee-orientale-a-ete-necessaire-858828.html.
  • Emmanuel Macron, “Déclaration du Président de la République après l’attaque Terroriste de Nice,” (October 29, 2020), retrieved from https://www.elysee.fr/emmanuel-macron/2020/10/29/declaration-du-president-emmanuel-macron-apres-lattaque-terroriste-de-nice.
  • Franck Fregosi, “Vers un Islam Officiel… Certifié Républicain?” Libération, (November 22, 2020), retrieved from https://www.liberation.fr/debats/2020/11/22/vers-un-islam-officiel-certifie-republicain_1806376.
  • Jules Pecnard, “Il y a en France une Haine des Musulmans Déguisée en Laïcité,” BFM TV, (November 12, 2020), retrieved from: https://www.bfmtv.com/politique/selon-melenchon-il-y-a-en-france-une-haine-des-musulmans-deguisee-en-laicite_AV-202011120381.html.
  • “Ségolène Royal: ‘Certaines Caricatures de Mahomet sont Insultantes,’” Le Point, (November 16, 2020), retrieved from https://www.lepoint.fr/politique/segolene-royal-certaines-caricatures-de-mahomet-sont-insultantes-16-11-2020-2401221_20.php.
  • Emmanuel Macron, “France Is Against ‘Islamist Separatism’—Never Islam,” Financial Times, (November 4, 2020), retrieved from https://www.ft.com/content/8e459097-4b9a-4e04-a344-4262488e7754.
  • “La France va Poursuivre et Déporter des ‘Familles Étrangères’ Opposées aux Caricatures du Prophète Mahomet,” FR 24 News, (November 20, 2020), retrieved from https://www.fr24news.com/fr/a/2020/11/la-france-va-poursuivre-et-deporter-des-familles-etrangeres-opposees-aux-caricatures-du-prophete-mahomet.html.
  • Gérard Darmanin, Le Séparatisme Islamiste: Manifeste Pour la Laïcité, (Paris: Editions de L’Observatoire, 2021).
  • Mathilde Goupil and Marie-Adélaïde Scigacz, “Tensions entre la Turquie et la France: Bruno Le Maire Juge ‘Inacceptables’ les Menaces de Boycott des Produits Français,” France Info, (October 26, 2020), retrieved from https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/turquie/direct-tensions-entre-la-turquie-et-la-france-erdogan-appelle-l-ue-a-arreter-la-campagne-de-haine-de-macron-contre-les-musulmans_4156723.html.
  • “Karabakh: La France Pointe une ‘Implication Militaire’ Turque,” Le Figaro, (October 7, 2020), retrieved from https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/karabakh-la-france-pointe-une-implication-militaire-turque-20201007.
  • “Des Combattants Syriens Djihadistes au Karabakh selon Macron,” Le Figaro, (October 1, 2020), retrieved from https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/des-combattants-syriens-jihadistes-au-karabakh-selon-macron-20201001.
  • Assemblée Nationale, Proposition de Résolution sur la Protection du Peuple Arménien et des Communautés Chrétiennes d’Europe et d’Orient, (November 10, 2020), retrieved from https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/dyn/opendata/PNREANR5L15B3538.html.
  • Emmanuel Macron, Forum Moyen-Orient Méditerranée de Lugano: “Message du Président Emmanuel Macron,” (August 29, 2020), retrieved from https://www.elysee.fr/emmanuel-macron/2020/08/29/notre-mediterranee-gronde-ecoutez-le-message-du-president-emmanuel-macron-au-forum-moyen-orient-mediterranee-de-lugano.
  • Edmund Ratka, “La Politique Méditerranéenne de Nicolas Sarkozy: Une Vision Française de la Civilisation et du Leadership,” L'Europe en Formation, Vol. 356, No. 2 (2010), pp. 35-51.
  • JORF, “Lois et Décrets N° 277,” Journal Officiel, (November 28, 2008), retrieved from https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/download/pdf?id=5HgRmPiSkKqRFe3tZNiO12xoCtqh9SJ32VBSCt4dzzI=.
  • Richard Gillespie, “Adapting to French ‘Leadership’? Spain’s Role in the Union for the Mediterranean,” Mediterranean Politics, Vol. 16, No. 1 (March 2011), p. 60.
  • EU Council, “European Council Conclusions,” (December 11, 2020), retrieved from: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/47296/1011-12-20-euco-conclusions-en.pdf.
  • Ana Stanič and Sohbet Karbuz, “The Challenges Facing Eastern Mediterranean Gas and How International Law Can Help Overcome Them,” Journal of Energy and Natural Resources Law, (2020), p.5
  • Hulusi Akar, “Turkey’s Military and Defense Policies,” Insight Turkey, Vol. 22, No. 3 (September 2020), p. 13.
  • Sinan Ülgen, “The Evolving EU, NATO, and Turkey Relationship,” in Burwell Frances (ed.), The Evolution of U.S.-Turkish Relations in a Transatlantic Context, (Strategic Studies Institute, 2008), pp. 97-110; Erdal Tatlı, “Turkey Turns Cold to European Defense: Implications for Western Security,” The Washington Institute, (June 2, 2008), retrieved from https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/turkey-turns-cold-to-european-defense-implications-for-western-security.
  • “Energy Community Work Programme 2020-2021,” Energy Community Secretariat, (December 13, 2019), retrieved from https://www.energy-community.org/documents/WP.html.
  • Nicolas Mazzucchi, “Méditerranée Orientale: Les Hydrocarbures de la Discorde,” Revue Défense Nationale, Vol. 822, No. 7 (2019), pp. 27-32.
  • John Gibson, “Integrated Coastal Zone Management Law in the European Union,” Coastal Management, Vol. 31, No. 2 (April 2003), p. 132.
  • Cihat Yaycı, “Doğu Akdeniz’de Yetki Alanlarının Paylaşılması Sorunu Ve Türkiye,” Bilge Strat, Vol. 4, No. 6 (June 2012), pp. 40-41.
  • “United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,” UN, retrieved from https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/MTDSG/Volume%20II/Chapter%20XXI/XXI-6.en.pdf.
  • Sergio Cinnirella et al., “Steps Toward a Shared Governance Response for Achieving Good Environmental Status in the Mediterranean Sea,” Ecology and Society, Vol. 19, No. 4 (2014), p. 3.
  • Cinnirella et al., “Steps Toward a Shared Governance Response for Achieving Good Environmental Status in the Mediterranean Sea,” p. 3.
  • Pierre Maurer, “Séparatisme: La Conférence des Évêques de France Critique une “Loi Répressive” qui Donne “Le Sentiment que les Croyants sont des Citoyens dont il Faudrait se Méfier,”” Sénat, (February 3, 2021), retrieved from https://www.publicsenat.fr/article/parlementaire/separatisme-la-conference-des-eveques-de-france-critique-une-loi-repressive.

فكّ رموز سياسة فرنسا المتوسطية والخارجية ضد تركيا

Year 2021, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 151 - 174, 01.04.2021

Galip Emre Yıldırım

Abstract

يمكن تحليل سياسة فرنسا المتوسطية من منظور تاريخي، ومن خلال عناصرها الجيوسياسية والجيوثقافية، مثل معضلة الحضارة الغربية والشرقية، وخلفية الاستعمار. أصبحت سياسة فرنسا متشابكة مع تورطها في نزاع شرق البحر المتوسط ضد تركيا؛ نتيجة اكتشاف الغاز الطبيعي في المنطقة في السنوات الأخيرة. يعكس تحديد فرنسا الجمهورية التركية على أنها "عدو خارجي" المخاوفَ السياسية والاقتصادية للأولى فيما يتعلق باحتياطيات الغاز في البحر المتوسط. لذلك تصرّ فرنسا في إطار تصورها لقيادة المنطقة على أن يتبنى الاتحاد الأوروبي نهجًا سياسيًّا إقصائيًّا تجاه تركيا، من خلال دعم سياسي ودبلوماسي من فرنسا لليونان وقبرص.

Keywords

فرنسا تركيا اليونان الاتحاد الأوروبي شرق المتوسط الإسلاموفوبيا

References

  • “Aide au Développement évFace à la Chine, la France veut Proposer “une autre voie” aux États Africains,” Le Figaro, (December 17, 2020), retrieved from https://www.lefigaro.fr/conjoncture/aide-au-developpement-face-a-la-chine-la-france-veut-proposer-une-autre-voie-aux-etats-africains-20201217.
  • Timothy Reid, “Strange Bedfellows: Why France’s Emmanuel Macron and His Autocratic Friends Are Attempting to Impose another Strongman in the MENA Region,” Insight Turkey, Vol. 22, No. 4 (2020), pp. 60-61.
  • “Méditerranée : Macron Appelle l’UE à Faire Front Commun Face à la Turquie,” Le Figaro, (September 10, 2020), retrieved from https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/france-pour-macron-l-europe-doit-avoir-une-voix-plus-unie-et-plus-claire-face-a-la-turquie-20200910.
  • “Macron Accuse la Turquie de Travailler 'Parfois avec des Intermédiaires de l’État Islamique,” Le Figaro, (December 3, 2019), retrieved from https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/macron-accuse-la-turquie-de-travailler-parfois-avec-des-intermediaires-de-l-etat-islamique-20191203.
  • Emmanuel Macron, “Propos Liminaire du Président de la République: Conférence de Presse des Membres du Med7,” (March 16, 2020), retrieved from https://www.elysee.fr/front/pdf/elysee-module-15991-fr.pdf.
  • Lamb Harold, Suleiman the Magnificent: Sultan of the East, (Luce Press, 2008).
  • Louis Blin, “Quelle Politique Française en Méditerranée ? ” Cah Orient, Vol. 129, No. 1 (2018), pp. 29-43.
  • Paul A. Silverstein, “France’s Mare Nostrum: Colonial and Post‐colonial Constructions of the French Mediterranean,” Journal of North African Studies, Vol. 7, No. 4 (December 2002), p. 3.
  • Hélène Blais and Florence Deprest, “The Mediterranean, a Territory between France and Colonial Algeria: Imperial Constructions,” European Review of History, Vol. 19, No. 1 (March 2012), pp. 33-57.
  • Denys P. Myers, “The Mandate System of the League of Nations,” Annals of American Academy of Political and Social Science Vol. 96, No. 1 (July 1921), pp. 74-77.
  • Vincent Labouret, “Politique Méditerranéenne de la France,” Politique Étrangère, Vol. 36, No. 5-6, (1971), pp. 489-499.
  • Alessandro Brogi, “Competing Missions: France, Italy, and the Rise of American Hegemony in the Mediterranean,” Diplomatic History, Vol. 30, No. 4 (September 2006), pp. 741-770.
  • Samy Cohen, “De Gaulle et Israël. Le Sens d’une Rupture,” in Élie Barnavi (ed.), La Politique Étrangère du Général de Gaulle, (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1985), pp. 192-202.
  • Giuliano Garavini, “Completing Decolonization: The 1973 ‘Oil Shock’ and the Struggle for Economic Rights,” International Historical Review, Vol. 33, No. 3 (September 2011), pp. 473-487.
  • Mikhaël Harsgor, “Idéologie et Praxis dans la Politique Étrangère du Général de Gaulle,” in Élie Barnavi (ed.), La Politique Étrangère du Général de Gaulle, (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1985), pp. 43-60.
  • Keith Hamilton, “Britain, France, and America’s Year of Europe 1973,” Diplomacy and Statecraft, Vol. 17, No. 4 (December 2006), pp. 871-895.
  • Edward A. Kolodziej, “French Mediterranean Policy: The Politics of Weakness,” International Affairs, Vol. 47, No. 3 (1971), pp. 503-517.
  • Sami Makki, “La Stratégie Américaine en Méditerranée,” Confluences Méditerranée, Vol. 40, No. 1 (2002), pp. 125-140.
  • “Mediterranean Quality Status Report,” UN Environment/MAP—Barcelona Convention Secretariat, (2017) retrieved from https://www.medqsr.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/2017MedQSR_Online_0.pdf.
  • “Nicolas Sarkozy: Si on dit que la Turquie est un pays Européen, c’est qu’on veut la mort de l’Europe,” CNEWS, retrieved on February 8, 2021, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jo9o-7kNo9Y.
  • Présidence de la République Française, Déclaration Commune du Sommet de Paris pour la Méditerranée, Paris, MAE, (July 13, 2008), retrieved from https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/Declaration_commune_UPM_bis.pdf, p. 12-13, (translated by the author).
  • “Sarkozy et Obama s’opposent sur l’entrée de la Turquie dans l’UE,” Libération, (April 5, 2009), retrieved from https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2009/04/05/sarkozy-et-obama-s-opposent-sur-l-entree-de-la-turquie-dans-l-ue_550988/.
  • “Europe’s Growing Muslim Population,” Pew Research Center, (November 29, 2017) retrieved from https://www.pewforum.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2017/11/FULL-REPORT-FOR-WEB-POSTING.pdf.
  • Simon Hadler, “Europe’s Other? The Turks and Shifting Borders of Memory,” European Review of History, Vol. 24, No. 4 (July 2017), pp. 507-526.
  • Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011).
  • Jack Goody, The Theft of History, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
  • Alissa J. Rubin, “Muslims in France say Emergency Powers Go too Far,” The New York Times, (February 18, 2016), retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/18/world/europe/frances-emergency-powers-spur-charges-of-overreach-from-muslims.html?emc=edit_th_20160218&nl=todaysheadlines&nlid=49519343&_r=0.
  • Senem Aydın Düzgit, “Critical Discourse Analysis in Analysing European Union Foreign Policy: Prospects and Challenges,” Cooperation and Conflict, Vol. 49, No. 3 (2014), p. 355.
  • Michael J. Shapiro, “Strategic Discourse/Discursive Strategy: The Representation of ‘Security Policy’ in the Video Age,” International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 34, No. 3 (1990), pp. 331-332.
  • Eckart Woertz and Eduard Soler Lecha, “Populism and Euro-Mediterranean Cooperation: The Barcelona Process 25 Years After,” Mediterranean Politics, (August 2020), p. 7.
  • Piotr Smolar, “En Libye, le Pari Perdu de la France,” Le Monde, (July 26, 2020), retrieved from //www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/06/26/en-libye-le-pari-perdu-de-la-france_6044218_3212.html.
  • Frédéric Bobin and Marc Semo, “Libye: La France Critiquée pour son Rôle Ambigu dans la Crise Actuelle,” Le Monde, (April 12, 2019), retrieved from https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/04/12/la-france-critiquee-pour-son-role-ambigu-dans-le-dossier-libyen_5449212_3212.html.
  • Groupe de Réflexions Mars, “Pourquoi l’intervention de la France en Méditerranée Orientale a été Nécessaire,” La Tribune, (October 6, 2020) retrieved from https://www.latribune.fr/opinions/pourquoi-l-intervention-de-la-france-en-mediterranee-orientale-a-ete-necessaire-858828.html.
  • Emmanuel Macron, “Déclaration du Président de la République après l’attaque Terroriste de Nice,” (October 29, 2020), retrieved from https://www.elysee.fr/emmanuel-macron/2020/10/29/declaration-du-president-emmanuel-macron-apres-lattaque-terroriste-de-nice.
  • Franck Fregosi, “Vers un Islam Officiel… Certifié Républicain?” Libération, (November 22, 2020), retrieved from https://www.liberation.fr/debats/2020/11/22/vers-un-islam-officiel-certifie-republicain_1806376.
  • Jules Pecnard, “Il y a en France une Haine des Musulmans Déguisée en Laïcité,” BFM TV, (November 12, 2020), retrieved from: https://www.bfmtv.com/politique/selon-melenchon-il-y-a-en-france-une-haine-des-musulmans-deguisee-en-laicite_AV-202011120381.html.
  • “Ségolène Royal: ‘Certaines Caricatures de Mahomet sont Insultantes,’” Le Point, (November 16, 2020), retrieved from https://www.lepoint.fr/politique/segolene-royal-certaines-caricatures-de-mahomet-sont-insultantes-16-11-2020-2401221_20.php.
  • Emmanuel Macron, “France Is Against ‘Islamist Separatism’—Never Islam,” Financial Times, (November 4, 2020), retrieved from https://www.ft.com/content/8e459097-4b9a-4e04-a344-4262488e7754.
  • “La France va Poursuivre et Déporter des ‘Familles Étrangères’ Opposées aux Caricatures du Prophète Mahomet,” FR 24 News, (November 20, 2020), retrieved from https://www.fr24news.com/fr/a/2020/11/la-france-va-poursuivre-et-deporter-des-familles-etrangeres-opposees-aux-caricatures-du-prophete-mahomet.html.
  • Gérard Darmanin, Le Séparatisme Islamiste: Manifeste Pour la Laïcité, (Paris: Editions de L’Observatoire, 2021).
  • Mathilde Goupil and Marie-Adélaïde Scigacz, “Tensions entre la Turquie et la France: Bruno Le Maire Juge ‘Inacceptables’ les Menaces de Boycott des Produits Français,” France Info, (October 26, 2020), retrieved from https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/turquie/direct-tensions-entre-la-turquie-et-la-france-erdogan-appelle-l-ue-a-arreter-la-campagne-de-haine-de-macron-contre-les-musulmans_4156723.html.
  • “Karabakh: La France Pointe une ‘Implication Militaire’ Turque,” Le Figaro, (October 7, 2020), retrieved from https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/karabakh-la-france-pointe-une-implication-militaire-turque-20201007.
  • “Des Combattants Syriens Djihadistes au Karabakh selon Macron,” Le Figaro, (October 1, 2020), retrieved from https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/des-combattants-syriens-jihadistes-au-karabakh-selon-macron-20201001.
  • Assemblée Nationale, Proposition de Résolution sur la Protection du Peuple Arménien et des Communautés Chrétiennes d’Europe et d’Orient, (November 10, 2020), retrieved from https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/dyn/opendata/PNREANR5L15B3538.html.
  • Emmanuel Macron, Forum Moyen-Orient Méditerranée de Lugano: “Message du Président Emmanuel Macron,” (August 29, 2020), retrieved from https://www.elysee.fr/emmanuel-macron/2020/08/29/notre-mediterranee-gronde-ecoutez-le-message-du-president-emmanuel-macron-au-forum-moyen-orient-mediterranee-de-lugano.
  • Edmund Ratka, “La Politique Méditerranéenne de Nicolas Sarkozy: Une Vision Française de la Civilisation et du Leadership,” L'Europe en Formation, Vol. 356, No. 2 (2010), pp. 35-51.
  • JORF, “Lois et Décrets N° 277,” Journal Officiel, (November 28, 2008), retrieved from https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/download/pdf?id=5HgRmPiSkKqRFe3tZNiO12xoCtqh9SJ32VBSCt4dzzI=.
  • Richard Gillespie, “Adapting to French ‘Leadership’? Spain’s Role in the Union for the Mediterranean,” Mediterranean Politics, Vol. 16, No. 1 (March 2011), p. 60.
  • EU Council, “European Council Conclusions,” (December 11, 2020), retrieved from: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/47296/1011-12-20-euco-conclusions-en.pdf.
  • Ana Stanič and Sohbet Karbuz, “The Challenges Facing Eastern Mediterranean Gas and How International Law Can Help Overcome Them,” Journal of Energy and Natural Resources Law, (2020), p.5
  • Hulusi Akar, “Turkey’s Military and Defense Policies,” Insight Turkey, Vol. 22, No. 3 (September 2020), p. 13.
  • Sinan Ülgen, “The Evolving EU, NATO, and Turkey Relationship,” in Burwell Frances (ed.), The Evolution of U.S.-Turkish Relations in a Transatlantic Context, (Strategic Studies Institute, 2008), pp. 97-110; Erdal Tatlı, “Turkey Turns Cold to European Defense: Implications for Western Security,” The Washington Institute, (June 2, 2008), retrieved from https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/turkey-turns-cold-to-european-defense-implications-for-western-security.
  • “Energy Community Work Programme 2020-2021,” Energy Community Secretariat, (December 13, 2019), retrieved from https://www.energy-community.org/documents/WP.html.
  • Nicolas Mazzucchi, “Méditerranée Orientale: Les Hydrocarbures de la Discorde,” Revue Défense Nationale, Vol. 822, No. 7 (2019), pp. 27-32.
  • John Gibson, “Integrated Coastal Zone Management Law in the European Union,” Coastal Management, Vol. 31, No. 2 (April 2003), p. 132.
  • Cihat Yaycı, “Doğu Akdeniz’de Yetki Alanlarının Paylaşılması Sorunu Ve Türkiye,” Bilge Strat, Vol. 4, No. 6 (June 2012), pp. 40-41.
  • “United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,” UN, retrieved from https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/MTDSG/Volume%20II/Chapter%20XXI/XXI-6.en.pdf.
  • Sergio Cinnirella et al., “Steps Toward a Shared Governance Response for Achieving Good Environmental Status in the Mediterranean Sea,” Ecology and Society, Vol. 19, No. 4 (2014), p. 3.
  • Cinnirella et al., “Steps Toward a Shared Governance Response for Achieving Good Environmental Status in the Mediterranean Sea,” p. 3.
  • Pierre Maurer, “Séparatisme: La Conférence des Évêques de France Critique une “Loi Répressive” qui Donne “Le Sentiment que les Croyants sont des Citoyens dont il Faudrait se Méfier,”” Sénat, (February 3, 2021), retrieved from https://www.publicsenat.fr/article/parlementaire/separatisme-la-conference-des-eveques-de-france-critique-une-loi-repressive.
There are 60 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Arabic
Subjects European and Region Studies, Turkish Foreign Policy, International Relations (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Galip Emre Yıldırım

Publication Date April 1, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 10 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Yıldırım, G. E. (2021). فكّ رموز سياسة فرنسا المتوسطية والخارجية ضد تركيا. Rouya Türkiyyah, 10(2), 151-174.
AMA Yıldırım GE. فكّ رموز سياسة فرنسا المتوسطية والخارجية ضد تركيا. Rouya Türkiyyah. April 2021;10(2):151-174.
Chicago Yıldırım, Galip Emre. “فكّ رموز سياسة فرنسا المتوسطية والخارجية ضد تركيا”. Rouya Türkiyyah 10, no. 2 (April 2021): 151-74.
EndNote Yıldırım GE (April 1, 2021) فكّ رموز سياسة فرنسا المتوسطية والخارجية ضد تركيا. Rouya Türkiyyah 10 2 151–174.
IEEE G. E. Yıldırım, “فكّ رموز سياسة فرنسا المتوسطية والخارجية ضد تركيا”, Rouya Türkiyyah, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 151–174, 2021.
ISNAD Yıldırım, Galip Emre. “فكّ رموز سياسة فرنسا المتوسطية والخارجية ضد تركيا”. Rouya Türkiyyah 10/2 (April 2021), 151-174.
JAMA Yıldırım GE. فكّ رموز سياسة فرنسا المتوسطية والخارجية ضد تركيا. Rouya Türkiyyah. 2021;10:151–174.
MLA Yıldırım, Galip Emre. “فكّ رموز سياسة فرنسا المتوسطية والخارجية ضد تركيا”. Rouya Türkiyyah, vol. 10, no. 2, 2021, pp. 151-74.
Vancouver Yıldırım GE. فكّ رموز سياسة فرنسا المتوسطية والخارجية ضد تركيا. Rouya Türkiyyah. 2021;10(2):151-74.