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اتفاقية التجارة الحرة بين تركيا والمملكة المتحدة في سياق الدبلوماسية الاقتصادية

Year 2022, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 147 - 172, 01.01.2022

Kaan Yiğenoğlu

Abstract

يتناول هذ البحث العلاقة بين الدبلوماسية الاقتصادية واتفاقيات التجارة الحرة، من خلال التركيز على اتفاقيات التجارة الحرة بين تركيا والمملكة البريطانية المتحدة التي دخلت حيز التنفيذ في عام 2021. في البداية، يقدم البحث مفهوم الدبلوماسية الاقتصادية، وهي قضية مهمّة، لأنّها تؤكد أن اتفاقيات التجارية الثنائية التي تفضلها العديد من الدول في الوقت الحاضر؛ يمكن استخدامها أداة للدبلوماسية الاقتصادية. ثم يناقش البحث تاريخ وتطور اتفاقيات التجارة الحرة التي وقعتها تركيا، بما في ذلك تجربتها الطويلة في التكامل الاقتصادي مع الاتحاد الأوروبي. وقد بدأت جهود تركيا في إبرام اتفاقيات التجارة الحرة في التسعينيات، لكنها تركزت وتسارعت منذ مطالع الألفة الثالثة. ويستند البحث كذلك إلى الأسباب الاقتصادية والسياسية الكامنة وراء الاتفاقيات الاقتصادية الحرة في تلخيص أسباب توصل تركيا والمملكة المتحدة إلى مثل هذه الاتفاقيات. ويختتم البحث بتحليل العلاقات الاقتصادية بين البلدين، ويتناول تفصيلات الاتفاقية في سياق التغييرات التي توفرها.

Keywords

الدبلوماسية الاقتصادية اتفاقيات التجارة التفضيلية اتفاقية التجارة الحرة بين تركيا والمملكة المتحدة

References

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  • Peter A.G. van Bergeijk and Selwyn J.V. Moons, “Introduction to the Research Handbook on Economic Diplomacy,” in Peter A.G. van Bergeijk and Selwyn J.V. Moons (Eds.), Research Handbook on Economic Diplomacy: Bilateral Relations in a Context of Geopolitical Change, (UK: Edward Elgar, 2018), p. 3.
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  • Sadık Ünay, “Economic Diplomacy for Competitiveness: Globalization and Turkey’s New Foreign Policy,” Perceptions, Vol. 15, No. 3-4 (Winter 2010), pp. 21-47.
  • Shahin Vallée, “Turkey’s Economic and Financial Diplomacy,” Turkish Policy Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 4 (Winter 2010), pp. 63-72.
  • Tahsin Yamak and Emre Saygın, “Turkey’s Economic Power Potential: Turkiye WealthFundPracticeas an ‘EconomicDiplomacy’ Instrument,” Fiscaoeconomia, Vol. 3, No. 1 (2019), pp. 88-114.
  • Kemal Kirişci, “The Transformation of Turkish Foreign Policy: The Rise of the Trading State,” New Perspectives on Turkey, Vol. 40, (2009), p. 33
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  • ويُسمَّى أيضًا سياسة الاكتفاء الذاتي وإيجاد السوق المحلي. المترجم.
  • Zülküf Aydın, The Political Economy of Turkey, (London: Pluto Press, 2005).
  • كوركوت بوراتاو، تاريخ الاقتصاد التركي / Türkiye İktisat Tarihi، (أنقرة، مكتبة İmge، 2012).
  • Kirişci, “The Transformation of Turkish Foreign Policy,” pp. 29-57.
  • “From Crisis to Financial Stability (Turkey Experience),” BDDK, (December 29, 2009) retrieved from http://images.mofcom.gov.cn/tr/accessory/201006/1276394632957.PDF.
  • “Merkez Bankası Para Politikası Çerçevesi,” TCMB, retrieved February 10, 2021, from https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/tr/tcmb+tr/main+menu/temel+faaliyetler/para+politikasi/para+politikasi+cerceve.
  • Menderes Çınar, “Turkey’s Transformationunderthe AKPartyRule,” TheMuslim World, Vol. 96. (2006), pp. 469-486.
  • Ünay, “Economic Diplomacy for Competitiveness,” pp. 21-47.
  • “Yürürlükte Bulunan STA’lar,” Republic of Turkey Ministry of Trade, retrieved February 10, 2021, from https://ticaret.gov.tr/dis-iliskiler/serbest-ticaret-anlasmalari/yururlukte-bulunan stalar#:~:text=22%20STA'm%C4%B1z%20ise%20(EFTA,ve%20Birle%C5%9Fik%20Krall%C4%B1k)%20h%C3%A2lihaz%C4%B1rda%20y%C3%BCr%C3%BCrl%C3%BCktedir.
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  • “Turkey Central Government Budget,” Trading Economics, retrieved February 10, 2021, from https://tradingeconomics.com/turkey/government-budget.
  • “Turkey’s Top Export Countries,” Doing Business in Turkey, (January 28, 2019), retrieved from https://doingbusinessinturkey.com/turkeys-top-export-countries/.
  • “Labor Force Statistics,” Turkstat, (February 10, 2021), retrieved from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Labour-Force-Statistics-November-2020-37480.
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The Turkey-UK Free Trade Agreement in Terms of Economic Diplomacy

Year 2022, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 147 - 172, 01.01.2022

Kaan Yiğenoğlu

Abstract

This article scrutinizes relations between economic diplomacy and free trade agreements by focusing on the Turkey-UK free trade agreements which came into force in 2021. Accordingly, the article first introduces the concept of economic diplomacy, an important issue as it has been shown that bilateral trade agreements, nowadays preferred by many countries, can be used as a tool of economic diplomacy. The article then discusses the history and development of free trade agreements signed by Turkey, including its long-running experience of economic integration with the European Union. Based on economic and political reasons underlying the free economic agreements, the reasons why Turkey and the UK have reached such an agreement are summarized. Economic relations between the two countries are then analyzed and the details of the agreement are investigated in the context of the changes that it provides.

Keywords

Economic Diplomacy Preferential Trade Agreements Turkey-UK Free Trade Agreements

References

  • جامعة وان، تركيا.
  • BéatriceDedinger, “TradeStatistics of the Zollverein, 1834-1871,” Cairn, Vol. 140, No. 4 (2015), retrieved August 31, 2021, from https://www.cairn.info/revue-de-l-ofce-2015-4-page-67.html.
  • A. A. Iliasu, “The Cobden-Chevalier Commercial Treaty of 1860,” The Historical Journal, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1971), p. 67.
  • Marek Dabrowski, “The Economic and Monetary Union: Past, Present and Future,”Econstor, (2019), retrieved from https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/227642.
  • Anne O. Krueger, “Are Preferential Trading Arrangements Trade-Liberalizing or Protectionist?” Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 13, No. 4 (1999), p. 106.
  • Larry Neal, The Economics of Europe and the European Union, (UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 34-36.
  • “Globalization, Growth, and Poverty: Building an Inclusive World Economy,” World Bank, (2002), retrieved August 31, 2021, from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/14051?locale-attribute=fr.
  • Maria Ewa Szatlach, “The Importance of Economic Diplomacy in the Era of Globalization (The Case of China),” Repozytorium, (2015), retrieved August 31, 2021, from http://repozytorium.U.K.w.edu.pl/bitstream/handle/item/4200/The%20importance%20of%20economic%20diplomacy%20in%20the%20era%20of%20globalization%20the%20case%20of%20China.pdf?sequence=1.
  • Nicholas Bayne and Stephen Woolcock, “What Is Economic Diplomacy?” in Nicholas Bayne and Stephen Woolcok (eds.), The New Economic Diplomacy: Decision-Making and Negotiation, (UK and U.S.: Ashgate, 2007), p. 1.
  • Stephen Woolcock and Nicholas Bayne, “Economic Diplomacy,” in Andrew Cooper, Jorge Heine, and Ramesh Thakur (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy, (UK: Oxford University Press, 2013), p. 385.
  • Peter A.G. Van Bergeijk and Selwyn J.V. Moons, “Economic Diplomacy and Economic Security,” in Carla Guapo Costa (ed.), New Frontiers for Economic Diplomacy, (Instituto Superior de Ciencas Socias e Politicas, 2009), p. 38.
  • Peter A.G. Van Bergeijk, Economic Diplomacy and the Geography of International Trade, (U.S.: Edward Elgar, 2009), pp. 173-174.
  • Peter A.G. van Bergeijk and Selwyn J.V. Moons, “Introduction to the Research Handbook on Economic Diplomacy,” in Peter A.G. van Bergeijk and Selwyn J.V. Moons (Eds.), Research Handbook on Economic Diplomacy: Bilateral Relations in a Context of Geopolitical Change, (UK: Edward Elgar, 2018), p. 3.
  • Mehmet Öğütçü and Raymond Saner, “Fine-Tuning Turkey’s Economic Diplomacy,” Eurasia Critic Magazine, (2008), retrieved August 31, 2021, from http://www.diplomacydialogue.org/publications/economic-diplomacy/80-fine-tuning-turkeys-economic-diplomacy.html.
  • Mehmet Öğütçü, “Turkey’s New Economic Diplomacy: Balancing Commercial Interests with Geopolitical Goals,” Turkish Policy Quarterly, No. 1 (Spring, 2002), retrieved August 31, 2021, from http://turkishpolicy.com/images/stories/2002-01-futureofTRpolicy/TPQ2002-1-ogutcu.pdf.
  • Alessandro Paolo, “Turkey in Africa: Where Economic Diplomacy Meets Islamic Appeal,” African Studies Centre, (2015), retrieved August 31, 2021, from https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A3144063/view.
  • Uğur Ünal, “Economic Diplomacy of Turkey in The Context of Politics of Prestige in Foreign Economic Relations (A Research on Foreign Economic Relations Board DEIK – Global Horizon of the Turkish Business Community),” C.Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, Vol. 20, No. 1 (2019), retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/cumuiibf/issue/45599/551160 , pp. 30-53.
  • Sadık Ünay, “Economic Diplomacy for Competitiveness: Globalization and Turkey’s New Foreign Policy,” Perceptions, Vol. 15, No. 3-4 (Winter 2010), pp. 21-47.
  • Shahin Vallée, “Turkey’s Economic and Financial Diplomacy,” Turkish Policy Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 4 (Winter 2010), pp. 63-72.
  • Tahsin Yamak and Emre Saygın, “Turkey’s Economic Power Potential: Turkiye WealthFundPracticeas an ‘EconomicDiplomacy’ Instrument,” Fiscaoeconomia, Vol. 3, No. 1 (2019), pp. 88-114.
  • Kemal Kirişci, “The Transformation of Turkish Foreign Policy: The Rise of the Trading State,” New Perspectives on Turkey, Vol. 40, (2009), p. 33
  • Richard Rosecrance, The Rise of the Virtual State: Wealth and Power in the Coming State, (New York: Basic Books, 1999), p. 27.
  • ويُسمَّى أيضًا سياسة الاكتفاء الذاتي وإيجاد السوق المحلي. المترجم.
  • Zülküf Aydın, The Political Economy of Turkey, (London: Pluto Press, 2005).
  • كوركوت بوراتاو، تاريخ الاقتصاد التركي / Türkiye İktisat Tarihi، (أنقرة، مكتبة İmge، 2012).
  • Kirişci, “The Transformation of Turkish Foreign Policy,” pp. 29-57.
  • “From Crisis to Financial Stability (Turkey Experience),” BDDK, (December 29, 2009) retrieved from http://images.mofcom.gov.cn/tr/accessory/201006/1276394632957.PDF.
  • “Merkez Bankası Para Politikası Çerçevesi,” TCMB, retrieved February 10, 2021, from https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/tr/tcmb+tr/main+menu/temel+faaliyetler/para+politikasi/para+politikasi+cerceve.
  • Menderes Çınar, “Turkey’s Transformationunderthe AKPartyRule,” TheMuslim World, Vol. 96. (2006), pp. 469-486.
  • Ünay, “Economic Diplomacy for Competitiveness,” pp. 21-47.
  • “Yürürlükte Bulunan STA’lar,” Republic of Turkey Ministry of Trade, retrieved February 10, 2021, from https://ticaret.gov.tr/dis-iliskiler/serbest-ticaret-anlasmalari/yururlukte-bulunan stalar#:~:text=22%20STA'm%C4%B1z%20ise%20(EFTA,ve%20Birle%C5%9Fik%20Krall%C4%B1k)%20h%C3%A2lihaz%C4%B1rda%20y%C3%BCr%C3%BCrl%C3%BCktedir.
  • “World Economic Outlook: Growth Slowdown, Precarious Recovery,” International Monetary Fund, (2019).
  • “Turkey Government Debt to GDP,” Trading Economics, retrieved February 10, 2021, from https://tradingeconomics.com/turkey/government-debt-to-gdp.
  • “Turkey Central Government Budget,” Trading Economics, retrieved February 10, 2021, from https://tradingeconomics.com/turkey/government-budget.
  • “Turkey’s Top Export Countries,” Doing Business in Turkey, (January 28, 2019), retrieved from https://doingbusinessinturkey.com/turkeys-top-export-countries/.
  • “Labor Force Statistics,” Turkstat, (February 10, 2021), retrieved from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Labour-Force-Statistics-November-2020-37480.
  • “Free Trade Agreements.”
  • “Free Trade Agreements.”
  • “EU-UKTrade and Cooperation Agreement: Council Adopts Decision on the Signing,” European Council, (December 29, 2020), retrieved from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2020/12/29/eu-uk-trade-and-cooperation-agreement-council-adopts-decision-on-the-signing/.
  • “Eastern Mediterranean: Turkey Must Immediately End Illegal Drilling Activities,” Europäisches Parlament, (September 17, 2020), retrieved from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/de/press-room/20200910IPR86828/eastern-mediterranean-turkey-must-immediately-end-illegal-drilling-activities.
  • “List of importing markets for a product exported by United Kingdom,” International Trade Centre, (September 17, 2020), retrieved from https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProductCountry_TS.aspx?nvpm=1%7c826%7c%7c%7c%7cTOTAL%7c%7c%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c2%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1
  • “UK total trade: all countries, non-seasonally adjusted” Office for National Statistics, retrieved February 10, 2021, from https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/internationaltrade/datasets/uktotaltradeallcountriesnonseasonallyadjusted
  • “Turkey: Foreign Investment,” Santander, retrieved December 27, 2020, from https://santandertrade.com/en/portal/establish-overseas/turkey/foreign-investment.
  • “Continuing the United Kingdom’s Trade Relationship with the Republic of Turkey,” Department for International Trade.
  • “FDI in Turkey,”The Investment Office of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey, retrieved from https://www.invest.gov.tr/en/whyturkey/pages/fdi-in-turkey.aspx.
  • “FDI in Turkey,”The Investment Office of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey, retrieved from https://www.invest.gov.tr/en/whyturkey/pages/fdi-in-turkey.aspx.
  • “Continuing the United Kingdom’s Trade Relationship with the Republic of Turkey,” Department for International Trade, retrieved January 6, 2021, from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.U.K./government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/948936/ccs1220781734-turkey-trade-pr-accessible.pdf.
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Arabic
Subjects European Union-Turkiye Relations, Turkish Foreign Policy, Politics in International Relations
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Kaan Yiğenoğlu 0000-0002-1961-6601

Publication Date January 1, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 11 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Yiğenoğlu, K. (2022). اتفاقية التجارة الحرة بين تركيا والمملكة المتحدة في سياق الدبلوماسية الاقتصادية. Rouya Türkiyyah, 11(1), 147-172.
AMA Yiğenoğlu K. اتفاقية التجارة الحرة بين تركيا والمملكة المتحدة في سياق الدبلوماسية الاقتصادية. Rouya Türkiyyah. January 2022;11(1):147-172.
Chicago Yiğenoğlu, Kaan. “اتفاقية التجارة الحرة بين تركيا والمملكة المتحدة في سياق الدبلوماسية الاقتصادية”. Rouya Türkiyyah 11, no. 1 (January 2022): 147-72.
EndNote Yiğenoğlu K (January 1, 2022) اتفاقية التجارة الحرة بين تركيا والمملكة المتحدة في سياق الدبلوماسية الاقتصادية. Rouya Türkiyyah 11 1 147–172.
IEEE K. Yiğenoğlu, “اتفاقية التجارة الحرة بين تركيا والمملكة المتحدة في سياق الدبلوماسية الاقتصادية”, Rouya Türkiyyah, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 147–172, 2022.
ISNAD Yiğenoğlu, Kaan. “اتفاقية التجارة الحرة بين تركيا والمملكة المتحدة في سياق الدبلوماسية الاقتصادية”. Rouya Türkiyyah 11/1 (January 2022), 147-172.
JAMA Yiğenoğlu K. اتفاقية التجارة الحرة بين تركيا والمملكة المتحدة في سياق الدبلوماسية الاقتصادية. Rouya Türkiyyah. 2022;11:147–172.
MLA Yiğenoğlu, Kaan. “اتفاقية التجارة الحرة بين تركيا والمملكة المتحدة في سياق الدبلوماسية الاقتصادية”. Rouya Türkiyyah, vol. 11, no. 1, 2022, pp. 147-72.
Vancouver Yiğenoğlu K. اتفاقية التجارة الحرة بين تركيا والمملكة المتحدة في سياق الدبلوماسية الاقتصادية. Rouya Türkiyyah. 2022;11(1):147-72.