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إثيوبيا بين الفيدرالية والتفكّك

Year 2022, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 173 - 194, 01.01.2022

Abstract

تناول هذا البحث بالتحليل اتجاهات التطور في معالجة المسألة الإثنية، إذ واجهت إثيوبيا مشكلات التكامل القومي بعدة مشروعات، حيث مرّت بالنمط الإمبراطوري، ثم بالدولة المركزية، وأخيرًا بالفيدرالية الإثنية. وتميّز كل منها باقتراح وتصور لنظام الحكم، غير أنها لم توفر حلًّا مناسبًا لوقف الحرب الأهلية، وتنامي الوعي القومي، وناقشت الدراسة بشكل خاص سياسات الانتقال في المسألة الإثنية، وخصوصًا ما يتعلق بالنزاع على شكل الدولة بين مشروعَي مَلَس زيناوي، رئيس الوزراء الأسبق، وآبي أحمد، رئيس الوزراء الحالي، إذ اجتهد المشروعان في تقديم حلول للعلاقات تقوم على تحالف الإثنيات كما في الجبهة الثورية الشعبية، أو على الحزب الواحد كما في حزب الازدهار. وفي هذا السياق، يشير التاريخ الإثيوبي إلى أن الحلول الفكرية لاقت قيودًا؛ بسبب الاختلافات الدينية والإثنية.

References

  • - Dr. Edmond J. Keller, "Ethnic Federalism, Fiscal Reform, Development and Democracy in Ethiopia", African Journal of Political Science (Washington D C: the American Political Science Association, Vol. 7, No.1, 2002), pp 31 – 32.
  • - أ. د. إبراهيم أحمد نصر الدين، حركة التحرير الإفريقي في مواجهة النظام السياسي لجنوب إفريقيا (القاهرة: دار اكتشاف، ط1، 2010)، ص ق.
  • - Bahru Zewde, , Society, State, and Identity in African History ( Addis Ababa: African Books Collective, 2008de, p 142.
  • - Asnake Adegehe, Federalism and Ethnic Conflict ……, op., cit., p 46
  • - Lovise Aaelen, Ethnic Federalism and Self-Determination for Nationalities in a Semi-Authoritarian State: the Case of Ethiopia, International Journal on Minority =and Group Rights (London: Minority Rights Group International, No. 13, 2006), ,. P48.
  • - Asnake Adegehe, Federalism and Ethnic Conflict … ., op., cit., pp 27 - 28 .
  • - Kjetil Tronvoll, Ethiopia: A New Start?, ( London: Minority Rights Group International, April 2000) pp 9, 17.
  • - Aregawi Berhe, Origins and Development .. …., op., cit., p 27.
  • - Dr. Paul H. Brietzke, Ethiopia's: "leap in the dark: Federalism and self Determination in the new Constitution", Journal of African Law ( Vol.39 No. 1, 1995), pp 27 - 28.
  • - Ibid.
  • - Yonatan Fessha, Institutional Recognition …., op., cit., pp 335 – 347
  • Assefa A. Lemu , Book Review: “Medemer”,A Book by Dr. Abiy Ahmed (Review of Part I of Medemer), 11-12-19 http://aigaforum.com/article2019/Book-Review-Medemer-by-Abiy.htm
  • Medemer book: Abiy Ahmed speech during his book launch in Addis Ababa, October 19,2019 https://borkena.com/2019/10/19/medemer-book-abiy-ahmed-speech-during-his-book-launch-in-addis-ababa/
  • Jiregna Tadese Terfa, The Political Reform and “Medemer” Discourse: Its Implication for Sustainable Peace in Ethiopia, MA in Intercultural Conflict Management, Alice Salomon University of Applied Science. Berlin: Oktiber 2020, pp 3 – 4.
  • Assefa A. Lemu , OP., Cit.,
  • TPLF Calls Plan to Change EPRDF from Coalition to One Party Illegal, October 16, 2019 https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/7327/TPLF-Calls-Plan-to-Change-EPRDF-from-Coalition-to-One-Party-Illegal
  • - TPLF central committee statement sees disintegration of Ethiopia if ruling coalition isturned to a single party, October 16, 2019.
  • Sara Mokkedem “Abiy Ahmed’s ‘Medemer’ reforms: can it ensure sustainable growth for Ethiopia and what are the challenges facing the new government” Rabat (Morocco), Policy Center for the New South. (policy brief:19/08), September 2019. , pp 1 -4.
  • Chromeextension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/viewer.html?pdfurl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.africaportal.org%2Fdocuments%2FPolicy_brief_Sara_Mokaddem_Anglais.pdf&clen=185688&chunk=true
  • Jiregna Tadese Terfa, Op., Cit., , pp 3 – 4.
  • Jiregna Tadese Terfa, Op., Cit., pp 17 – 20.
  • A proposed administrative shift in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church stokes ethnic, religious tensions 13 September 2019 https://globalvoices.org/2019/09/13/a-proposed-split-in-the-ethiopian-orthodox-church-stokes-ethnic-religious-tensions/
  • SOPHIA DEGE-,Between Heretics and Jews: Inventing Jewish Identities in Ethiopia, Entangentled Religiuos, MÜLLER JewsEast, Center for Religious Studies, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany, 6, 2018, p 327
  • Joint Declaration of Peace and Friendship between Eritrea and Ethiopia, Asmara: July 9, 2018 - أدت خلافات ما بعد سقوط منغستو لأن يكون إعلان جبهة تحرير إريتريا EPLF استقلال الدولة غير كاف لوقف الصراع مع إثيوبيا/ جبهة تيغراي، بل ظلت حالة التوتر سائدة، وبينما كانت حرب 1998 كاشفة عن الأزمة الكامنة بين الجماعتين الإثنيتين، فإن محاولة تكوين تحالف بين أفورقي وآبي أحمد وعبد الله فرماجو تؤكد عمق الخلافات الإثنية، كما أنها من ناحية أخرى، تكشف عن أزمة القيادة والصراع عليها في نطاق إثيوبيا التقليدية.
  • A proposed administrative shift in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church stokes ethnic, religious tensions , Op., Cit.
  • ملخص الإحاطة الصحفية للمتحدث الرسمي باسم وزارة الخارجية الإثيوبية ، 11 نوفمبر 2021. https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100068927120737
  • ملخص الإحاطة الصحفية للمتحدث الرسمي باسم وزارة الخارجية الإثيوبية ، 11 نوفمبر 2021. https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100068927120737
  • JON ABBINK, The Ethiopia Conflict in International Relations and Global Media Discourse, -International Relations, NOV 21 2021, p 26. https://www.e-ir.info/2021/11/21/the-ethiopia-conflict-in-international-relations-and-global-media-discourse/
  • The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Press Release: The TPLF is once again crying wolf to cover up its fresh attacks on civilians October 18, 2021 The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Press Release, October 18, 2021.
  • Sawako Utsumi and Lee Jay Walker, Ethiopia crisis: TPLF forces accused of raping women in the Amhara region, November 10, 2021. https://www.voanews.com/a/amnesty-report-details-accounts-of-rape-by-tigrayan-forces-in-ethiopia-s-amhara-region-/6307309.html
  • TPLF attacks Ethiopian National Defense Forces Base in Tigray, 4 Nov 2020. chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/viewer.html?pdfurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethioembassy.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F11%2FNovember-4-Press-Release-.pdf&clen=161501&chunk=true
  • - Sawako Utsumi and Lee Jay Walker, Ethiopia crisis: TPLF forces accused of raping women in the Amhara region https://www.voanews.com/a/amnesty-report-details-accounts-of-rape-by-tigrayan-forces-in-ethiopia-s-amhara-region-/6307309.html
  • TPLF vows to hold its own elections, calls on gov’t to halt “attempts to dismantle constitutional order” MAY 4, 2020 https://addisstandard.com/news-update-tplf-vows-to-hold-its-own-elections-calls-on-govt-to-halt-attempts-to-dismantle-constitutional-order/
  • - The National Regional Government of Tigray, Statement from the National Regional Government of Tigray Regarding Current Affairs Statement of Position, October 24, 2020.
  • Gordon CampbellOn, On Ethiopia’s Civil War, November 11 , 2021. https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL2111/S00023/on-ethiopias-civil-war.htm
  • Nine anti-gov’t groups team up as Ethiopia recalls ex-soldiers 5 Nov 2021 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/5/nine-anti-abiy-groups-team-up-as-ethiopia-recalls-ex-soldiers
  • Gordon CampbellOn, On Ethiopia’s Civil War, November 11 , 2021. https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL2111/S00023/on-ethiopias-civil-war.htm
  • The Government of National Regional State of Tigray Office of President, Adiss Ababa: December 19, 2021. https://scontent.fyei6-2.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t39.30808-6/269861828_4912417502143808_2189001576756823185_n.jpg?_nc_cat=105&ccb=1-5&_nc_sid=730e14&_nc_ohc=tTcYSl5Jp5UAX_plRv9&tn=ib75lZzlVGNeKeux&_nc_ht=scontent.fyei6-2.fna&oh=00_AT8DL377bG0FlZPgEJmY3dRxpmtQZSFcaR-CQ0J5v4GxSA&oe=61CBFDE9
  • ملخص الإحاطة الصحفية للمتحدث الرسمي باسم وزارة الخارجية الإثيوبية ، 11 نوفمبر 2021. https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100068927120737
  • المرجع السابق.
  • السفارة الإثيوبية في بروكسل، بيان وقف إطلاق النار من جانب واحد في إثيوبيا إنساني وليس حصارًا صادر عن وزارة الخارجية الإثيوبية ن 7 يوليو 21.
  • Editorial Board, A crisis in Ethiopia has been looming for months. Now, it’s here, November 6, 2021 https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/11/07/ethiopia-crisis-abiy-ahmed-tigray-province/ Gordon CampbellOn, Op., Cit.
  • ABDIRASHID DIRIYE KALMOYM Is Ethiopia on the verge of state collapse? https://www.dailysabah.com/opinion/op-ed/is-ethiopia-on-the-verge-of-state-collapse
  • Ibid
  • Editorial Board, Op., Cit.
  • Ghidey Zeratsion,One of TPLF founders, speaks out November 10, 2021 https://borkena.com/2021/11/10/ghidey-zeratsionone-of-tplf-founders-speaks-out/
  • Gordon CampbellOn, On Ethiopia’s Civil War, 11 November 2021. https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL2111/S00023/on-ethiopias-civil-war.htm

Ethiopia: Federalism and Disintegration

Year 2022, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 173 - 194, 01.01.2022

Abstract

This study deals with the trends of the ethnic issue in Ethiopia which has developed several projects to confront its national integration problems. Ethiopia went through the imperial pattern, then the central state, and finally the ethnic federation. Each of these patterns was distinguished by a vision of the government system, but it did not provide an appropriate solution to stop the civil war and the growth of national awareness. The study discusses in particular the politics of transition in the ethnic issue, especially with regard to the conflict over the form of the state between the two projects of Meles Zenawi, the former prime minister, and Abi Ahmed the current prime minister, as the two projects worked hard to offer solutions to relations based on an alliance of ethnicities. In this context, Ethiopian history indicates that intellectual solutions met with limitations, because of religious and ethnic differences. Additionally, the study argues that the main reason of the current crisis is the redistribution of power between the federal government and the government of the Tigray region.

References

  • - Dr. Edmond J. Keller, "Ethnic Federalism, Fiscal Reform, Development and Democracy in Ethiopia", African Journal of Political Science (Washington D C: the American Political Science Association, Vol. 7, No.1, 2002), pp 31 – 32.
  • - أ. د. إبراهيم أحمد نصر الدين، حركة التحرير الإفريقي في مواجهة النظام السياسي لجنوب إفريقيا (القاهرة: دار اكتشاف، ط1، 2010)، ص ق.
  • - Bahru Zewde, , Society, State, and Identity in African History ( Addis Ababa: African Books Collective, 2008de, p 142.
  • - Asnake Adegehe, Federalism and Ethnic Conflict ……, op., cit., p 46
  • - Lovise Aaelen, Ethnic Federalism and Self-Determination for Nationalities in a Semi-Authoritarian State: the Case of Ethiopia, International Journal on Minority =and Group Rights (London: Minority Rights Group International, No. 13, 2006), ,. P48.
  • - Asnake Adegehe, Federalism and Ethnic Conflict … ., op., cit., pp 27 - 28 .
  • - Kjetil Tronvoll, Ethiopia: A New Start?, ( London: Minority Rights Group International, April 2000) pp 9, 17.
  • - Aregawi Berhe, Origins and Development .. …., op., cit., p 27.
  • - Dr. Paul H. Brietzke, Ethiopia's: "leap in the dark: Federalism and self Determination in the new Constitution", Journal of African Law ( Vol.39 No. 1, 1995), pp 27 - 28.
  • - Ibid.
  • - Yonatan Fessha, Institutional Recognition …., op., cit., pp 335 – 347
  • Assefa A. Lemu , Book Review: “Medemer”,A Book by Dr. Abiy Ahmed (Review of Part I of Medemer), 11-12-19 http://aigaforum.com/article2019/Book-Review-Medemer-by-Abiy.htm
  • Medemer book: Abiy Ahmed speech during his book launch in Addis Ababa, October 19,2019 https://borkena.com/2019/10/19/medemer-book-abiy-ahmed-speech-during-his-book-launch-in-addis-ababa/
  • Jiregna Tadese Terfa, The Political Reform and “Medemer” Discourse: Its Implication for Sustainable Peace in Ethiopia, MA in Intercultural Conflict Management, Alice Salomon University of Applied Science. Berlin: Oktiber 2020, pp 3 – 4.
  • Assefa A. Lemu , OP., Cit.,
  • TPLF Calls Plan to Change EPRDF from Coalition to One Party Illegal, October 16, 2019 https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/7327/TPLF-Calls-Plan-to-Change-EPRDF-from-Coalition-to-One-Party-Illegal
  • - TPLF central committee statement sees disintegration of Ethiopia if ruling coalition isturned to a single party, October 16, 2019.
  • Sara Mokkedem “Abiy Ahmed’s ‘Medemer’ reforms: can it ensure sustainable growth for Ethiopia and what are the challenges facing the new government” Rabat (Morocco), Policy Center for the New South. (policy brief:19/08), September 2019. , pp 1 -4.
  • Chromeextension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/viewer.html?pdfurl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.africaportal.org%2Fdocuments%2FPolicy_brief_Sara_Mokaddem_Anglais.pdf&clen=185688&chunk=true
  • Jiregna Tadese Terfa, Op., Cit., , pp 3 – 4.
  • Jiregna Tadese Terfa, Op., Cit., pp 17 – 20.
  • A proposed administrative shift in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church stokes ethnic, religious tensions 13 September 2019 https://globalvoices.org/2019/09/13/a-proposed-split-in-the-ethiopian-orthodox-church-stokes-ethnic-religious-tensions/
  • SOPHIA DEGE-,Between Heretics and Jews: Inventing Jewish Identities in Ethiopia, Entangentled Religiuos, MÜLLER JewsEast, Center for Religious Studies, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany, 6, 2018, p 327
  • Joint Declaration of Peace and Friendship between Eritrea and Ethiopia, Asmara: July 9, 2018 - أدت خلافات ما بعد سقوط منغستو لأن يكون إعلان جبهة تحرير إريتريا EPLF استقلال الدولة غير كاف لوقف الصراع مع إثيوبيا/ جبهة تيغراي، بل ظلت حالة التوتر سائدة، وبينما كانت حرب 1998 كاشفة عن الأزمة الكامنة بين الجماعتين الإثنيتين، فإن محاولة تكوين تحالف بين أفورقي وآبي أحمد وعبد الله فرماجو تؤكد عمق الخلافات الإثنية، كما أنها من ناحية أخرى، تكشف عن أزمة القيادة والصراع عليها في نطاق إثيوبيا التقليدية.
  • A proposed administrative shift in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church stokes ethnic, religious tensions , Op., Cit.
  • ملخص الإحاطة الصحفية للمتحدث الرسمي باسم وزارة الخارجية الإثيوبية ، 11 نوفمبر 2021. https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100068927120737
  • ملخص الإحاطة الصحفية للمتحدث الرسمي باسم وزارة الخارجية الإثيوبية ، 11 نوفمبر 2021. https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100068927120737
  • JON ABBINK, The Ethiopia Conflict in International Relations and Global Media Discourse, -International Relations, NOV 21 2021, p 26. https://www.e-ir.info/2021/11/21/the-ethiopia-conflict-in-international-relations-and-global-media-discourse/
  • The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Press Release: The TPLF is once again crying wolf to cover up its fresh attacks on civilians October 18, 2021 The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Press Release, October 18, 2021.
  • Sawako Utsumi and Lee Jay Walker, Ethiopia crisis: TPLF forces accused of raping women in the Amhara region, November 10, 2021. https://www.voanews.com/a/amnesty-report-details-accounts-of-rape-by-tigrayan-forces-in-ethiopia-s-amhara-region-/6307309.html
  • TPLF attacks Ethiopian National Defense Forces Base in Tigray, 4 Nov 2020. chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/viewer.html?pdfurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethioembassy.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F11%2FNovember-4-Press-Release-.pdf&clen=161501&chunk=true
  • - Sawako Utsumi and Lee Jay Walker, Ethiopia crisis: TPLF forces accused of raping women in the Amhara region https://www.voanews.com/a/amnesty-report-details-accounts-of-rape-by-tigrayan-forces-in-ethiopia-s-amhara-region-/6307309.html
  • TPLF vows to hold its own elections, calls on gov’t to halt “attempts to dismantle constitutional order” MAY 4, 2020 https://addisstandard.com/news-update-tplf-vows-to-hold-its-own-elections-calls-on-govt-to-halt-attempts-to-dismantle-constitutional-order/
  • - The National Regional Government of Tigray, Statement from the National Regional Government of Tigray Regarding Current Affairs Statement of Position, October 24, 2020.
  • Gordon CampbellOn, On Ethiopia’s Civil War, November 11 , 2021. https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL2111/S00023/on-ethiopias-civil-war.htm
  • Nine anti-gov’t groups team up as Ethiopia recalls ex-soldiers 5 Nov 2021 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/5/nine-anti-abiy-groups-team-up-as-ethiopia-recalls-ex-soldiers
  • Gordon CampbellOn, On Ethiopia’s Civil War, November 11 , 2021. https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL2111/S00023/on-ethiopias-civil-war.htm
  • The Government of National Regional State of Tigray Office of President, Adiss Ababa: December 19, 2021. https://scontent.fyei6-2.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t39.30808-6/269861828_4912417502143808_2189001576756823185_n.jpg?_nc_cat=105&ccb=1-5&_nc_sid=730e14&_nc_ohc=tTcYSl5Jp5UAX_plRv9&tn=ib75lZzlVGNeKeux&_nc_ht=scontent.fyei6-2.fna&oh=00_AT8DL377bG0FlZPgEJmY3dRxpmtQZSFcaR-CQ0J5v4GxSA&oe=61CBFDE9
  • ملخص الإحاطة الصحفية للمتحدث الرسمي باسم وزارة الخارجية الإثيوبية ، 11 نوفمبر 2021. https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100068927120737
  • المرجع السابق.
  • السفارة الإثيوبية في بروكسل، بيان وقف إطلاق النار من جانب واحد في إثيوبيا إنساني وليس حصارًا صادر عن وزارة الخارجية الإثيوبية ن 7 يوليو 21.
  • Editorial Board, A crisis in Ethiopia has been looming for months. Now, it’s here, November 6, 2021 https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/11/07/ethiopia-crisis-abiy-ahmed-tigray-province/ Gordon CampbellOn, Op., Cit.
  • ABDIRASHID DIRIYE KALMOYM Is Ethiopia on the verge of state collapse? https://www.dailysabah.com/opinion/op-ed/is-ethiopia-on-the-verge-of-state-collapse
  • Ibid
  • Editorial Board, Op., Cit.
  • Ghidey Zeratsion,One of TPLF founders, speaks out November 10, 2021 https://borkena.com/2021/11/10/ghidey-zeratsionone-of-tplf-founders-speaks-out/
  • Gordon CampbellOn, On Ethiopia’s Civil War, 11 November 2021. https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL2111/S00023/on-ethiopias-civil-war.htm
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Arabic
Subjects African Studies, Politics in International Relations, Security Studies
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Khiry Mohamed Omar 0000-0001-7748-4961

Publication Date January 1, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 11 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Mohamed Omar, K. (2022). إثيوبيا بين الفيدرالية والتفكّك. Rouya Türkiyyah, 11(1), 173-194.
AMA Mohamed Omar K. إثيوبيا بين الفيدرالية والتفكّك. Rouya Türkiyyah. January 2022;11(1):173-194.
Chicago Mohamed Omar, Khiry. “إثيوبيا بين الفيدرالية والتفكّك”. Rouya Türkiyyah 11, no. 1 (January 2022): 173-94.
EndNote Mohamed Omar K (January 1, 2022) إثيوبيا بين الفيدرالية والتفكّك. Rouya Türkiyyah 11 1 173–194.
IEEE K. Mohamed Omar, “إثيوبيا بين الفيدرالية والتفكّك”, Rouya Türkiyyah, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 173–194, 2022.
ISNAD Mohamed Omar, Khiry. “إثيوبيا بين الفيدرالية والتفكّك”. Rouya Türkiyyah 11/1 (January 2022), 173-194.
JAMA Mohamed Omar K. إثيوبيا بين الفيدرالية والتفكّك. Rouya Türkiyyah. 2022;11:173–194.
MLA Mohamed Omar, Khiry. “إثيوبيا بين الفيدرالية والتفكّك”. Rouya Türkiyyah, vol. 11, no. 1, 2022, pp. 173-94.
Vancouver Mohamed Omar K. إثيوبيا بين الفيدرالية والتفكّك. Rouya Türkiyyah. 2022;11(1):173-94.