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(P4) مشكلة التوسع المفرط: تحليل سياسات أمريكا في البحر الأسود من منظور إطار عمل جينتلسون

Year 2022, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 9 - 34, 01.04.2022

Abstract

الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية كسائر الدول ترتّب أولوياتها في السياسة الخارجية، فتقدّم بعض الأهداف على المصالح الأخرى في السياسة الخارجية. ومن الناحية التاريخية، كانت إستراتيجية الولايات المتحدة في منطقة البحر الأسود مستقرة ومحدودة وغير طموحة. وقد بدأ تغيير هذه الإستراتيجية الدقيقة خلال إدارة كلينتون في منتصف التسعينيات، عندما بدأت الولايات المتحدة تتبع إطارًا واسعًا للسياسة الخارجية، يشمل جميع المصالح الوطنية الأمريكية، عبر ما عُرِف بنظام جينتلسون للمصالح الوطنية (4 Ps)، [أو نظام الكلّ معًا] الذي صاغه بروس جينتلسون من مزيج (القوة والسلام والازدهار والمبادئ). يَعدّ البحث أن هذا التحول كان إشكاليًّا بسبب عائقين، هما: وهم أحادية القطب، والاستقطاب المتزايد في السياسة الداخلية الأمريكية. وهذا منع الولايات المتحدة من اتباع سياسة فعالة في منطقة البحر الأسود.

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  • James D. Morrow, “Modeling the Forms of International Cooperation: Distribution Versus Information,” International Organization, Vol. 48, No. 3 (1994), pp. 387-388.
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  • Çağrı Erhan, Türk-Amerikan İlişkilerinin Tarihsel Kökenleri, (Ankara: İmge Kitabevi, 2015), pp. 98-102.
  • Field, America and the Mediterranean World, p. 187.
  • Akis Kalaitzidis and Gregory W. Streich, U.S. Foreign Policy: A Documentary and Reference Guide, (California: ABC-CLIO, 2011), p. 72.
  • “The Papers of Mark L. Bristol-I, War Diary,” Library of Congress Manuscript Division, (June 22, 1919).
  • Ivo H. Daalder and James M. Lindsay, The Empty Throne: America’s Abdication of Global Leadership, (New York: Public Affairs, 2018).
  • Hal Brands, What Good Is Grand Strategy? Power and Purpose in American Statecraft from Harry S. Truman to George W. Bush, (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2014), pp. 23-24.
  • “867.81, Internal Affairs of States, Turkey, Waterways,” U.S. Central File, (September 10, 1945).
  • “CAB121/569, Secret Telegram No. 6127 from Washington to Foreign Office,” State Archives of the Presidency of Turkey, (September 9, 1945).
  • Harry S. Truman, Year of Decisions, Vol. I, (New York: New American Library, 1965), p. 606.
  • “14.03.1949/301812.118.105.3.,” State Archives of the Presidency of Turkey, (1949).
  • Melvyn P. Leffler, “Strategy, Diplomacy, and the Cold War: The United States, Turkey, and NATO, 1945-1952,” The Journal of American History, Vol. 71, No. 4 (1985), pp. 822-823.
  • “1953/30100.61.376.17.,” State Archives of the Presidency of Turkey, (1953).
  • B. M. Potshveriya, “Rusya-Türkiye İlişkilerinde Boğazlar Sorunu,” in Gülten Kazgan and Natalya Ulçenko (eds.), Dünden Bugüne Türkiye ve Rusya, (İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2003), p. 93.
  • Peter Strafford, “American and NATO Commanders in the Mediterranean Feel Anxiety over the Still Growing Soviet Naval Presence,” The Times, (April 20, 1971), p. 6.
  • Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man, (New York: Free Press, 1992).
  • William W. Newmann, “History Accelerates: The Diplomacy of Co-operation and Fragmentation,” in James E. Goodby and Benoit Morel (eds.), The Limited Partnership: Building a Russian-US Security Community, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 45-46.
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The Problem of Overextension: Analyzing America's Black Sea Policies through Jentleson's 4 Ps Framework

Year 2022, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 9 - 34, 01.04.2022

Abstract

Historically, the U.S. strategy in the Black Sea region has been stable, limited, and not ambitious as American administrations prioritized certain foreign policy objectives over other interests. This careful strategy was transformed during the Clinton Administration in the mid-1990s as the U.S. started following an extensive foreign policy framework, which included all American national interests, formulated by Bruce Jentleson in his 4Ps framework: power, peace, prosperity, and principles. The article argues that this transformation was problematic because of two obstacles the illusion of the unipolar moment and the growing polarization in American domestic politics which prevented the U.S. from following an effective policy in the Black Sea region.

References

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  • Noah Weiland, “5 Times the Trump Administration Has Been Tougher than Trump on Russia,” New York Times, (January 21, 2019), retrieved June 1, 2021, from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/21/us/politics/trump-administration-russia-president.html.
  • Bruce W. Jentleson, American Foreign Policy: The Dynamics of Choice in the 21st Century, (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 2010), p. 9.
  • Laura Silver, “Americans Differ from People in Other Societies over Some Aspects of U.S. ‘Hard’ and ‘Soft’ Power,” Pew Research Center, (November 1, 2021), retrieved January 4, 2022, from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/11/01/americans-differ-from-people-in-other-societies-over-some-aspects-of-u-s-hard-and-soft-power/.
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  • “In a Politically Polarized Era, Shard Divides in Both Partisan Coalitions.”
  • Bradley Jones, “Americans Are Generally Positive about Free Trade Agreements, More Critical of Tariff Increases,” Pew Research Center, (May 10, 2018), retrieved January 4, 2022, from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/05/10/americans-are-generally-positive-about-free-trade-agreements-more-critical-of-tariff-increases/.
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  • “Conflicting Partisan Priorities for U.S. Foreign Policy,” Pew Research Center, (November 29, 2018), retrieved January 4, 2022, from https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2018/11/29/conflicting-partisan-priorities-for-u-s-foreign-policy/.
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  • John J. Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, (New York: Norton, 2001).
  • Patrick Callahan, Logics of American Foreign Policy: Theories of America’s World Role, (New York: Longman, 2004), pp. 29-30.
  • Eugene Gholz, “Come Home, America: The Strategy of Restraint in the Face of Temptation,” International Security, Vol. 21, No. 4 (1997), pp. 5-48.
  • William C. Wohlforth, “The Stability of a Unipolar World,” International Security, Vol. 24, No. 1 (1999), p. 7.
  • Kenneth N. Waltz, “The Stability of a Bipolar World,” Daedalus, Vol. 93, No. 3 (1964), pp. 881-909.
  • Charles W. Kegley and Gregory A. Raymond, A Multipolar Peace? Great Power Politics in the Twenty-First Century, (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994).
  • Bruce M. Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post-Cold War World, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).
  • James D. Morrow, “Modeling the Forms of International Cooperation: Distribution Versus Information,” International Organization, Vol. 48, No. 3 (1994), pp. 387-388.
  • Dale C. Copeland, Economic Interdependence and War, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015), pp. 16-50.
  • James Field Jr., America and the Mediterranean World, 1776-1882, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969).
  • Jentleson, American Foreign Policy, p. 15.
  • Stephen Spector, Evangelicals and Israel: The Story of American Christian Zionism, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), pp. 15-16.
  • Jane Kamensky, Carol Sheriff, David W. Blight, Howard Chudacoff, Fredrik Logevall, Beth Bailey, and Mary Beth Norton, A People and a Nation: A History of the United States, (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005), p. 51.
  • Charles Krauthammer, “The Unipolar Moment,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 70, No. 1 (1990), pp. 23-33.
  • Çağrı Erhan, Türk-Amerikan İlişkilerinin Tarihsel Kökenleri, (Ankara: İmge Kitabevi, 2015), pp. 98-102.
  • Field, America and the Mediterranean World, p. 187.
  • Akis Kalaitzidis and Gregory W. Streich, U.S. Foreign Policy: A Documentary and Reference Guide, (California: ABC-CLIO, 2011), p. 72.
  • “The Papers of Mark L. Bristol-I, War Diary,” Library of Congress Manuscript Division, (June 22, 1919).
  • Ivo H. Daalder and James M. Lindsay, The Empty Throne: America’s Abdication of Global Leadership, (New York: Public Affairs, 2018).
  • Hal Brands, What Good Is Grand Strategy? Power and Purpose in American Statecraft from Harry S. Truman to George W. Bush, (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2014), pp. 23-24.
  • “867.81, Internal Affairs of States, Turkey, Waterways,” U.S. Central File, (September 10, 1945).
  • “CAB121/569, Secret Telegram No. 6127 from Washington to Foreign Office,” State Archives of the Presidency of Turkey, (September 9, 1945).
  • Harry S. Truman, Year of Decisions, Vol. I, (New York: New American Library, 1965), p. 606.
  • “14.03.1949/301812.118.105.3.,” State Archives of the Presidency of Turkey, (1949).
  • Melvyn P. Leffler, “Strategy, Diplomacy, and the Cold War: The United States, Turkey, and NATO, 1945-1952,” The Journal of American History, Vol. 71, No. 4 (1985), pp. 822-823.
  • “1953/30100.61.376.17.,” State Archives of the Presidency of Turkey, (1953).
  • B. M. Potshveriya, “Rusya-Türkiye İlişkilerinde Boğazlar Sorunu,” in Gülten Kazgan and Natalya Ulçenko (eds.), Dünden Bugüne Türkiye ve Rusya, (İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2003), p. 93.
  • Peter Strafford, “American and NATO Commanders in the Mediterranean Feel Anxiety over the Still Growing Soviet Naval Presence,” The Times, (April 20, 1971), p. 6.
  • Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man, (New York: Free Press, 1992).
  • William W. Newmann, “History Accelerates: The Diplomacy of Co-operation and Fragmentation,” in James E. Goodby and Benoit Morel (eds.), The Limited Partnership: Building a Russian-US Security Community, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 45-46.
  • Andrew Felkay, Out of Russian Orbit, Hungary Gravitates the West, (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1997), p. 83.
  • Richard F. Kaufman and John Pearce Hardt, The Former Soviet Union in Transition, (Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 1993), p. 701.
  • Bohuslav Litera, “The Kozyrev Doctrine: A Russian Variation on the Monroe Doctrine,” Perspectives, No. 4 (1994/1995), p. 45.
  • Gawdat Bahgat, “Pipeline Diplomacy: The Geopolitics of the Caspian Sea Region,” International Studies Perspective, Vol. 3, No. 3 (2002), pp. 310-327.
  • Zbigniew Brzezinski, The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives, (New York: Basic Books, 1997), p. 31.
  • Ian Rutledge, Addicted to Oil: America’s Relentless Drive for Energy Security, (New York: I.B. Tauris, 2005), p. 105.
  • Zbigniew Brzezinski, Second Chance: Three Presidents and the Crisis of American Superpower, (New York: Basic Books, 2007), p. 121.
  • Sergei Konoplyov and Igor Delanoe, “Continuities and Ruptures: Tracking the US Interests in the Black Sea Area in the Context of the ‘Pivot to Asia,’” Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 16, No. 3 (2014), p. 359.
  • Steven Erlanger and Steven Lee Myers, “NATO Allies Oppose Bush on Georgia and Ukraine,” New York Times, (April 3, 2018), retrieved June 16, 2021, from https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/03/world/europe/03nato.html.
  • Konoplyov and Delanoe, “Continuities and Ruptures,” p. 362.
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  • Mykola Bielieskov, “The Russian and Ukrainian Spring 2021 War Scare,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, (September 2021), retrieved January 7, 2022, from https://www.csis.org/analysis/russian-and-ukrainian-spring-2021-war-scare.
  • Natasha Bertrand and Lara Seligman, “U.S. Drops Plans to Send Destroyers into the Black Sea Due to Concerns over Russia,” Politico, (April 15, 2021), retrieved January 7, 2022, from https://www.politico.com/news/2021/04/15/us-navy-ukraine-russia-tensions-481897.
  • Abraham Mahshie, “Russia’s Black Sea Navy Grows as Allies Worry Biden Will Pull Back,” Washington Examiner, (June 19, 2021), retrieved January 7, 2022, from https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/policy/defense-national-security/russias-black-sea-navy-grows-allies-worry-biden-pull-back .
  • Andrew Roth, “Biden Says He Won’t Send US Troops to Ukraine to Deter Russian Threat,” The Guardian, (December 8, 2021), retrieved January 7, 2022, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/08/russia-talks-of-rapid-ukraine-discussions-after-biden-putin-summit.
There are 62 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Arabic
Subjects American Studies
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Murat Ülgül 0000-0003-3846-8971

İsmail Köse 0000-0002-8489-5088

Publication Date April 1, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 11 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Ülgül, M., & Köse, İ. (2022). (P4) مشكلة التوسع المفرط: تحليل سياسات أمريكا في البحر الأسود من منظور إطار عمل جينتلسون. Rouya Türkiyyah, 11(2), 9-34.
AMA Ülgül M, Köse İ. (P4) مشكلة التوسع المفرط: تحليل سياسات أمريكا في البحر الأسود من منظور إطار عمل جينتلسون. Rouya Türkiyyah. April 2022;11(2):9-34.
Chicago Ülgül, Murat, and İsmail Köse. “(P4) مشكلة التوسع المفرط: تحليل سياسات أمريكا في البحر الأسود من منظور إطار عمل جينتلسون”. Rouya Türkiyyah 11, no. 2 (April 2022): 9-34.
EndNote Ülgül M, Köse İ (April 1, 2022) (P4) مشكلة التوسع المفرط: تحليل سياسات أمريكا في البحر الأسود من منظور إطار عمل جينتلسون. Rouya Türkiyyah 11 2 9–34.
IEEE M. Ülgül and İ. Köse, “(P4) مشكلة التوسع المفرط: تحليل سياسات أمريكا في البحر الأسود من منظور إطار عمل جينتلسون”, Rouya Türkiyyah, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 9–34, 2022.
ISNAD Ülgül, Murat - Köse, İsmail. “(P4) مشكلة التوسع المفرط: تحليل سياسات أمريكا في البحر الأسود من منظور إطار عمل جينتلسون”. Rouya Türkiyyah 11/2 (April 2022), 9-34.
JAMA Ülgül M, Köse İ. (P4) مشكلة التوسع المفرط: تحليل سياسات أمريكا في البحر الأسود من منظور إطار عمل جينتلسون. Rouya Türkiyyah. 2022;11:9–34.
MLA Ülgül, Murat and İsmail Köse. “(P4) مشكلة التوسع المفرط: تحليل سياسات أمريكا في البحر الأسود من منظور إطار عمل جينتلسون”. Rouya Türkiyyah, vol. 11, no. 2, 2022, pp. 9-34.
Vancouver Ülgül M, Köse İ. (P4) مشكلة التوسع المفرط: تحليل سياسات أمريكا في البحر الأسود من منظور إطار عمل جينتلسون. Rouya Türkiyyah. 2022;11(2):9-34.