Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Year 2023, Volume: 12 Issue: 3, 193 - 220, 01.09.2023

Abdelrahman Alfarra

https://doi.org/10.36360/1560-012-003-010

Abstract

References

  • Mim Kemal Öke, Siyonizm ve Filistin Sorunu )1880-1923), 2. Bs (İstanbul: Kırmızı Kedi, 2013), 19, 28.
  • Necmettin Alkan, Nili; Ortadoğu’da Casuslar Savaşı (Türkiye: Kronik Kitap, 2017), 25.
  • J. A. R. Marriott, “The Eastern Question an Historical Study in European Diplomacy” )Oxford University Press, 1917), 3.
  • Ann William, Britain and France in the Middle East and North Africa .4 (London: Macmillam pub Ltd, 1968), 42.
  • Vahdettin Engin, Pazarlık, 14. Bs (İstanbul: Yeditepe Yayınevi, 2010), 61-62; Necib Al-Akiki, Al-Mustaşrikoun () )الكيكي، المستشرقونKahire: Dar AlMaarif, 1965), 2: 2: 572.
  • Hinri Lavrense, Al-Mamlakah Al-Mustahylah: Faransa ve Takvin al-Aalam ) ),لورنس، المملكة المستحيلةtrc. Başir ALsubaeiu (ALkahira: Sina Lilnaşr, 1997), 201.
  • Siyonist Arşivi, İngiliz Konsolosluğu Evrakları, İbrani Üniversitesi - Yabancı Yahudileri gizleme dosyası. F/22/790 (Kudüs: İbrani Üniversitesi, İbrani Arşivi, 1910).
  • Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Erets Yisrael Vayysova Bimey Hashilton Hotmani )Tel Aviv: Hotseta Mtklu, Sfaryayt Yra Yitzhak Ben-Zvi), 409; Hasaan Halaak, Mavkif al- Davla al- Osmaniat min al- Harakat al- Sohyunia 1897-1909 2 ,Bs (Beyrut: Dar al-Nahdat al-Arabiya, 1999), 42.
  • Siyonist Arşivi, İngiliz Konsolosluğu Evrakları, İbrani Üniversitesi - Yabancı Yahudileri gizleme dosyası. F/22/790.
  • Mohammed Al-Hazmavy, Melkiyat Al-Arazi fi- Filistin 1918-1948 (الحزماوي، ملكية الأراضيAkka: Muasasat Al-Asvar, 1998), 76.
  • Uri Avnery, Dava Nazie al- Melkiya al- Estitan al- Yahudi ve al- Arab 1878-1948 ) ),أفنيري، دعوى نزع الملكية-عبريtrc. Şarif Al- Barguti (Amman: Dar al-Jalil, 1986), 103.
  • Abdulvahaab Al-Meseri, “Mevsuat al-Yahud ve al-Yahudiya ve al-Sohuniya )( )”المسيري، موسوعة اليهودBayrut: Dar Al-Şoruk, 1999), 2: 208.
  • Barukh Ben-Yhuda - Israel Shochat, Hamabek Lvytakhun Vlaatsmaut (Ramot Gan: İtonot Mtsid, 1974), 11-13.
  • Afrayim - Manahim, “Mujam Al-Mustalahat Al-Sohuniyah”, 85; Ben-Yhuda - Shochat, Hamabek Lvytakhun Vlaatsmaut, 13-16.
  • Efrayim Dekel, Pilut Manganon Hmeyda (Hasoei); Miyomano Şel Manhig (ديكل، نشاطات جهاز المعلومات ”هشاي“-عبري), Manganon Hmeyda Şel Hahagana 1. Bs (Tel Aviv: Hidpasta Davar, 1953), 5.
  • Al-Meseri, “Mevsuat al-Yahud”, 6/218.
  • Gershon Gera, Hashomer (Israel: Hotseta Msrid Habitakhon, Hahotsaa Lor, 1985), 23.
  • Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Sefer Hashomer )Tel Aviv: Davar, 1962), 15.
  • Ben-Yhuda - Shochat, Hamabek Lvytakhun Vlaatsmaut, 23-24.
  • Leslie Stein, The Hope Fulfilled, The Rais of Modern Israel )London: Praeger Publishers, 2003), 108.
  • Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Zikronot Vrshimot, Mehanurim Ad 1920, ed. Rakhel Ben-Zvi )Tel Aviv: Keren Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, t.y.), 105-107; Ben-Zvi, Sefer Hashomer, 451.
  • Uziel Lev - Avi Kuper, Bergyora Vhashomer, 1985. Bs )Israel: Garsaot Shel Msrid Habitakhon Hayisreli, t.y.), 39.
  • Eyliyeyn Yitskhak - Barukh Sriel, “Entsiklopedya Krata Tsiburit (إيزكس23 موسوعة كارتا العامة - عبري ) (İsrael: Msrid habitakhon, keren krata, t.y.), 490.
  • Halpern - Reinharz, Zionism and The Creation of a New Society, 165.
  • Dan Gilad - Nakhor Murdkay, Erets Yisrael Bmea Haesrim, Miyashov (جلعادي، ومردخاي، أرض إسرائيل في القرن العشرين - عبري) Limdina 1900-1950 (Tel Aviv: Mshukhrar Msrid Habitakhon Hayisreli, 1990), 112.
  • Eliyahu Ben-Hour, Ytsia Mehagader, Sidrt Hzikronot Şel İsh Habitakhon (بن حور، الخروج من السياج - عبري) (Tel Aviv: Pirsumey Tsahal, Msrid Habitakhon, t.y.), 27.
  • Edelheit Abfaham, History of Zionism: A Handbook and Dictionary (Westview Press, t.y.), 69.
  • Ben-Zvi, Sefer Hashomer, 451.
  • Ali Mahani, Al-Ulakat Al-Sohuniyah Al-Biritaniyah fi Filistin 1918-1936
  • (مهاني، العلاقات الصهيونية البريطانية) (Yüksek Lisana Tezi, Islamic University, 2010), 17.
  • Lev - Kuper, Bergyora Vhashomer, 57.
  • Ben-Yhuda - Shochat, Hamabek Lvytakhun Vlaatsmaut, 26-27.
  • Afrayim - Manahim, “Mujam Al-Mustalahat Al-Sohuniyah”, 159.
  • Shlomo Shiva, Shevet Haamitsim (شيفا، قبيلة الشجعان - عبري) (Tel Aviv: Mehdorut sfaryayt hapoalim vhakaibuts haazury, 1978), 99.
  • Lev - Kuper, Bergyora Vhashomer, 87.
  • Abdüllhafiz Muharib, Hagana, Etsil, Lehi, al- Alakat bayin al- Tanzimat :) )Bayrutمحارب، العلاقات بين التنظيمات الصهيونية) al- Sohyuniya al- Musallaha Meraz al-abhas, Munazamat al-tahrir al-falastiniya, 1981), 16.
  • Lev - Kuper, Bergyora Vhashomer, 90-91.
  • Shmuel Stembler, Hityayshvut Bidan Hmoderny, Darkam Shel Hatsiyunim Lifney Hamdina (Tel Aviv: Mshukhrar Msrid Habitakhon Hayisreli, 1983), 193.
  • Muharib, Hagana, 16.
  • Yosef, Yomenu Shel ish Hashomer, 70-71.
  • Gera, Hashomer, 53.
  • Efrayim Dekel, Pilut Manganon Hhasbara, Miyomano Shel Mifkd
  • Manganon Hhasbara Shel Hahagana (Tel Aviv: Hotseta Davar, 1953), 5141 ،
  • Oz Almong, The Sabra, The Creation of the new Jew, trc. Haim Watzman )Berkeley: University of California press, 2000), 107.
  • Ben-Hour, Ytsia Mehagader, Sidrt Hzikronot Şel İsh Habitakhon, 29.
  • Lev - Kuper, Bergyora Vhashomer, 98.
  • Halil İnaljik, Tarihal-Davlat al-Osmaniya min al-Nuşu ilaa al-İnhidar (اينالجيك، تاريخ الدولة العثمانية ) trc. Muhamad.m AL’arnavuvt, 1. Bs (Libya: Dar al-Madar al-İslami, 2002), 107.
  • Stembler, Hityayshvut Bidan Hmoderny, 110.
  • Gera, Hashomer, 137-138.
  • Afrayim - Manahim, “Mujam Al-Mustalahat Al-Sohuniyah”, 154. Hamdan Badir, Tarih al-Haganah fi Filistin 1920-1945 ). (بدر، تاريخ الهاغانا ) (Bayrut: 1981, t.y.), 25.
  • Mansur, “Mujam Al-Mustalahat”, 24.
  • Abd El Aziz Abu Eleyan, Tatavur Al- Achiza Al-Amniya Al-Sohyunia 1897-1948 (Yüksek Lisana Tezi, Islamic University, 2012), 26.
  • Shiva, Shevet Haamitsim, 114.
  • Nakdimon Rogel, Hayotsim El Erets Hatsafon: Reshitan Shel Kvutsot Hapoalim Betsba-Hagalil 1916-1920 (Tel Aviv: Meet Yitskhak Ben Tsvi, 1987), 7.
  • Al-Meseri, “Mevsuat al-Yahud”, 7/140; Rogel, Hayotsim El Erets Hatsafon, 12.
  • Rafael Medoff - Chaim Waxman, The A to Z of Zionism (United Kingdom: The Scarecrow Press, 2009), 92.
  • Halpern - Reinharz, Zionism and The Creation of a New Society, 165; Ben-Yhuda - Shochat, Hamabek Lvytakhun Vlaatsmaut, 32.
  • Telmi Afrayim, Hagina Vaavoda, 70 Shnot Ysod Hamishmar (Merkaz Hitrabut Vhakhinuka, t.y.), 19; Gera, Hashomer, 89-90.
  • Şıptay Tipt, Ben-Gurion ve Al-Arap (تيبت، بن غوريون والعرب) trc. Gazi Al- Saadi, 1. Bs (Amman: Dar Al-Jalil lil Naşir, 1987), 39.
  • Eman Abu-Kadura, Al-Munazmat Al-Askariya ve Al-Amniya Al- Sohyuniya fi Filistin 1897-1920 (Yüksek Lisana Tezi, Islamic University, 2012), 209-210.
  • Gera, Hashomer, 89-90; Afrayim, Hagina Vaavoda, 19.
  • Mardkay Eliab, Al-Hamatsor Vhamtsuka Shel Erets Yisrael Bmilkhemet Haolam Harishona (إلياب، في الحصار والضائقة - عبري) (Kudüs: Meet Yitskhak Ben Tsvi, t.y.), 114.
  • Eliab, Al-Hamatsor Vhamtsuka Shel Erets Yisrael, 114; Yosef, Yomenu Shel ish Hashomer, 213.
  • Shiva, Shevet Haamitsim, 217; Yosef, Yomenu Shel ish Hashomer, 214.
  • Shiva, Shevet Haamitsim, 251.
  • Yosef, Yomenu Shel ish Hashomer, 213.
  • Shiva, Shevet Haamitsim, 212.
  • Yhoshua Ben Arye - Vaakherim, Entsiklopedya Shel Hatkufot Hagdolot Btoldot Erets Yisrael, Mdina Al Saf Khurban 1914-1918 (بن أريه، موسوعة الفترات الكبرى - عبري) (Garsaot Rvivim, 1980), 4: 110; Yosef, Yomenu Shel ish Hashomer, 213.
  • Shiva, Shevet Haamitsim, 217.
  • Gera, Hashomer, 125.
  • Avigur Shaul v.dğr., Toldot Hahagana (Tel Aviv: Pirsumey Hsifriya Hatsiyonit Vhatsava, Magazin Hamaarakhot, 1966), 1: 1: 396; Yosef, Yomenu Shel ish Hashomer, 214.
  • Shiva, Shevet Haamitsim, 217.
  • Abadi Jacob, Israel’s Leadership: From Utopia to Crisis (United States: Greenwood Press, 1993), 37.
  • Yosef, Yomenu Shel ish Hashomer, 215; Manya Shohat, “Hashomer Berets, Osef Hashomer, Mismakiym Vyomanim Shenikhtvu Al Ydey Anshey Hamishmar Hakadumim”, ed. Klanski Shlomo )Mehdorut Arkiyon Tnuat Haavoda, Tel Aviv, 1973), 53.
  • Jacob, Israel’s Leadership, 37; Joan Comay, Who’s Who in the Old Testament, Together with the Apocrypha )United States: Routledge, 1995), 340.
  • Shohat, “Hashomer Berets”, 53.
  • Yosef, Yomenu Shel ish Hashomer, 215; Shaul v.dğr., Toldot Hahagana, 1: 1: 396.
  • Yitskhak - Sriel, “Entsiklopedya Krata Tsiburit”, 490; Afrayim - Manahim, “Mujam Al-Mustalahat Al-Sohuniyah”, 159.
  • Shaul v.dğr., Toldot Hahagana, 1: 1: 397.
  • Abu-Kadura, Al- Munazmat al- Askariya ve al- Amniya, 209.
  • Mardkay Naor, “Hahagira Hasnyya 1903-1914 (ناؤور: الهجرة الثانية - عبري) Katav Et Ayydan, Pirsumey Merkaz Rakhel Ynit Ben Tsvi, Yrushalayim, 1985, 108.
  • Shohat, “Hashomer Berets”, 53; Rakhel Yaneyt, Zikronot Hashomer, Sefer Hashomer, Zikronot khaverim: Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Yisrael Shokhet, Matay Magd, Yohana Netberevski (Shikhruro Shel Mearkot, Vkaftor Hahagana, Udvir. Tel Aviv), 155.
  • Shaul v.dğr., Toldot Hahagana, 1: 396.
  • Eliab, Al-Hamatsor Vhamtsuka Shel Erets Yisrael, 118; Nahemiya Zelitser, Zikronot Hashomer, Sefer Hashomer, Zikronot khaverim: Yitzhak BenZvi, Yisrael Shokhet, Matay Magd, Yohana Netberevski (Shikhruro Shel Mearkot, Vkaftor Hahagana, Udvir. Tel Aviv), 1: 406.
  • Shaul v.dğr., Toldot Hahagana, 1: 1: 397.
  • Shaul v.dğr., Toldot Hahagana, 1: 1: 406.
  • Muharib, Hagana, 25.
  • Rogel, Hayotsim El Erets Hatsafon, 15.
  • Eliab, Al-Hamatsor Vhamtsuka Shel Erets Yisrael, 118.
  • Shaul v.dğr., Toldot Hahagana, 1: 1: 403.
  • Gershon Shafir, Land, Labor, and the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 1882-1914 (United States: University of California Press, 1996), 145.
  • Rogel, Hayotsim El Erets Hatsafon, 10-11.
  • Gera, Hashomer, 100.
  • Shiva, Shevet Haamitsim, 250; Eliab, Al-Hamatsor Vhamtsuka Shel Erets Yisrael, 118; Shaul v.dğr., Toldot Hahagana, 1: 1: 406.
  • Shaul v.dğr., Toldot Hahagana, 1: 1: 407.
  • Lev - Kuper, Bergyora Vhashomer, 54.
  • Rogel, Hayotsim El Erets Hatsafon, 29.
  • Jeryes, Tarih Al-Sohuniyah, 1: 292.
  • Rogel, Hayotsim El Erets Hatsafon, 19.
  • Shaul v.dğr., Toldot Hahagana, 1: 1: 407.
  • Shaul v.dğr., Toldot Hahagana, 1: 1: 412.
  • Shaul v.dğr., Toldot Hahagana, 1: 1: 413.
  • Ben Arye - Vaakherim, Entsiklopedya Shel Hatkufot Hagdolot, 4: 110.
  • Afrayim - Manahim, “Mujam Al-Mustalahat Al-Sohuniyah”, 159.
  • Khayrih Kasimih, Al-Naşat Al-Sohuni fi Al-Şark Al-Arabi ve Sadah 1908- 1918 (قاسمية، النشاط الصهيوني) (Beyrut: Markaz Abhas Munzamat al-Ttahrirb al-Filistiniya, 1973), 269-270.
  • Afrayim, Hagina Vaavoda, 20.
  • Eliab, Al-Hamatsor Vhamtsuka Shel Erets Yisrael, 120.
  • Rogel, Hayotsim El Erets Hatsafon, 72-73.
  • Naor, “Hahagira Hasnyya 1903-1914”, 108.
  • Mahmud Abdulzahir, Al-Sohyuniya ve Siyaset Al-Unf, Ze’ev Jabotinsky ve Talamizoh fi Al-Siyasah Al-İsraeyliyah (عبد الظاهر، الصهيونية وسياسة العنف) Kahire: Al-Hayaa Al-Masriya Al-Aama Lil Kitap, 1979), 100.
  • Almong, The Sabra, The Creation of the new Jew, 107.
  • Dekel, Pilut Manganon Hmeyda )Hasoei), 141.
  • Abu Eleyan, Tatavur al- Achiza, 22-23.
  • Medoff - Waxman, The A to Z of Zionism, 92.

Strategies of the Zionist Security Organization Hashomer in Palestine 1909-1918

Year 2023, Volume: 12 Issue: 3, 193 - 220, 01.09.2023

Abdelrahman Alfarra

https://doi.org/10.36360/1560-012-003-010

Abstract

At the end of the nineteenth century, a number of Zionist intellectual current leaders directed the Jews of the world to immigrate to Palestine. Despite the Ottoman efforts to preserve Palestine, the Zionists were able to build a strong infrastructure in various fields. One of the most important infrastructures that the Zionists took care of building was the infrastructure related to security and guarding. The stated goals of the armed organizations that were being formed were related to the work of guarding and protecting the property of the Zionist settlement. In this context, Hashomer comes the most important and largest Zionist guard organization established in Palestine in 1909. This organization is studied and the nature of its strategies is traced from its inception until the end of the First World War. The unannounced goals of its establishment, which are related to the Jews’ quest to possess a special Zionist power, are also examined in order to play roles that serve the idea of establishing a nation-state for the Jews in Palestine.

Keywords

Hashomer Organization Palestine Zionist settlement

References

  • Mim Kemal Öke, Siyonizm ve Filistin Sorunu )1880-1923), 2. Bs (İstanbul: Kırmızı Kedi, 2013), 19, 28.
  • Necmettin Alkan, Nili; Ortadoğu’da Casuslar Savaşı (Türkiye: Kronik Kitap, 2017), 25.
  • J. A. R. Marriott, “The Eastern Question an Historical Study in European Diplomacy” )Oxford University Press, 1917), 3.
  • Ann William, Britain and France in the Middle East and North Africa .4 (London: Macmillam pub Ltd, 1968), 42.
  • Vahdettin Engin, Pazarlık, 14. Bs (İstanbul: Yeditepe Yayınevi, 2010), 61-62; Necib Al-Akiki, Al-Mustaşrikoun () )الكيكي، المستشرقونKahire: Dar AlMaarif, 1965), 2: 2: 572.
  • Hinri Lavrense, Al-Mamlakah Al-Mustahylah: Faransa ve Takvin al-Aalam ) ),لورنس، المملكة المستحيلةtrc. Başir ALsubaeiu (ALkahira: Sina Lilnaşr, 1997), 201.
  • Siyonist Arşivi, İngiliz Konsolosluğu Evrakları, İbrani Üniversitesi - Yabancı Yahudileri gizleme dosyası. F/22/790 (Kudüs: İbrani Üniversitesi, İbrani Arşivi, 1910).
  • Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Erets Yisrael Vayysova Bimey Hashilton Hotmani )Tel Aviv: Hotseta Mtklu, Sfaryayt Yra Yitzhak Ben-Zvi), 409; Hasaan Halaak, Mavkif al- Davla al- Osmaniat min al- Harakat al- Sohyunia 1897-1909 2 ,Bs (Beyrut: Dar al-Nahdat al-Arabiya, 1999), 42.
  • Siyonist Arşivi, İngiliz Konsolosluğu Evrakları, İbrani Üniversitesi - Yabancı Yahudileri gizleme dosyası. F/22/790.
  • Mohammed Al-Hazmavy, Melkiyat Al-Arazi fi- Filistin 1918-1948 (الحزماوي، ملكية الأراضيAkka: Muasasat Al-Asvar, 1998), 76.
  • Uri Avnery, Dava Nazie al- Melkiya al- Estitan al- Yahudi ve al- Arab 1878-1948 ) ),أفنيري، دعوى نزع الملكية-عبريtrc. Şarif Al- Barguti (Amman: Dar al-Jalil, 1986), 103.
  • Abdulvahaab Al-Meseri, “Mevsuat al-Yahud ve al-Yahudiya ve al-Sohuniya )( )”المسيري، موسوعة اليهودBayrut: Dar Al-Şoruk, 1999), 2: 208.
  • Barukh Ben-Yhuda - Israel Shochat, Hamabek Lvytakhun Vlaatsmaut (Ramot Gan: İtonot Mtsid, 1974), 11-13.
  • Afrayim - Manahim, “Mujam Al-Mustalahat Al-Sohuniyah”, 85; Ben-Yhuda - Shochat, Hamabek Lvytakhun Vlaatsmaut, 13-16.
  • Efrayim Dekel, Pilut Manganon Hmeyda (Hasoei); Miyomano Şel Manhig (ديكل، نشاطات جهاز المعلومات ”هشاي“-عبري), Manganon Hmeyda Şel Hahagana 1. Bs (Tel Aviv: Hidpasta Davar, 1953), 5.
  • Al-Meseri, “Mevsuat al-Yahud”, 6/218.
  • Gershon Gera, Hashomer (Israel: Hotseta Msrid Habitakhon, Hahotsaa Lor, 1985), 23.
  • Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Sefer Hashomer )Tel Aviv: Davar, 1962), 15.
  • Ben-Yhuda - Shochat, Hamabek Lvytakhun Vlaatsmaut, 23-24.
  • Leslie Stein, The Hope Fulfilled, The Rais of Modern Israel )London: Praeger Publishers, 2003), 108.
  • Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Zikronot Vrshimot, Mehanurim Ad 1920, ed. Rakhel Ben-Zvi )Tel Aviv: Keren Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, t.y.), 105-107; Ben-Zvi, Sefer Hashomer, 451.
  • Uziel Lev - Avi Kuper, Bergyora Vhashomer, 1985. Bs )Israel: Garsaot Shel Msrid Habitakhon Hayisreli, t.y.), 39.
  • Eyliyeyn Yitskhak - Barukh Sriel, “Entsiklopedya Krata Tsiburit (إيزكس23 موسوعة كارتا العامة - عبري ) (İsrael: Msrid habitakhon, keren krata, t.y.), 490.
  • Halpern - Reinharz, Zionism and The Creation of a New Society, 165.
  • Dan Gilad - Nakhor Murdkay, Erets Yisrael Bmea Haesrim, Miyashov (جلعادي، ومردخاي، أرض إسرائيل في القرن العشرين - عبري) Limdina 1900-1950 (Tel Aviv: Mshukhrar Msrid Habitakhon Hayisreli, 1990), 112.
  • Eliyahu Ben-Hour, Ytsia Mehagader, Sidrt Hzikronot Şel İsh Habitakhon (بن حور، الخروج من السياج - عبري) (Tel Aviv: Pirsumey Tsahal, Msrid Habitakhon, t.y.), 27.
  • Edelheit Abfaham, History of Zionism: A Handbook and Dictionary (Westview Press, t.y.), 69.
  • Ben-Zvi, Sefer Hashomer, 451.
  • Ali Mahani, Al-Ulakat Al-Sohuniyah Al-Biritaniyah fi Filistin 1918-1936
  • (مهاني، العلاقات الصهيونية البريطانية) (Yüksek Lisana Tezi, Islamic University, 2010), 17.
  • Lev - Kuper, Bergyora Vhashomer, 57.
  • Ben-Yhuda - Shochat, Hamabek Lvytakhun Vlaatsmaut, 26-27.
  • Afrayim - Manahim, “Mujam Al-Mustalahat Al-Sohuniyah”, 159.
  • Shlomo Shiva, Shevet Haamitsim (شيفا، قبيلة الشجعان - عبري) (Tel Aviv: Mehdorut sfaryayt hapoalim vhakaibuts haazury, 1978), 99.
  • Lev - Kuper, Bergyora Vhashomer, 87.
  • Abdüllhafiz Muharib, Hagana, Etsil, Lehi, al- Alakat bayin al- Tanzimat :) )Bayrutمحارب، العلاقات بين التنظيمات الصهيونية) al- Sohyuniya al- Musallaha Meraz al-abhas, Munazamat al-tahrir al-falastiniya, 1981), 16.
  • Lev - Kuper, Bergyora Vhashomer, 90-91.
  • Shmuel Stembler, Hityayshvut Bidan Hmoderny, Darkam Shel Hatsiyunim Lifney Hamdina (Tel Aviv: Mshukhrar Msrid Habitakhon Hayisreli, 1983), 193.
  • Muharib, Hagana, 16.
  • Yosef, Yomenu Shel ish Hashomer, 70-71.
  • Gera, Hashomer, 53.
  • Efrayim Dekel, Pilut Manganon Hhasbara, Miyomano Shel Mifkd
  • Manganon Hhasbara Shel Hahagana (Tel Aviv: Hotseta Davar, 1953), 5141 ،
  • Oz Almong, The Sabra, The Creation of the new Jew, trc. Haim Watzman )Berkeley: University of California press, 2000), 107.
  • Ben-Hour, Ytsia Mehagader, Sidrt Hzikronot Şel İsh Habitakhon, 29.
  • Lev - Kuper, Bergyora Vhashomer, 98.
  • Halil İnaljik, Tarihal-Davlat al-Osmaniya min al-Nuşu ilaa al-İnhidar (اينالجيك، تاريخ الدولة العثمانية ) trc. Muhamad.m AL’arnavuvt, 1. Bs (Libya: Dar al-Madar al-İslami, 2002), 107.
  • Stembler, Hityayshvut Bidan Hmoderny, 110.
  • Gera, Hashomer, 137-138.
  • Afrayim - Manahim, “Mujam Al-Mustalahat Al-Sohuniyah”, 154. Hamdan Badir, Tarih al-Haganah fi Filistin 1920-1945 ). (بدر، تاريخ الهاغانا ) (Bayrut: 1981, t.y.), 25.
  • Mansur, “Mujam Al-Mustalahat”, 24.
  • Abd El Aziz Abu Eleyan, Tatavur Al- Achiza Al-Amniya Al-Sohyunia 1897-1948 (Yüksek Lisana Tezi, Islamic University, 2012), 26.
  • Shiva, Shevet Haamitsim, 114.
  • Nakdimon Rogel, Hayotsim El Erets Hatsafon: Reshitan Shel Kvutsot Hapoalim Betsba-Hagalil 1916-1920 (Tel Aviv: Meet Yitskhak Ben Tsvi, 1987), 7.
  • Al-Meseri, “Mevsuat al-Yahud”, 7/140; Rogel, Hayotsim El Erets Hatsafon, 12.
  • Rafael Medoff - Chaim Waxman, The A to Z of Zionism (United Kingdom: The Scarecrow Press, 2009), 92.
  • Halpern - Reinharz, Zionism and The Creation of a New Society, 165; Ben-Yhuda - Shochat, Hamabek Lvytakhun Vlaatsmaut, 32.
  • Telmi Afrayim, Hagina Vaavoda, 70 Shnot Ysod Hamishmar (Merkaz Hitrabut Vhakhinuka, t.y.), 19; Gera, Hashomer, 89-90.
  • Şıptay Tipt, Ben-Gurion ve Al-Arap (تيبت، بن غوريون والعرب) trc. Gazi Al- Saadi, 1. Bs (Amman: Dar Al-Jalil lil Naşir, 1987), 39.
  • Eman Abu-Kadura, Al-Munazmat Al-Askariya ve Al-Amniya Al- Sohyuniya fi Filistin 1897-1920 (Yüksek Lisana Tezi, Islamic University, 2012), 209-210.
  • Gera, Hashomer, 89-90; Afrayim, Hagina Vaavoda, 19.
  • Mardkay Eliab, Al-Hamatsor Vhamtsuka Shel Erets Yisrael Bmilkhemet Haolam Harishona (إلياب، في الحصار والضائقة - عبري) (Kudüs: Meet Yitskhak Ben Tsvi, t.y.), 114.
  • Eliab, Al-Hamatsor Vhamtsuka Shel Erets Yisrael, 114; Yosef, Yomenu Shel ish Hashomer, 213.
  • Shiva, Shevet Haamitsim, 217; Yosef, Yomenu Shel ish Hashomer, 214.
  • Shiva, Shevet Haamitsim, 251.
  • Yosef, Yomenu Shel ish Hashomer, 213.
  • Shiva, Shevet Haamitsim, 212.
  • Yhoshua Ben Arye - Vaakherim, Entsiklopedya Shel Hatkufot Hagdolot Btoldot Erets Yisrael, Mdina Al Saf Khurban 1914-1918 (بن أريه، موسوعة الفترات الكبرى - عبري) (Garsaot Rvivim, 1980), 4: 110; Yosef, Yomenu Shel ish Hashomer, 213.
  • Shiva, Shevet Haamitsim, 217.
  • Gera, Hashomer, 125.
  • Avigur Shaul v.dğr., Toldot Hahagana (Tel Aviv: Pirsumey Hsifriya Hatsiyonit Vhatsava, Magazin Hamaarakhot, 1966), 1: 1: 396; Yosef, Yomenu Shel ish Hashomer, 214.
  • Shiva, Shevet Haamitsim, 217.
  • Abadi Jacob, Israel’s Leadership: From Utopia to Crisis (United States: Greenwood Press, 1993), 37.
  • Yosef, Yomenu Shel ish Hashomer, 215; Manya Shohat, “Hashomer Berets, Osef Hashomer, Mismakiym Vyomanim Shenikhtvu Al Ydey Anshey Hamishmar Hakadumim”, ed. Klanski Shlomo )Mehdorut Arkiyon Tnuat Haavoda, Tel Aviv, 1973), 53.
  • Jacob, Israel’s Leadership, 37; Joan Comay, Who’s Who in the Old Testament, Together with the Apocrypha )United States: Routledge, 1995), 340.
  • Shohat, “Hashomer Berets”, 53.
  • Yosef, Yomenu Shel ish Hashomer, 215; Shaul v.dğr., Toldot Hahagana, 1: 1: 396.
  • Yitskhak - Sriel, “Entsiklopedya Krata Tsiburit”, 490; Afrayim - Manahim, “Mujam Al-Mustalahat Al-Sohuniyah”, 159.
  • Shaul v.dğr., Toldot Hahagana, 1: 1: 397.
  • Abu-Kadura, Al- Munazmat al- Askariya ve al- Amniya, 209.
  • Mardkay Naor, “Hahagira Hasnyya 1903-1914 (ناؤور: الهجرة الثانية - عبري) Katav Et Ayydan, Pirsumey Merkaz Rakhel Ynit Ben Tsvi, Yrushalayim, 1985, 108.
  • Shohat, “Hashomer Berets”, 53; Rakhel Yaneyt, Zikronot Hashomer, Sefer Hashomer, Zikronot khaverim: Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Yisrael Shokhet, Matay Magd, Yohana Netberevski (Shikhruro Shel Mearkot, Vkaftor Hahagana, Udvir. Tel Aviv), 155.
  • Shaul v.dğr., Toldot Hahagana, 1: 396.
  • Eliab, Al-Hamatsor Vhamtsuka Shel Erets Yisrael, 118; Nahemiya Zelitser, Zikronot Hashomer, Sefer Hashomer, Zikronot khaverim: Yitzhak BenZvi, Yisrael Shokhet, Matay Magd, Yohana Netberevski (Shikhruro Shel Mearkot, Vkaftor Hahagana, Udvir. Tel Aviv), 1: 406.
  • Shaul v.dğr., Toldot Hahagana, 1: 1: 397.
  • Shaul v.dğr., Toldot Hahagana, 1: 1: 406.
  • Muharib, Hagana, 25.
  • Rogel, Hayotsim El Erets Hatsafon, 15.
  • Eliab, Al-Hamatsor Vhamtsuka Shel Erets Yisrael, 118.
  • Shaul v.dğr., Toldot Hahagana, 1: 1: 403.
  • Gershon Shafir, Land, Labor, and the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 1882-1914 (United States: University of California Press, 1996), 145.
  • Rogel, Hayotsim El Erets Hatsafon, 10-11.
  • Gera, Hashomer, 100.
  • Shiva, Shevet Haamitsim, 250; Eliab, Al-Hamatsor Vhamtsuka Shel Erets Yisrael, 118; Shaul v.dğr., Toldot Hahagana, 1: 1: 406.
  • Shaul v.dğr., Toldot Hahagana, 1: 1: 407.
  • Lev - Kuper, Bergyora Vhashomer, 54.
  • Rogel, Hayotsim El Erets Hatsafon, 29.
  • Jeryes, Tarih Al-Sohuniyah, 1: 292.
  • Rogel, Hayotsim El Erets Hatsafon, 19.
  • Shaul v.dğr., Toldot Hahagana, 1: 1: 407.
  • Shaul v.dğr., Toldot Hahagana, 1: 1: 412.
  • Shaul v.dğr., Toldot Hahagana, 1: 1: 413.
  • Ben Arye - Vaakherim, Entsiklopedya Shel Hatkufot Hagdolot, 4: 110.
  • Afrayim - Manahim, “Mujam Al-Mustalahat Al-Sohuniyah”, 159.
  • Khayrih Kasimih, Al-Naşat Al-Sohuni fi Al-Şark Al-Arabi ve Sadah 1908- 1918 (قاسمية، النشاط الصهيوني) (Beyrut: Markaz Abhas Munzamat al-Ttahrirb al-Filistiniya, 1973), 269-270.
  • Afrayim, Hagina Vaavoda, 20.
  • Eliab, Al-Hamatsor Vhamtsuka Shel Erets Yisrael, 120.
  • Rogel, Hayotsim El Erets Hatsafon, 72-73.
  • Naor, “Hahagira Hasnyya 1903-1914”, 108.
  • Mahmud Abdulzahir, Al-Sohyuniya ve Siyaset Al-Unf, Ze’ev Jabotinsky ve Talamizoh fi Al-Siyasah Al-İsraeyliyah (عبد الظاهر، الصهيونية وسياسة العنف) Kahire: Al-Hayaa Al-Masriya Al-Aama Lil Kitap, 1979), 100.
  • Almong, The Sabra, The Creation of the new Jew, 107.
  • Dekel, Pilut Manganon Hmeyda )Hasoei), 141.
  • Abu Eleyan, Tatavur al- Achiza, 22-23.
  • Medoff - Waxman, The A to Z of Zionism, 92.

إستراتيجيات منظمة هاشومير الصهيونية الأمنية في فلسطين 1909-1918م

Year 2023, Volume: 12 Issue: 3, 193 - 220, 01.09.2023

Abdelrahman Alfarra

https://doi.org/10.36360/1560-012-003-010

Abstract

رغم جهود الدولة العثمانية للحفاظ على فلسطين إلا أن الصهاينة استطاعوا تدشين بنية تحتية قوية لهم في مختلف المجالات، وكان مجال الأمن والحراسة وحماية ممتلكات الاستيطان الصهيوني من أهم البنى التحتية التي اعتنى بها الصهاينة، وتُعَدّ منظمة هاشومير التي أُنشئَت في فلسطين سنة 1909م أهم وأكبر منظمة حراسة صهيونية في هذا السياق. تتناول الدراسة هذه المنظمة وتتبّع طبيعة إستراتيجياتها منذ إنشائها حتى انتهاء الحرب العالمية الأولى، وتهتمّ بالوقوف على أهدافها غير المُعلنة من إنشائها المرتبطة بسعي اليهود إلى امتلاك قوة صهيونية خاصة؛ من أجل أداء أدوار تخدم فكرة إنشاء دولة قومية لهم في فلسطين.

Keywords

منظمة هاشومير فلسطين الاستيطان الصهيوني

References

  • Mim Kemal Öke, Siyonizm ve Filistin Sorunu )1880-1923), 2. Bs (İstanbul: Kırmızı Kedi, 2013), 19, 28.
  • Necmettin Alkan, Nili; Ortadoğu’da Casuslar Savaşı (Türkiye: Kronik Kitap, 2017), 25.
  • J. A. R. Marriott, “The Eastern Question an Historical Study in European Diplomacy” )Oxford University Press, 1917), 3.
  • Ann William, Britain and France in the Middle East and North Africa .4 (London: Macmillam pub Ltd, 1968), 42.
  • Vahdettin Engin, Pazarlık, 14. Bs (İstanbul: Yeditepe Yayınevi, 2010), 61-62; Necib Al-Akiki, Al-Mustaşrikoun () )الكيكي، المستشرقونKahire: Dar AlMaarif, 1965), 2: 2: 572.
  • Hinri Lavrense, Al-Mamlakah Al-Mustahylah: Faransa ve Takvin al-Aalam ) ),لورنس، المملكة المستحيلةtrc. Başir ALsubaeiu (ALkahira: Sina Lilnaşr, 1997), 201.
  • Siyonist Arşivi, İngiliz Konsolosluğu Evrakları, İbrani Üniversitesi - Yabancı Yahudileri gizleme dosyası. F/22/790 (Kudüs: İbrani Üniversitesi, İbrani Arşivi, 1910).
  • Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Erets Yisrael Vayysova Bimey Hashilton Hotmani )Tel Aviv: Hotseta Mtklu, Sfaryayt Yra Yitzhak Ben-Zvi), 409; Hasaan Halaak, Mavkif al- Davla al- Osmaniat min al- Harakat al- Sohyunia 1897-1909 2 ,Bs (Beyrut: Dar al-Nahdat al-Arabiya, 1999), 42.
  • Siyonist Arşivi, İngiliz Konsolosluğu Evrakları, İbrani Üniversitesi - Yabancı Yahudileri gizleme dosyası. F/22/790.
  • Mohammed Al-Hazmavy, Melkiyat Al-Arazi fi- Filistin 1918-1948 (الحزماوي، ملكية الأراضيAkka: Muasasat Al-Asvar, 1998), 76.
  • Uri Avnery, Dava Nazie al- Melkiya al- Estitan al- Yahudi ve al- Arab 1878-1948 ) ),أفنيري، دعوى نزع الملكية-عبريtrc. Şarif Al- Barguti (Amman: Dar al-Jalil, 1986), 103.
  • Abdulvahaab Al-Meseri, “Mevsuat al-Yahud ve al-Yahudiya ve al-Sohuniya )( )”المسيري، موسوعة اليهودBayrut: Dar Al-Şoruk, 1999), 2: 208.
  • Barukh Ben-Yhuda - Israel Shochat, Hamabek Lvytakhun Vlaatsmaut (Ramot Gan: İtonot Mtsid, 1974), 11-13.
  • Afrayim - Manahim, “Mujam Al-Mustalahat Al-Sohuniyah”, 85; Ben-Yhuda - Shochat, Hamabek Lvytakhun Vlaatsmaut, 13-16.
  • Efrayim Dekel, Pilut Manganon Hmeyda (Hasoei); Miyomano Şel Manhig (ديكل، نشاطات جهاز المعلومات ”هشاي“-عبري), Manganon Hmeyda Şel Hahagana 1. Bs (Tel Aviv: Hidpasta Davar, 1953), 5.
  • Al-Meseri, “Mevsuat al-Yahud”, 6/218.
  • Gershon Gera, Hashomer (Israel: Hotseta Msrid Habitakhon, Hahotsaa Lor, 1985), 23.
  • Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Sefer Hashomer )Tel Aviv: Davar, 1962), 15.
  • Ben-Yhuda - Shochat, Hamabek Lvytakhun Vlaatsmaut, 23-24.
  • Leslie Stein, The Hope Fulfilled, The Rais of Modern Israel )London: Praeger Publishers, 2003), 108.
  • Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Zikronot Vrshimot, Mehanurim Ad 1920, ed. Rakhel Ben-Zvi )Tel Aviv: Keren Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, t.y.), 105-107; Ben-Zvi, Sefer Hashomer, 451.
  • Uziel Lev - Avi Kuper, Bergyora Vhashomer, 1985. Bs )Israel: Garsaot Shel Msrid Habitakhon Hayisreli, t.y.), 39.
  • Eyliyeyn Yitskhak - Barukh Sriel, “Entsiklopedya Krata Tsiburit (إيزكس23 موسوعة كارتا العامة - عبري ) (İsrael: Msrid habitakhon, keren krata, t.y.), 490.
  • Halpern - Reinharz, Zionism and The Creation of a New Society, 165.
  • Dan Gilad - Nakhor Murdkay, Erets Yisrael Bmea Haesrim, Miyashov (جلعادي، ومردخاي، أرض إسرائيل في القرن العشرين - عبري) Limdina 1900-1950 (Tel Aviv: Mshukhrar Msrid Habitakhon Hayisreli, 1990), 112.
  • Eliyahu Ben-Hour, Ytsia Mehagader, Sidrt Hzikronot Şel İsh Habitakhon (بن حور، الخروج من السياج - عبري) (Tel Aviv: Pirsumey Tsahal, Msrid Habitakhon, t.y.), 27.
  • Edelheit Abfaham, History of Zionism: A Handbook and Dictionary (Westview Press, t.y.), 69.
  • Ben-Zvi, Sefer Hashomer, 451.
  • Ali Mahani, Al-Ulakat Al-Sohuniyah Al-Biritaniyah fi Filistin 1918-1936
  • (مهاني، العلاقات الصهيونية البريطانية) (Yüksek Lisana Tezi, Islamic University, 2010), 17.
  • Lev - Kuper, Bergyora Vhashomer, 57.
  • Ben-Yhuda - Shochat, Hamabek Lvytakhun Vlaatsmaut, 26-27.
  • Afrayim - Manahim, “Mujam Al-Mustalahat Al-Sohuniyah”, 159.
  • Shlomo Shiva, Shevet Haamitsim (شيفا، قبيلة الشجعان - عبري) (Tel Aviv: Mehdorut sfaryayt hapoalim vhakaibuts haazury, 1978), 99.
  • Lev - Kuper, Bergyora Vhashomer, 87.
  • Abdüllhafiz Muharib, Hagana, Etsil, Lehi, al- Alakat bayin al- Tanzimat :) )Bayrutمحارب، العلاقات بين التنظيمات الصهيونية) al- Sohyuniya al- Musallaha Meraz al-abhas, Munazamat al-tahrir al-falastiniya, 1981), 16.
  • Lev - Kuper, Bergyora Vhashomer, 90-91.
  • Shmuel Stembler, Hityayshvut Bidan Hmoderny, Darkam Shel Hatsiyunim Lifney Hamdina (Tel Aviv: Mshukhrar Msrid Habitakhon Hayisreli, 1983), 193.
  • Muharib, Hagana, 16.
  • Yosef, Yomenu Shel ish Hashomer, 70-71.
  • Gera, Hashomer, 53.
  • Efrayim Dekel, Pilut Manganon Hhasbara, Miyomano Shel Mifkd
  • Manganon Hhasbara Shel Hahagana (Tel Aviv: Hotseta Davar, 1953), 5141 ،
  • Oz Almong, The Sabra, The Creation of the new Jew, trc. Haim Watzman )Berkeley: University of California press, 2000), 107.
  • Ben-Hour, Ytsia Mehagader, Sidrt Hzikronot Şel İsh Habitakhon, 29.
  • Lev - Kuper, Bergyora Vhashomer, 98.
  • Halil İnaljik, Tarihal-Davlat al-Osmaniya min al-Nuşu ilaa al-İnhidar (اينالجيك، تاريخ الدولة العثمانية ) trc. Muhamad.m AL’arnavuvt, 1. Bs (Libya: Dar al-Madar al-İslami, 2002), 107.
  • Stembler, Hityayshvut Bidan Hmoderny, 110.
  • Gera, Hashomer, 137-138.
  • Afrayim - Manahim, “Mujam Al-Mustalahat Al-Sohuniyah”, 154. Hamdan Badir, Tarih al-Haganah fi Filistin 1920-1945 ). (بدر، تاريخ الهاغانا ) (Bayrut: 1981, t.y.), 25.
  • Mansur, “Mujam Al-Mustalahat”, 24.
  • Abd El Aziz Abu Eleyan, Tatavur Al- Achiza Al-Amniya Al-Sohyunia 1897-1948 (Yüksek Lisana Tezi, Islamic University, 2012), 26.
  • Shiva, Shevet Haamitsim, 114.
  • Nakdimon Rogel, Hayotsim El Erets Hatsafon: Reshitan Shel Kvutsot Hapoalim Betsba-Hagalil 1916-1920 (Tel Aviv: Meet Yitskhak Ben Tsvi, 1987), 7.
  • Al-Meseri, “Mevsuat al-Yahud”, 7/140; Rogel, Hayotsim El Erets Hatsafon, 12.
  • Rafael Medoff - Chaim Waxman, The A to Z of Zionism (United Kingdom: The Scarecrow Press, 2009), 92.
  • Halpern - Reinharz, Zionism and The Creation of a New Society, 165; Ben-Yhuda - Shochat, Hamabek Lvytakhun Vlaatsmaut, 32.
  • Telmi Afrayim, Hagina Vaavoda, 70 Shnot Ysod Hamishmar (Merkaz Hitrabut Vhakhinuka, t.y.), 19; Gera, Hashomer, 89-90.
  • Şıptay Tipt, Ben-Gurion ve Al-Arap (تيبت، بن غوريون والعرب) trc. Gazi Al- Saadi, 1. Bs (Amman: Dar Al-Jalil lil Naşir, 1987), 39.
  • Eman Abu-Kadura, Al-Munazmat Al-Askariya ve Al-Amniya Al- Sohyuniya fi Filistin 1897-1920 (Yüksek Lisana Tezi, Islamic University, 2012), 209-210.
  • Gera, Hashomer, 89-90; Afrayim, Hagina Vaavoda, 19.
  • Mardkay Eliab, Al-Hamatsor Vhamtsuka Shel Erets Yisrael Bmilkhemet Haolam Harishona (إلياب، في الحصار والضائقة - عبري) (Kudüs: Meet Yitskhak Ben Tsvi, t.y.), 114.
  • Eliab, Al-Hamatsor Vhamtsuka Shel Erets Yisrael, 114; Yosef, Yomenu Shel ish Hashomer, 213.
  • Shiva, Shevet Haamitsim, 217; Yosef, Yomenu Shel ish Hashomer, 214.
  • Shiva, Shevet Haamitsim, 251.
  • Yosef, Yomenu Shel ish Hashomer, 213.
  • Shiva, Shevet Haamitsim, 212.
  • Yhoshua Ben Arye - Vaakherim, Entsiklopedya Shel Hatkufot Hagdolot Btoldot Erets Yisrael, Mdina Al Saf Khurban 1914-1918 (بن أريه، موسوعة الفترات الكبرى - عبري) (Garsaot Rvivim, 1980), 4: 110; Yosef, Yomenu Shel ish Hashomer, 213.
  • Shiva, Shevet Haamitsim, 217.
  • Gera, Hashomer, 125.
  • Avigur Shaul v.dğr., Toldot Hahagana (Tel Aviv: Pirsumey Hsifriya Hatsiyonit Vhatsava, Magazin Hamaarakhot, 1966), 1: 1: 396; Yosef, Yomenu Shel ish Hashomer, 214.
  • Shiva, Shevet Haamitsim, 217.
  • Abadi Jacob, Israel’s Leadership: From Utopia to Crisis (United States: Greenwood Press, 1993), 37.
  • Yosef, Yomenu Shel ish Hashomer, 215; Manya Shohat, “Hashomer Berets, Osef Hashomer, Mismakiym Vyomanim Shenikhtvu Al Ydey Anshey Hamishmar Hakadumim”, ed. Klanski Shlomo )Mehdorut Arkiyon Tnuat Haavoda, Tel Aviv, 1973), 53.
  • Jacob, Israel’s Leadership, 37; Joan Comay, Who’s Who in the Old Testament, Together with the Apocrypha )United States: Routledge, 1995), 340.
  • Shohat, “Hashomer Berets”, 53.
  • Yosef, Yomenu Shel ish Hashomer, 215; Shaul v.dğr., Toldot Hahagana, 1: 1: 396.
  • Yitskhak - Sriel, “Entsiklopedya Krata Tsiburit”, 490; Afrayim - Manahim, “Mujam Al-Mustalahat Al-Sohuniyah”, 159.
  • Shaul v.dğr., Toldot Hahagana, 1: 1: 397.
  • Abu-Kadura, Al- Munazmat al- Askariya ve al- Amniya, 209.
  • Mardkay Naor, “Hahagira Hasnyya 1903-1914 (ناؤور: الهجرة الثانية - عبري) Katav Et Ayydan, Pirsumey Merkaz Rakhel Ynit Ben Tsvi, Yrushalayim, 1985, 108.
  • Shohat, “Hashomer Berets”, 53; Rakhel Yaneyt, Zikronot Hashomer, Sefer Hashomer, Zikronot khaverim: Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Yisrael Shokhet, Matay Magd, Yohana Netberevski (Shikhruro Shel Mearkot, Vkaftor Hahagana, Udvir. Tel Aviv), 155.
  • Shaul v.dğr., Toldot Hahagana, 1: 396.
  • Eliab, Al-Hamatsor Vhamtsuka Shel Erets Yisrael, 118; Nahemiya Zelitser, Zikronot Hashomer, Sefer Hashomer, Zikronot khaverim: Yitzhak BenZvi, Yisrael Shokhet, Matay Magd, Yohana Netberevski (Shikhruro Shel Mearkot, Vkaftor Hahagana, Udvir. Tel Aviv), 1: 406.
  • Shaul v.dğr., Toldot Hahagana, 1: 1: 397.
  • Shaul v.dğr., Toldot Hahagana, 1: 1: 406.
  • Muharib, Hagana, 25.
  • Rogel, Hayotsim El Erets Hatsafon, 15.
  • Eliab, Al-Hamatsor Vhamtsuka Shel Erets Yisrael, 118.
  • Shaul v.dğr., Toldot Hahagana, 1: 1: 403.
  • Gershon Shafir, Land, Labor, and the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 1882-1914 (United States: University of California Press, 1996), 145.
  • Rogel, Hayotsim El Erets Hatsafon, 10-11.
  • Gera, Hashomer, 100.
  • Shiva, Shevet Haamitsim, 250; Eliab, Al-Hamatsor Vhamtsuka Shel Erets Yisrael, 118; Shaul v.dğr., Toldot Hahagana, 1: 1: 406.
  • Shaul v.dğr., Toldot Hahagana, 1: 1: 407.
  • Lev - Kuper, Bergyora Vhashomer, 54.
  • Rogel, Hayotsim El Erets Hatsafon, 29.
  • Jeryes, Tarih Al-Sohuniyah, 1: 292.
  • Rogel, Hayotsim El Erets Hatsafon, 19.
  • Shaul v.dğr., Toldot Hahagana, 1: 1: 407.
  • Shaul v.dğr., Toldot Hahagana, 1: 1: 412.
  • Shaul v.dğr., Toldot Hahagana, 1: 1: 413.
  • Ben Arye - Vaakherim, Entsiklopedya Shel Hatkufot Hagdolot, 4: 110.
  • Afrayim - Manahim, “Mujam Al-Mustalahat Al-Sohuniyah”, 159.
  • Khayrih Kasimih, Al-Naşat Al-Sohuni fi Al-Şark Al-Arabi ve Sadah 1908- 1918 (قاسمية، النشاط الصهيوني) (Beyrut: Markaz Abhas Munzamat al-Ttahrirb al-Filistiniya, 1973), 269-270.
  • Afrayim, Hagina Vaavoda, 20.
  • Eliab, Al-Hamatsor Vhamtsuka Shel Erets Yisrael, 120.
  • Rogel, Hayotsim El Erets Hatsafon, 72-73.
  • Naor, “Hahagira Hasnyya 1903-1914”, 108.
  • Mahmud Abdulzahir, Al-Sohyuniya ve Siyaset Al-Unf, Ze’ev Jabotinsky ve Talamizoh fi Al-Siyasah Al-İsraeyliyah (عبد الظاهر، الصهيونية وسياسة العنف) Kahire: Al-Hayaa Al-Masriya Al-Aama Lil Kitap, 1979), 100.
  • Almong, The Sabra, The Creation of the new Jew, 107.
  • Dekel, Pilut Manganon Hmeyda )Hasoei), 141.
  • Abu Eleyan, Tatavur al- Achiza, 22-23.
  • Medoff - Waxman, The A to Z of Zionism, 92.
There are 114 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Arabic
Subjects Political Movement, Intellectual History of Politics
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Abdelrahman Alfarra 0000-0002-2871-3059

Publication Date September 1, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 12 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Alfarra, A. (2023). إستراتيجيات منظمة هاشومير الصهيونية الأمنية في فلسطين 1909-1918م. Rouya Türkiyyah, 12(3), 193-220. https://doi.org/10.36360/1560-012-003-010
AMA Alfarra A. إستراتيجيات منظمة هاشومير الصهيونية الأمنية في فلسطين 1909-1918م. Rouya Türkiyyah. September 2023;12(3):193-220. doi:10.36360/1560-012-003-010
Chicago Alfarra, Abdelrahman. “إستراتيجيات منظمة هاشومير الصهيونية الأمنية في فلسطين 1909-1918م”. Rouya Türkiyyah 12, no. 3 (September 2023): 193-220. https://doi.org/10.36360/1560-012-003-010.
EndNote Alfarra A (September 1, 2023) إستراتيجيات منظمة هاشومير الصهيونية الأمنية في فلسطين 1909-1918م. Rouya Türkiyyah 12 3 193–220.
IEEE A. Alfarra, “إستراتيجيات منظمة هاشومير الصهيونية الأمنية في فلسطين 1909-1918م”, Rouya Türkiyyah, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 193–220, 2023, doi: 10.36360/1560-012-003-010.
ISNAD Alfarra, Abdelrahman. “إستراتيجيات منظمة هاشومير الصهيونية الأمنية في فلسطين 1909-1918م”. Rouya Türkiyyah 12/3 (September 2023), 193-220. https://doi.org/10.36360/1560-012-003-010.
JAMA Alfarra A. إستراتيجيات منظمة هاشومير الصهيونية الأمنية في فلسطين 1909-1918م. Rouya Türkiyyah. 2023;12:193–220.
MLA Alfarra, Abdelrahman. “إستراتيجيات منظمة هاشومير الصهيونية الأمنية في فلسطين 1909-1918م”. Rouya Türkiyyah, vol. 12, no. 3, 2023, pp. 193-20, doi:10.36360/1560-012-003-010.
Vancouver Alfarra A. إستراتيجيات منظمة هاشومير الصهيونية الأمنية في فلسطين 1909-1918م. Rouya Türkiyyah. 2023;12(3):193-220.