Alpine Snowboard Branşı Sporcularının Fiziksel Performans Test Parametrelerinin Yarışma Sonuçları ile Değerlendirilmesi

Abstract

Bu çalışma, milli takım seçmelerinde yarışan snowboard sporcularının anaerobik güç, izokinetik bacak kas kuvveti ve denge parametreleri ile yarışma sonuçları arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek ve karşılaştırmaktır. Araştırmaya snowboard branşı kapsamında erkek ve kadınların sırasıyla yaş ortalamaları 20±1,29-20±1,41 yıl, boy uzunluğu ortalamaları 174,43±6,75-160,4±5,41 cm, vücut ağırlığı ortalamaları 67,40±6,11-57,08±4,83 kg, beden kitle indeksleri 22,17±1,88-22,22±1,95 kg/m2, vücut yağ yüzdesi 10,08±3,7-20,19±4,18 ortalamalarına sahip olan 12 (erkek-kız) sporcu dahil edilmiştir. Sporcuların boyları, Holtain (UK) stadiometre ile ölçülmüş, vücut ağırlıkları BC, 418 Tanita (Japan) ile belirlenmiştir. Anaerobik güç ve kapasite testi Wingate testi kullanılarak yapılmış, kuvvet ölçümleri için IsoMed 2000® izokinetik kuvvet cihazı kullanılmıştır. Denge testleri ise altı farklı türde Sportkat 4000 cihazı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Anaerobik kapasite, izokinetik kas kuvveti, denge parametreleri ile yarışma sonuçları arasındaki ilişki Spearman korelasyon testi ile belirlendi. Katılımcıların anaerobik güç ve alt ekstremite kas kuvveti ile yarışma sonuçları arasında önemli ölçüde anlamlı korelasyonlar bulunmuştur (p<0.05). Katılımcıların denge parametreleri ile yarışma sonuçları arasında anlamlı ilişki bulunamamıştır p>0.05). Çalışmada, farklı yarışma puanlarına sahip snowboard sporcularının belirli fiziksel performanslarının anaerobik kapasite ve alt ekstremite kas kuvveti ile ilişkili olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Milli takım seçme kriterlerinde motorik özelliklerin değerlendirilmesinin doğru bir karar olacağı düşünülmektedir. Sporcuların performanslarının geliştirilmesinde, anaerobik kapasite, kas kuvveti ve denge parametreleri hakkındaki bilgi düzeylerinin artırılması gerekmektedir.

Keywords

• Snowboard
• anaerobik güç
• kas kuvveti
• denge

The Evaluation of Physical Performance Test Parameters of Alpine Snowboarders with Competition Scores

Abstract

The aim of the study is to analyze and compare the relationship between anaerobic power, isokinetic leg muscle strength and balance parameters and competition results of snowboarding athletes competing in national team selections. The study included 12 athletes (male and female) in the snowboarding branch with mean age of males and females of 20±1.29-20±1.41 years, mean height of 174.43±6.75-160.4±5.41 cm, mean body weight of 67.40±6.11-57.08±4.83 kg, body mass index of 22.17±1.88-22.22±1.95 kg/m2, and body fat percentage of 10.08±3.7-20.19±4.18. The heights of the athletes were measured using a Holtain (UK) stadiometer and their body weights were determined using BC, 418 Tanita (Japan). Anaerobic power and capacity tests were performed through the Wingate test, and IsoMed 2000® isokinetic strength device was used for strength measurements. Balance tests were performed with six different types of Sportkat 4000 device. The relationship between anaerobic capacity, isokinetic muscle strength, balance parameters and competition results was determined via Spearman correlation test. The study revealed highly significant correlations between the participants' anaerobic power and lower extremity muscle strength and the competition results (p<0.05). No significant relationship was observed between the participants' balance parameters and the competition results (p>0.05). The study concluded that certain physical performance of snowboarding athletes with different competition scores is related to anaerobic capacity and lower extremity muscle strength. It is thought that evaluating motoric characteristics in the national team selection criteria would be a correct decision. In the development of athletes' performance, their knowledge levels regarding anaerobic capacity, muscle strength and balance parameters should be increased.

Keywords

• Snowboard
• anaerobic power
• muscle strength
• balance

References

1. Arslan, H. (2019). Farklı liglerde yarışan erkek alp disiplini kayakçıların denge parametreleri ile yarış performansları arasındaki ilişkinin değerlendirilmesi (Yüksek lisans tezi). Erciyes Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
2. Back, J., Hur, S., & Lee, Y. M. (2014). Analysis of physiologic effect of snowboard deck in snowboarders. International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering, 9(12), 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijbsbt.2014.6.5.06
3. Bakken, A., Bere, T., Bahr, R., Kristianslund, E., & Nordsletten, L. (2011). Mechanisms of injuries in World Cup Snowboard Cross: A systematic video analysis of 19 cases. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(16), 1315–1322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2011-090527
4. Battista, R. A., Pivarnik, J. M., Dummer, G. M., Sauer, N., & Malina, R. M. (2007). Comparisons of physical characteristics and performances among female collegiate rowers. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25(6), 651–657. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410600831781
5. Carey, D. G., & Richardson, M. T. (2003). Can aerobic and anaerobic power be measured in a 60-second maximal test? Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 2(4), 151–157.
6. Carpes, F. P., Mota, C. B., & Faria, I. E. (2010). On the bilateral asymmetry during running and cycling: A review considering leg preference. Physical Therapy in Sport, 11(4), 136–142.. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2010.06.005
7. Cheung, R., Smith, A., & Wong, D. (2012). H:Q ratios and bilateral leg strength in college field and court sports players. Journal of Human Kinetics, 33, 63–71.
8. Gathercole, R. J., Stellingwerff, T., & Sporer, B. C. (2015). Effect of acute fatigue and training adaptation on countermovement jump performance in elite snowboard cross athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 29(1), 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000622

9. Higa, M., Silva, E., Neves, V., Catai, A., Gallo Jr, L., & Silva de Sá, M. (2007). Comparison of anaerobic threshold determined by visual and mathematical methods in healthy women. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 40, 501–508. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-879x2007000400008
10. Hogg, P. (2003). Preparation for skiing and snowboarding. Australian Family Physician, 32(7), 495-498
11. Impellizzeri, F., Marcora, S., Rampinini, E., Mognoni, P., & Sassi, A. (2005). Correlations between physiological variables and performance in high level cross country off road cyclists. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(10), 747–751. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.017236
12. Ishimaru, D., Ogawa, H., Wakahara, K., Sumi, H., Sumi, Y., & Shimizu, K. (2012). Hip pads reduce the overall risk of injuries in recreational snowboarders. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 46(15), 1055–1058. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2012-091204
13. Jeon, Y., & Eom, K. (2021). Role of physique and physical fitness in the balance of Korean national snowboard athletes. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness, 19(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesf.2020.07.001
14. Kipp, R. W. (1998). Physiological analysis and training for snowboard's Halfpipe event. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 20(4), 8–12.
15. Klous, M., Müller, E., & Schwameder, H. (2014). Three‐dimensional lower extremity joint loading in a carved ski and snowboard turn: A pilot study. Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine, 2014, 340272. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/340272
16. Kocahan, T., Kaya, E., Akınoğlu, B., Karaaslan, Y., Yıldırım, N. Ü., & Hasanoğlu, A. (2017). İzokinetik kuvvet antrenmanının farklı açısal hızlardaki kas kuvveti üzerine etkisinin incelenmesi: Pilot çalışma. Turkish Journal of Sports Medicine, 52(3). https://doi.org/10.5152/tjsm.2017.073
17. Kourtzi, Z. (2010). Visual learning for perceptual and categorical decisions in the human brain. Vision Research, 50(4), 433–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2009.09.025
18. Meyer, N. L., Shaw, J. M., Manore, M. M., Dolan, S. H., Subudhi, A. W., Shultz, B. B., & Walker, J. A. (2004). Bone mineral density of Olympic-level female winter sport athletes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 36(9), 1594–1601. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000139799.20380.DA
19. Mukaka, M. M. (2012). A guide to appropriate use of correlation coefficient in medical research. Malawi Medical Journal, 24(3), 69–71.
20. Ozan, M., Kıyıcı, F., Atasever, G., & Buzdağlı, Y. (2020). Examination of anaerobic power performances of elite winter athletes. Acta Kinesiologica, 14(1).
21. Özkan, A., Koz, M., & Ersöz, G. (2011). Wingate anaerobik güç testinde optimal yükün belirlenmesi. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1501/Sporm_0000000193
22. Platzer, H.-P., Raschner, C., Patterson, C., & Lembert, S. (2009). Comparison of physical characteristics and performance among elite snowboarders. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(5), 1427–1432.
23. Rimmele, U., Zellweger, B. C., Marti, B., Seiler, R., Mohiyeddini, C., Ehlert, U., & Heinrichs, M. (2007). Trained men show lower cortisol, heart rate and psychological responses to psychosocial stress compared with untrained men. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 32(6), 627–635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.04.005
24. Shoepe, T. C., Stelzer, J. E., Garner, D. P., & Widrick, J. J. (2003). Functional adaptability of muscle fibers to long-term resistance exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 35(6), 944–951. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000069756.17841.9E
25. Svensson, M., & Drust, B. (2005). Testing soccer players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 23(6), 601–618. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410400021294
26. Tanyeri, L., Erdil, N., & Erdem, K. (2017). The effect of coordination trainings performed on different grounds on the aerobic capacity of snowboard-cross athletes. International Journal of Sport Studies, 7(1), 50–55. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2609193
27. Torjussen, J., & Bahr, R. (2005). Injuries among competitive snowboarders at the national elite level. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 33(3), 370–377. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546504268043
28. Vernillo, G., Pisoni, C., & Thiebat, G. (2015). Physiological characteristics of elite snowboarders. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 56(5), 527–533.
29. Vernillo, G., Pisoni, C., & Thiebat, G. (2016). Strength asymmetry between front and rear leg in elite snowboard athletes. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 26(1), 83–85. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000194
30. Vernillo, G., Pisoni, C., & Thiébat, G. (2018). Physiological and physical profile of snowboarding: A preliminary review. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, 770. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00770
31. Wang, Z., Zhong, Y., & Wang, S. (2023). Anthropometric, physiological, and physical profile of elite snowboarding athletes. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 45(2), 131–139. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000718
32. Wijdicks, C. A., Rosenbach, B. S., Flanagan, T. R., Bower, G. E., Newman, K. E., Clanton, T. O., & Hackett, T. R. (2014). Injuries in elite and recreational snowboarders. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(1), 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-093019
33. Winter, D. A., Patla, A. E., & Frank, J. S. (1990). Assessment of balance control in humans. Medical Progress Through Technology, 16(1-2), 31–51.
34. Żebrowska, A., Żyła, D., Kania, D., & Langfort, J. (2012). Anaerobic and aerobic performance of elite female and male snowboarders. Journal of Human Kinetics, 34, 81.
35. Zupan, M. F., Arata, A. W., Dawson, L. H., Wile, A. L., Payn, T. L., & Hannon, M. E. (2009). Wingate anaerobic test peak power and anaerobic capacity classifications for men and women intercollegiate athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(9), 2598–2604. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b1b21b