Development, Validity and Reliability Analysis of the Sports Destruction Scale

Abstract

This study aimed to develop the Sports Destruction Scale (SDS) and examine its psychometric properties among athletes. The study included 255 licensed athletes from different sport branches. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to examine the factor structure, while internal consistency, composite reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity were evaluated. The analyses resulted in a 16-item structure comprising two dimensions: Interpersonal Destruction and Disruption of Team Dynamics. The two-factor structure explained 68% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated satisfactory model fit (χ²/df =2.09, CFI = .97, RMSEA = .058, SRMR=.045). Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were .92 for Interpersonal Destruction, .90 for Disruption of Team Dynamics, and .94 for the total scale. Composite reliability and average variance extracted values supported the reliability and convergent validity of the dimensions, while the HTMT ratio provided evidence of discriminant validity. These findings indicated that the SDS demonstrates satisfactory psychometric properties for assessing destructive behaviors in sport.

Keywords

• Destruction Scale in Sports
• Destructive Behaviors
• Sports Psychology
• Athlete Burnout

Sporda Yıkım Ölçeği Geliştirilmesi, Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Analizi

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Sporda Yıkım Ölçeği’ni (SYS) geliştirmek ve sporcular arasında yıkıcı davranışların ölçülmesine ilişkin psikometrik özelliklerini incelemektir. Araştırmaya farklı spor branşlarında yer alan 255 lisanslı sporcu katılmıştır. Ölçeğin faktör yapısını incelemek amacıyla açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri gerçekleştirilmiş; iç tutarlılık, bileşik güvenirlik, yakınsak geçerlik ve ayırt edici geçerlik incelenmiştir. Analizler sonucunda, Kişilerarası Yıkım ve Takım Dinamiklerini Bozma olmak üzere iki boyuttan oluşan 16 maddelik bir yapı elde edilmiştir. İki faktörlü yapı toplam varyansın %68’ini açıklamıştır. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi kabul edilebilir model uyumu göstermiştir (χ²/df = 2.09, CFI = .97, RMSEA = .058, SRMR = .045). Cronbach alfa katsayıları Kişilerarası Yıkım için .92, Takım Dinamiklerini Bozma için .90 ve toplam ölçek için .94 olarak bulunmuştur. Bileşik güvenirlik ve ortalama açıklanan varyans değerleri yakınsak geçerliği desteklerken, HTMT oranı ayırt edici geçerliğe ilişkin destek sağlamıştır. Bulgular, SYS’nin spor ortamındaki yıkıcı davranışların değerlendirilmesinde yeterli psikometrik özellikler gösterdiğine işaret etmektedir.

Keywords

• Sporda Yıkım Ölçeği
• Yıkıcı Davranışlar
• Spor Psikolojisi
• Sporcu Tükenmişliği

References

1. Acar, K., Mor, H., Karakaş, F., Yılmaz, A. K., Arslanoğlu, C., & Mor, A. (2022). Prosocial and antisocial behaviors in Turkish female and male football players. Journal of Men's Health, 18(2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.31083/jomh.2021.062
2. Boardley, I. D., Matosic, D., & Bruner, M. W. (2020). A longitudinal examination of the relations between moral disengagement and antisocial behavior in sport. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 42(2), 123–131. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2019-0127
3. Boateng, G. O., Neilands, T. B., Frongillo, E. A., Melgar-Quiñonez, H. R., & Young, S. L. (2018). Best practices for developing and validating scales for health, social, and behavioral research: A primer. Frontiers in Public Health, 6, Article 149. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00149
4. Bovolon, L., Mallia, L., De Maria, A., Lucidi, F., & Chirico, A. (2024). Modulatory role of sport factors on amateur and competitive athletes’ aggressive and antisocial behaviors. Heliyon, 10(1), e23321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23321
5. Cabrera-Nguyen, P. (2010). Author Guidelines for Reporting Scale Development and Validation Results in the Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, 1(2), 99-103.
6. DeVellis, R. F. (2017). Scale Development: Theory and Applications (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
7. Danioni, F. V., Kavussanu, M., Regalia, C., & Barni, D. (2021). My teammates think it is alright to fight to protect friends: Collective moral disengagement in team sports. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 19(4), 598–612. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2021.1891119
8. Erdoğan, İ., & Bolat, Y. (2023). Çevrimiçi psikoeğitim programları: Sistematik bir inceleme. International Journal of Eurasia Social Sciences (IJOESS), 14(52), 766–786.

9. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
10. Fransen, K., McEwan, D., & Sarkar, M. (2020). The impact of identity leadership on team functioning and well-being in team sport: Is psychological safety the missing link? Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 51, Article 101763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101763
11. Gaur, A. S., & Gaur, S. S. (2006). Statistical methods for practice and research: A guide to data analysis using SPSS. Response Books, SAGE Publications.
12. Gattis, C., & Moore, M. (2022). A conceptual analysis of maltreatment in sports: A sport social work perspective. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 4, 1017308. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2022.1017308
13. Gentile, A., Milovanovic, I., Pišot, S., Bianco, A., & Lavanco, G. (2022). Moral disengagement in youth athletes: A narrative review. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 7(2), Article 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7020033
14. Graupensperger, S. A., & Tisak, M. S. (2018). Moral behavior in the locker room predicts perceptions of task cohesion in youth ice hockey players. Journal of Human Kinetics, 65, 273–280. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2018-0047
15. Gümüşgül, C., & Ersoy, A. (2021). Moral Disengagement in Sports: A Study on Young Turkish Athletes. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 23(3), 384-389. https://izlik.org/JA86MX77KL
16. Gülle, M., & Bolat, Y. (2021). The effect of birth month and seasons on athlete aggression. Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn), 15(4), 592–600. https://doi.org/10.11591/edulearn.v15i4.19810
17. Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
18. Hodge, K., & Gucciardi, D. F. (2015). Antisocial and prosocial behavior in sport: The role of motivational climate, basic psychological needs, and moral disengagement. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 37(3), 257–273. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2014-0225
19. Kavussanu, M. (2012). Moral behavior in sport. In S. M. Murphy (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of sport and performance psychology (pp. 364–383). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199731763.013.0019
20. Kavussanu, M. (2019). Toward an understanding of transgressive behavior in sport: Progress and prospects. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 42, 33–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.01.009
21. Kavussanu, M., & Al-Yaaribi, A. (2021). Prosocial and antisocial behavior in sport. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 19(2), 179–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2019.1674681
22. Kavussanu, M., & Boardley, I. D. (2009). The Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior in Sport Scale. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 31(1), 97–117. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.31.1.97
23. Kavussanu, M., & Ring, C. (2021). Bracketed morality in adolescent football players: A tale of two contexts. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 53, Article 101835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101835
24. Kavussanu, M., Stanger, N., & Boardley, I. D. (2013). The Prosocial and Antisocial Behaviour in Sport Scale: Further evidence for construct validity and reliability. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(11), 1208–1221. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2013.775473
25. Koller, I., Levenson, M. R., & Glück, J. (2017). What do you think you are measuring? A mixed-methods procedure for assessing the content validity of test items and theory-based scaling. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 126. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00126
26. Kyriazos, T. (2018) Applied Psychometrics: Writing-Up a Factor Analysis Construct Validation Study with Examples. Psychology, 9, 2503-2530. https:// 10.4236/psych.2018.911144.
27. McLaren, C. D., Boardley, I. D., Benson, A. J., Martin, L. J., Fransen, K., Herbison, J. D., Slatcher, R. B., Carré, J. M., Côté, J., & Bruner, M. W. (2021). Follow the leader: Identity leadership and moral behaviour in social situations among youth sport teammates. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 55, Article 101940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.101940
28. McEwan, D., & Crawford, K. L. (2022). Why does teamwork execution breakdown? Experiences of university team sport athletes. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 11(4), 459–476. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000290
29. Salcinovic, B., Drew, M., Dijkstra, H. P., Waddington, G., & Serpell, B. G. (2022). Factors influencing team performance: What can support teams in high-performance sport learn from other industries? A systematic scoping review. Sports Medicine - Open, 8(1), Article 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-021-00406-7
30. Sun, J. (2005). Assessing Goodness of Fit in Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Measurement and Evoluation in Counseling and Development, 37, 240-256.
31. Watkins, M. W. (2018). Exploratory factor analysis: A guide to best practice. Journal of Black Psychology 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798418771807
32. Worthington, R. L., & Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6), 806–838. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006288127
33. Yıldız, D. & Uzunsakal, E. (2018). Alan Araştırmalarında Güvenilirlik Testlerinin Karşılaştırılması ve Tarımsal Veriler Üzerine Bir Uygulama. Uygulamalı Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2018(1), 1-15.
34. Zhu, L., Zhou, B., Hou, J., Wang, J., & Zhou, Y. (2025). Associations between moral disengagement and prosocial and antisocial behavior in sport: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 76, Article 102762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102762.