Research Article
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Examination of the leisure involvement and leisure constraints levels of individuals doing ski and snowboard as a recreational physical activity

Year 2024, Volume: 26 Issue: 3, 126 - 137, 25.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.62425/rses.1469818

Abstract

This study aimed to examine the levels of leisure involvement and perceived leisure constraints of individuals who ski and snowboard based on various characteristics. The study group of research consisted of 796 individuals (Mage=32.48±12.82) who ski/snowboard in 5 ski resorts in Turkey. In the research, "Leisure Involvement Scale" (LIS) and "Leisure Constraints Scale" (LCS) were used as data collection tools. MANOVA, and ANOVA analyses were used to analyze the collected data. According to the MANOVA results with regard to gender, there were statistically significant differences between the average scores of the groups in all subscales of the "LIS" except the "interpersonal constraints" subscale of the "LCS". There was no significant difference between the participants' "LCS" mean scores according to the education level variable. On the other hand, it was found that there were statistically significant differences in all subscales of the "LIS" of the participants concerning the education level. The average scores of participants with master's/doctoral education were found to be higher than others in all subscales where differences were observed. According to the results of the analysis based on the activity type variable of the participants, there are significant differences only in the "intrapersonal factors" of the "LCS" and all subscales of the "LIS". MANOVA analysis results revealed that the average scores of the participants in all subscales of "LCS", "interpersonal constraints" "intrapersonal constraints" and "LIS" differed significantly according to the variable of having their materials. As a result, it was concluded that the most important factor that constrained individuals from participating in ski and snowboard sports as a leisure activity was "structural factors". In addition, it has been found that the three most important reasons why individuals are interested in skiing or snowboarding or both as winter sports are "attraction, "social bonding" and "centrality", respectively.

References

  • Alexandris, K., Kouthouris, C., Funk, D., & Chatzigianni, E. (2008). Examining the relationships between leisure constraints, involvement and attitudinal loyalty among Greek recreational skiers. European Sport Management Quarterly, 8(3), 247-264.
  • Alexandris, K., & Carroll, B. (1997). An Analysis of leisure constraints based on different recreational sport participation levels: results from a study in greece. Leisure Sciences, 19(1), 1-15.
  • Argan, M. T., Koçak, F., Gürbüz, B., Argan, M., & Dinç, H. (2023). Exploring the relationships among fear of missing out (fomo), sensation seeking and leisure activity participation. World Leisure Journal, 1-23.
  • Aslan, N. (2005). Üniversite öğrencilerinin boş zaman değerlendirme eğilimi: Öğretmen yetiştiren kurumlarda karşılaştırmalı bir araştırma. Ege Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Avcı Taşkıran, T., & Gürbüz, B. (2021). The investigation of the relationship between perceived freedom and brief resilience: The role of participation in physical activity. Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity, 13(5), 19-28.
  • Ayhan, C., Eskiler, E., & Soyer, F. (2019). Serbest zaman engelleri ve engellerle başa çıkma stratejileri arasındaki ilişki: Serbest zaman ilgileniminin moderatör etkisi. 2. Uluslararası Rekreasyon ve Spor Yönetimi Kongresi, Özet, 271-272.
  • Bagoien, T. E., & Halvari, H. (2005). Autonomous motivation: Involvement in physical activity, and perceived sport competence: Structural and mediator models. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 100(1), 3-21.
  • Bishop, P. A. (2017). Measurement and evaluation in physical activity applications: Exercise science, physical education, coaching, athletic training & health. Routledge.
  • Chen, S. Y., & Fu, Y. C. (2008). Leisure participation and enjoyment among the elderly: Individual characteristics and sociability. Educational Gerontology, 34(10), 871-889.
  • Crawford, D. W., Jackson, E. L., & Godbey, G. (1991). A hierarchical model of leisure constraints. Leisure sciences, 13(4), 309-320.
  • Decloe, M. D., Kaczynski, A. T. & Havitz, M. E. (2009). Social Participation, flow and situational involvement in recreational physical activity. Journal of Leisure Research, 41(1), 73-91.
  • Godbey, G., Crawford, D.W., & Shen, X.S. (2010). Assessing hierarchical leisure constraints theory after two decades. Journal of Leisure Research, 42(1), 111- 134.
  • Gould, D., & Horn, T. (1984). Participation motivation in young athletes. Psychological Foundations of Sport, 2, 359-370.
  • Güngörmüş, H. A., Yumuk, E. D., Bolat, C., & Karakullukçu, Ö. F. (2019). Analysis of attitudes towards leisure activities and level of involvement of individuals doing racket sports with recreactional purposes. 2. International Congress on Recreation and Sports Management, Full Text, 339-343.
  • Gürbüz, B. Öncü, E. & Emir, E. (2020). Leisure constraints questionnaire: Testing the construct validity of short form. Journal of Sports and Performance Researches, 11(2), 256-265.
  • Gürbüz, B., & Henderson, K. (2013). Exploring the meanings of leisure among Turkish university students. Croatian Journal of Education, 15(4), 927-957.
  • Gürbüz, B., & Henderson, K. A. (2014). Leisure activity preferences and constraints: Perspectives from Turkey. World Leisure Journal, 56(4), 300-316.
  • Gürbüz, B., Çimen, Z., & Aydın, İ. (2018). Serbest zaman ilgilenim ölçeği: Türkçe formu geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(4), 256-265.
  • Guthold, R., Ono, T., Strong, K. L., Chatterji, S., & Morabia, A. (2008). Worldwide variability in physical inactivity: A 51-country survey. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 34(6), 486-494.
  • Havitz, M. E., & Dimanche, F. (1997). Leisure involvement revisited: conceptual conundrums and measurement advance. Journal of Leisure Research, 29(3), 245-278.
  • Hickerson, B., Finke, E. H. & Choi, Y. (2014). Enduring leisure involvement and children with autism spectrum disorder. Therepeutic Recreation Journal, 48(1), 31-45.
  • Jackson, E. L., & Scott, D. (1999). Constraints to Leisure. In E. L. Jackson & T. L. Burton (Eds.), Leisure studies: Prospects for the twenty-first century (pp. 299-321). State College, PA: Venture.
  • Jenkins, J., & Pigram, J. (2003). Encyclopedia of leisure and ooutdoor recreation. Routledge.
  • Jun, J., Kyle, G. T., Vlachopoulos, S. P., Theodorakis, N. D., Absher, J. D., & Hammitt, W. E. (2012). Reassessing the structure of enduring leisure involvement. Leisure Sciences: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 34(1), 1-18.
  • Kandemir, G. (2018). Tüketici ilgilenim ve ürün bilgi düzeylerinin satın alma kararları üzerindeki rolüne ilişkin bir araştırma. Marmara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Kara, F. M., Gürbüz, B., & Öncü, E. (2019). work hard, play hard: Leisure satisfaction and work engagement among Turkish women. Work, 64(2), 177-185.
  • Karasar, N. (2005). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Nobel Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. Guilford Press, New York. 2nd ed.
  • Krugman, H. E. (1966). The measurement of advertising involvement. Public Opinion Quarterly, 30(4), 583-596.
  • Kyle, G. T., & Mowen, A. J. (2005). An examination of the leisure involvement agency commitment relationship. Journal of Leisure Research, 37(3), 342-363.
  • Kyle, G. T., & Mowen, A. J. (2004). An examination of the relationship between leisure constraints, involvement and commitment. In Proceedings of the 2003 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium. In: Murdy, James, comp. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-317. ed (pp. 328-337).
  • Kyle, G., Absher, J., Norman, W., Hammitt, W., & Jodice, L. (2007). A modified involvement scale. Leisure Studies, 26(4), 399-427).
  • Kyle, G.T. & Chick, G. (2004). Enduring leisure involvement: The importance of personal relationships. Leisure Studies, 23(3), 243-266.
  • Lawler, E. E. (1973). Motivation in work organization. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co, 25.
  • Lee, K. J., Casper, J., Powell, R., & Floyd, M. F. (2023). African Americans’ outdoor recreation involvement, leisure satisfaction, and subjective well-being. Current Psychology, 42(31), 27840-27850.
  • Lee, Y. G., & Bhargava, V. (2004). Leisure time: do married and single individuals spend it differently. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 32(3), 254-274.
  • Odabaşı, Y., & Barış, G. (2002). Tüketici davranışı (2. Baskı). MediaCat Yayınları.
  • Park, S., Choi, B., Choi, C., Kang, J.M., & Lee, J.Y. (2019). Relationship between education, leisure activities, and cognitive functions in older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 23(12), 1651-1660.
  • Perrin, B. (1979). Survey of physical activity in the regional municipality of waterloo. Recreation Research Review, 6(4), 48-52.
  • Sakai, M. (2010). Tourism futures and the allocation of time to work, leisure education and recovery: An experience economy approach, in. Time Shift, Leisure and Tourism: Impacts of Time Allocation on Successful Products and Services, 109-118.
  • Slama, M. E. & Tashchian, A. (1985). Selected socioeconomic and demographic characteristics associated with purchasing involvement. Journal of Marketing, 49(1), 72-82.
  • Tudor-Locke, C., Burkett, L., Reis, J.P., Ainsworth, B.E., Macera, C.A.& Wilson, D.K. (2005). How many days of pedometer monitoring predict weekly physical activity in adults? Preventive Medicine, 40(3), 293-298.
  • Warren, K. (1990). Women's Outdoor Adventures. Adventure Education, 411-417.
  • Wiley, C. G. E., Shaw, S. M., & Havitz, M. E. (2000). Men’s and women’s involvement in sports: An examination of the gendered aspects of leisure involvement. Leisure Sciences, 22(1), 19-31.
  • Wold, B., & Kannas, L. (1993). Sport motivation among young adolescents in finland, Norway and Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 3(4), 283-291.
  • Yetim, G. (2014). Boş zaman ilgileniminin boş zaman tatmini ve sadakati üzerine etkisi: Eskişehir'deki fitnes merkezleri üzerine araştırma. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eskişehir.
Year 2024, Volume: 26 Issue: 3, 126 - 137, 25.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.62425/rses.1469818

Abstract

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışma için etik komite onayı Atatürk Üniversitesi Bilimsel Yayın ve Etik Kurulu (Tarih: 21 Şubat 2023 Sayı: E-70400699-050.02.04-2300255410) tarafından alınmıştır.

References

  • Alexandris, K., Kouthouris, C., Funk, D., & Chatzigianni, E. (2008). Examining the relationships between leisure constraints, involvement and attitudinal loyalty among Greek recreational skiers. European Sport Management Quarterly, 8(3), 247-264.
  • Alexandris, K., & Carroll, B. (1997). An Analysis of leisure constraints based on different recreational sport participation levels: results from a study in greece. Leisure Sciences, 19(1), 1-15.
  • Argan, M. T., Koçak, F., Gürbüz, B., Argan, M., & Dinç, H. (2023). Exploring the relationships among fear of missing out (fomo), sensation seeking and leisure activity participation. World Leisure Journal, 1-23.
  • Aslan, N. (2005). Üniversite öğrencilerinin boş zaman değerlendirme eğilimi: Öğretmen yetiştiren kurumlarda karşılaştırmalı bir araştırma. Ege Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Avcı Taşkıran, T., & Gürbüz, B. (2021). The investigation of the relationship between perceived freedom and brief resilience: The role of participation in physical activity. Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity, 13(5), 19-28.
  • Ayhan, C., Eskiler, E., & Soyer, F. (2019). Serbest zaman engelleri ve engellerle başa çıkma stratejileri arasındaki ilişki: Serbest zaman ilgileniminin moderatör etkisi. 2. Uluslararası Rekreasyon ve Spor Yönetimi Kongresi, Özet, 271-272.
  • Bagoien, T. E., & Halvari, H. (2005). Autonomous motivation: Involvement in physical activity, and perceived sport competence: Structural and mediator models. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 100(1), 3-21.
  • Bishop, P. A. (2017). Measurement and evaluation in physical activity applications: Exercise science, physical education, coaching, athletic training & health. Routledge.
  • Chen, S. Y., & Fu, Y. C. (2008). Leisure participation and enjoyment among the elderly: Individual characteristics and sociability. Educational Gerontology, 34(10), 871-889.
  • Crawford, D. W., Jackson, E. L., & Godbey, G. (1991). A hierarchical model of leisure constraints. Leisure sciences, 13(4), 309-320.
  • Decloe, M. D., Kaczynski, A. T. & Havitz, M. E. (2009). Social Participation, flow and situational involvement in recreational physical activity. Journal of Leisure Research, 41(1), 73-91.
  • Godbey, G., Crawford, D.W., & Shen, X.S. (2010). Assessing hierarchical leisure constraints theory after two decades. Journal of Leisure Research, 42(1), 111- 134.
  • Gould, D., & Horn, T. (1984). Participation motivation in young athletes. Psychological Foundations of Sport, 2, 359-370.
  • Güngörmüş, H. A., Yumuk, E. D., Bolat, C., & Karakullukçu, Ö. F. (2019). Analysis of attitudes towards leisure activities and level of involvement of individuals doing racket sports with recreactional purposes. 2. International Congress on Recreation and Sports Management, Full Text, 339-343.
  • Gürbüz, B. Öncü, E. & Emir, E. (2020). Leisure constraints questionnaire: Testing the construct validity of short form. Journal of Sports and Performance Researches, 11(2), 256-265.
  • Gürbüz, B., & Henderson, K. (2013). Exploring the meanings of leisure among Turkish university students. Croatian Journal of Education, 15(4), 927-957.
  • Gürbüz, B., & Henderson, K. A. (2014). Leisure activity preferences and constraints: Perspectives from Turkey. World Leisure Journal, 56(4), 300-316.
  • Gürbüz, B., Çimen, Z., & Aydın, İ. (2018). Serbest zaman ilgilenim ölçeği: Türkçe formu geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(4), 256-265.
  • Guthold, R., Ono, T., Strong, K. L., Chatterji, S., & Morabia, A. (2008). Worldwide variability in physical inactivity: A 51-country survey. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 34(6), 486-494.
  • Havitz, M. E., & Dimanche, F. (1997). Leisure involvement revisited: conceptual conundrums and measurement advance. Journal of Leisure Research, 29(3), 245-278.
  • Hickerson, B., Finke, E. H. & Choi, Y. (2014). Enduring leisure involvement and children with autism spectrum disorder. Therepeutic Recreation Journal, 48(1), 31-45.
  • Jackson, E. L., & Scott, D. (1999). Constraints to Leisure. In E. L. Jackson & T. L. Burton (Eds.), Leisure studies: Prospects for the twenty-first century (pp. 299-321). State College, PA: Venture.
  • Jenkins, J., & Pigram, J. (2003). Encyclopedia of leisure and ooutdoor recreation. Routledge.
  • Jun, J., Kyle, G. T., Vlachopoulos, S. P., Theodorakis, N. D., Absher, J. D., & Hammitt, W. E. (2012). Reassessing the structure of enduring leisure involvement. Leisure Sciences: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 34(1), 1-18.
  • Kandemir, G. (2018). Tüketici ilgilenim ve ürün bilgi düzeylerinin satın alma kararları üzerindeki rolüne ilişkin bir araştırma. Marmara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Kara, F. M., Gürbüz, B., & Öncü, E. (2019). work hard, play hard: Leisure satisfaction and work engagement among Turkish women. Work, 64(2), 177-185.
  • Karasar, N. (2005). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Nobel Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. Guilford Press, New York. 2nd ed.
  • Krugman, H. E. (1966). The measurement of advertising involvement. Public Opinion Quarterly, 30(4), 583-596.
  • Kyle, G. T., & Mowen, A. J. (2005). An examination of the leisure involvement agency commitment relationship. Journal of Leisure Research, 37(3), 342-363.
  • Kyle, G. T., & Mowen, A. J. (2004). An examination of the relationship between leisure constraints, involvement and commitment. In Proceedings of the 2003 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium. In: Murdy, James, comp. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-317. ed (pp. 328-337).
  • Kyle, G., Absher, J., Norman, W., Hammitt, W., & Jodice, L. (2007). A modified involvement scale. Leisure Studies, 26(4), 399-427).
  • Kyle, G.T. & Chick, G. (2004). Enduring leisure involvement: The importance of personal relationships. Leisure Studies, 23(3), 243-266.
  • Lawler, E. E. (1973). Motivation in work organization. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co, 25.
  • Lee, K. J., Casper, J., Powell, R., & Floyd, M. F. (2023). African Americans’ outdoor recreation involvement, leisure satisfaction, and subjective well-being. Current Psychology, 42(31), 27840-27850.
  • Lee, Y. G., & Bhargava, V. (2004). Leisure time: do married and single individuals spend it differently. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 32(3), 254-274.
  • Odabaşı, Y., & Barış, G. (2002). Tüketici davranışı (2. Baskı). MediaCat Yayınları.
  • Park, S., Choi, B., Choi, C., Kang, J.M., & Lee, J.Y. (2019). Relationship between education, leisure activities, and cognitive functions in older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 23(12), 1651-1660.
  • Perrin, B. (1979). Survey of physical activity in the regional municipality of waterloo. Recreation Research Review, 6(4), 48-52.
  • Sakai, M. (2010). Tourism futures and the allocation of time to work, leisure education and recovery: An experience economy approach, in. Time Shift, Leisure and Tourism: Impacts of Time Allocation on Successful Products and Services, 109-118.
  • Slama, M. E. & Tashchian, A. (1985). Selected socioeconomic and demographic characteristics associated with purchasing involvement. Journal of Marketing, 49(1), 72-82.
  • Tudor-Locke, C., Burkett, L., Reis, J.P., Ainsworth, B.E., Macera, C.A.& Wilson, D.K. (2005). How many days of pedometer monitoring predict weekly physical activity in adults? Preventive Medicine, 40(3), 293-298.
  • Warren, K. (1990). Women's Outdoor Adventures. Adventure Education, 411-417.
  • Wiley, C. G. E., Shaw, S. M., & Havitz, M. E. (2000). Men’s and women’s involvement in sports: An examination of the gendered aspects of leisure involvement. Leisure Sciences, 22(1), 19-31.
  • Wold, B., & Kannas, L. (1993). Sport motivation among young adolescents in finland, Norway and Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 3(4), 283-291.
  • Yetim, G. (2014). Boş zaman ilgileniminin boş zaman tatmini ve sadakati üzerine etkisi: Eskişehir'deki fitnes merkezleri üzerine araştırma. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eskişehir.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sports and Recreation
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Neslihan Kandil 0000-0003-1004-5432

Davut Budak 0000-0003-2632-0232

Publication Date September 25, 2024
Submission Date April 17, 2024
Acceptance Date June 28, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 26 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Kandil, N., & Budak, D. (2024). Examination of the leisure involvement and leisure constraints levels of individuals doing ski and snowboard as a recreational physical activity. Research in Sport Education and Sciences, 26(3), 126-137. https://doi.org/10.62425/rses.1469818

Content of this journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License

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