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Sporda Rakibi Gözlem Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Year 2025, Volume: 27 Issue: 1, 61 - 76, 25.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.62425/rses.1543259

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı, sporcuların rakiplerini gözlemlerken dikkate aldıkları özellikleri belirleyerek odak noktalarını tespit eden geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı geliştirmektir. Lawshe tekniği ile hazırlanan ölçeğin aday formunda niteliksel adımlar kapsamında odak grup görüşmeleri ve kompozisyon yazdırma, niceliksel adımlar kapsamında sayıltı analizleri ile geçerlik ve güvenirlik analizlerine yer verilmiştir. Uzman görüşleri sonrası 36 maddelik madde havuzu 46 maddeye ulaşmış ve 5’li Likert tipi (5=Her Zaman, 1=Hiçbir Zaman) denemelik form 508 aktif sporcuya uygulanmıştır. Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi (AFA) ile 4 faktörlü 30 maddelik yapı elde edilmiş ve 491 gözlem ile Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) uygulanmıştır. Faktör isimlendirmeleri literatür ışığında yapılmış, Cronbach alfa iç tutarlık katsayıları; "Taktik-Strateji" (n=6) için .86, "İletişim" (n=5) için .73, "Teknik-Fiziksel" (n=11) için .92 ve "İmaj" (n=8) için .86, ölçeğin tamamı için .93 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Açıklanan varyans oranı %55.941’dir. Sporcu motivasyonu üzerine birçok çalışma yapılmış olmasına rağmen, gözlem yaparken hangi faktörlerin önemli olduğunu ölçen bir çalışmaya rastlanmaması bu çalışmanın önemini vurgulamaktadır. Bu araştırma, sporcu gözleminde dikkate alınması gereken faktörleri belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, Sporda Rakibi Gözleme Ölçeği’nin (SRGÖ) geçerli ve güvenilir olduğunu kanıtlamıştır.

References

  • Andrade, C. (2021). The inconvenient truth about convenience and purposive samples. Indian journal of psychological medicine, 43(1), 86-88.
  • Asar, S., Ezabadi, R. R., Baghini, A. S., & Maleksabet, N. (2022). The relationship between reaction time, eye-hand coordination with visual field in elite tennis tennis players. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 13(2).
  • Ayre, C., & Scally, A. J. (2014). Critical values for Lawshe’s content validity ratio: revisiting the original methods of calculation. Measurement and evaluation in counseling and development, 47(1), 79-86.
  • Bernstein, I. (2000). Some consequences of violating SEM’s assumptions. In annual meeting of Southwestern Psychological Association, Dallas, TX.
  • Brenton, J., Müller, S., & Dempsey, A. (2019). Visual-perceptual training with acquisition of the observed motor pattern contributes to greater improvement of visual anticipation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 25(3), 333.
  • Can, A. (2018). SPSS ile bilimsel araştırma sürecinde nicel veri analizi, Pegem Yayınevi.
  • Chen, G., Adleman, N. E., Saad, Z. S., Leibenluft, E., & Cox, R. W. (2014). Applications of multivariate modeling to neuroimaging group analysis: a comprehensive alternative to univariate general linear model. Neuroimage, 99, 571-588.
  • Cheong, A. T., Chinna, K., Khoo, E. M., & Liew, S. M. (2017). Determinants for cardiovascular disease health check questionnaire: A validation study. Plos one, 12(11).
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (Vol. 2), Pegem akademi.
  • Crocker, L. (2012). Introduction to measurement theory. In Handbook of complementary methods in education research (pp. 371-384). Routledge.
  • Dağlı, A. (2015). Örgütsel Muhalefet Ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye Uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(53), 198-218.
  • Demir, Ü. (2023). Scale Development Study: Students' School Satisfaction Scale. Uluslararası Eğitim Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 9(1), 25-39.
  • Direktör, C., & Nuri, C. (2019). Personality beliefs as a predictor of smartphone addiction. Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo), 46(3), 61-65.
  • Echeverri, M., Unni, E., Harpe, S. E., Kavookjian, J., Alkhateeb, F., Ekong, G., & Law, A. (2019). A multi-school validation of a revised scale for assessing cultural competence in pharmacy students. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 83(3), 6602.
  • Fişek, K. (1985). Dünyada ve Türkiye'de spor yönetimi, Bağırgan Yayınevi.
  • Göldağ, B. (2019). Lise öğrencilerinin okul kültürü algıları ve okula yabancılaşmaları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(3), 813-830.
  • Gürbüz, S., & Şahin, F. (2014). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri, Seçkin Yayıncılık, 271.
  • Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations, Wiley.
  • Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Evaluating model fit: a synthesis of the structural equation modelling literature. In 7th European Conference on research methodology for business and management studies (Vol. 2008, pp. 195-200).
  • Izquierdo, C., & Anguera, M. T. (2021). The analysis of interpersonal communication in sport from mixed methods strategy: The integration of qualitative-quantitative elements using systematic observation. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 637304.
  • Jenson, W. R., Clark, E., Kircher, J. C., & Kristjansson, S. D. (2007). Statistical reform: Evidence‐based practice, meta‐analyses, and single subject designs. Psychology in the Schools, 44(5), 483-493.
  • Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Scientific software international.
  • Kalaycı, Ş. (2010). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri (Vol. 5, p. 359), Asil Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Kara, M., Kara, N. Ş., & Uzun, N. B. (2023). Level Of Competition Forgiveness Scale in Sport (FCLSS): Validity and reliability study. International Innovative Education Researcher (IEdRes), 3(3).
  • Kavussanu, M., Seal, A. R., & Phillips, D. R. (2006). Observed prosocial and antisocial behaviors in male soccer teams: Age differences across adolescence and the role of motivational variables. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 18(4), 326-344.
  • Kline, P. (2014). An easy guide to factor analysis. Routledge.
  • Krichbaum, K. E., Peden-McAlpine, C., Diemert, C., Koenig, P., Mueller, C., & Savik, K. (2011). Designing a measure of complexity compression in registered nurses. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 33(1), 7-25.
  • Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel Psychology, 28(4).
  • Lenz, E. R. (2010). Measurement in nursing and health research. Springer publishing company.
  • Makris, S., & Urgesi, C. (2015). Neural underpinnings of superior action prediction abilities in soccer players. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience, 10(3), 342-351.
  • Munro, B. H. (2005). Statistical methods for health care research (Vol. 1). lippincott williams & wilkins.
  • Neuman B, Gray R. A direct comparison of the effects of imagery and action observation on hitting performance, Movement & Sport Sciences-Science & Motricité, 2013, (79):11-21.
  • Rosker, J., & Majcen Rosker, Z. (2021). Skill level in tennis serve return is related to adaptability in visual search behavior. Frontiers in Psychology, 12.
  • Sakalidis, K. E., Menting, S. G. P., Elferink-Gemser, M. T., & Hettinga, F. J. (2022). The role of the social environment in pacing and sports performance: a narrative review from a self-regulatory perspective. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(23), 16131.
  • Sands, W. A., Kavanaugh, A. A., Murray, S. R., McNeal, J. R., & Jemni, M. (2017). Modern techniques and technologies applied to training and performance monitoring. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 12(s2), S2-63.
  • Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A., Stage, F. K., Barlow, E. A., & King, J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of educational research, 99(6), 323-338.
  • Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2004). A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling. psychology press.
  • Şenel, E., Yıldız, M., Görgülü, R., & Adiloğulları, İ. (2023). Observational Collective Efficacy Scale for Sport (OCESS): Validity and Reliability Study of the Turkish Form. Gazi Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 28(1), 55-62.
  • Şimşek, Ö. F. (2020). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş: Temel ilkeler ve LISREL uygulamaları, Ekinok Yayınları.
  • Sofroniou, N., & Hutcheson, G. (1999). The multivariate social scientist: Introductory statistics using generalized linear models. Sage Publications.
  • Sümer, N. (2000). Yapısal Eşitlik Modelleri: Temel Kavramlar ve Örnek Uygulamalar. Türk Psikoloji Yazilari.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2015). Çok değişkenli istatistiklerin kullanımı, Nobel Yayınları.
  • Toran, M. (2011). Montessori yönteminin çocukların kavram edinimi, sosyal uyumları ve küçük kas motor becerileri üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi. (Yayımlanmış Doktora Tezi). Gazi Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Urgesi, C., Savonitto, M. M., Fabbro, F., & Aglioti, S. M. (2012). Long-and short-term plastic modeling of action prediction abilities in volleyball. Psychological research, 76, 542-560.s
  • VanNatta, M. (2005). Constructing the battered woman. Feminist Studies, 31(2), 416-443.
  • Vielma-Aguilera, A., Bustos, C., Saldivia, S., & Grandón, P. (2023). Psychometric properties of the attitudes scale of health care professionals’ toward people with a diagnosis of mental illness (EAPS-TM). Current Psychology, 42(7), 5851-5863.
  • Wang, J., & Wang, X. (2019). Structural equation modeling: Applications using Mplus. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Wilson, F. R., Pan, W., & Schumsky, D. A. (2012). Recalculation of the critical values for Lawshe’s content validity ratio. Measurement and evaluation in counseling and development, 45(3), 197-210.
  • Yaşlıoğlu, M. M. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde faktör analizi ve geçerlilik: Keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanılması. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 46, 74-85.

The Scale of Observing the Opponent in Sport: Validity and Reliability Study

Year 2025, Volume: 27 Issue: 1, 61 - 76, 25.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.62425/rses.1543259

Abstract

This study aimed to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool, the Scale of Observing the Opponent in Sport (SRAS), to identify focal points athletes consider when observing their competitors. Combining qualitative and quantitative steps, the scale's development included focus group interviews, essay writing, expert review (Lawshe technique), assumption analyses, and exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. The initial 36-item pool was expanded to 46 items based on expert feedback, and a 5-point Likert-type (5=Always, 1=Never) trial form was administered to 508 active athletes. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) revealed a 4-factor, 30-item structure, subsequently confirmed through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) on 491 observations. Factors were named based on literature review: "Tactics-Strategy" (n=6, α=.86), "Communication" (n=5, α=.73), "Technical-Physical" (n=11, α=.92), and "Image" (n=8, α=.86). The overall scale demonstrated high reliability (α=.93), and the explained variance ratio was 55.941%. Despite abundant research on athlete motivation, the lack of instruments measuring critical observation factors underscores this study's significance. The SRAS fills this gap, providing a valid and reliable tool to assess observation levels in active athletes, potentially contributing to performance enhancement strategies and talent identification.

References

  • Andrade, C. (2021). The inconvenient truth about convenience and purposive samples. Indian journal of psychological medicine, 43(1), 86-88.
  • Asar, S., Ezabadi, R. R., Baghini, A. S., & Maleksabet, N. (2022). The relationship between reaction time, eye-hand coordination with visual field in elite tennis tennis players. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 13(2).
  • Ayre, C., & Scally, A. J. (2014). Critical values for Lawshe’s content validity ratio: revisiting the original methods of calculation. Measurement and evaluation in counseling and development, 47(1), 79-86.
  • Bernstein, I. (2000). Some consequences of violating SEM’s assumptions. In annual meeting of Southwestern Psychological Association, Dallas, TX.
  • Brenton, J., Müller, S., & Dempsey, A. (2019). Visual-perceptual training with acquisition of the observed motor pattern contributes to greater improvement of visual anticipation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 25(3), 333.
  • Can, A. (2018). SPSS ile bilimsel araştırma sürecinde nicel veri analizi, Pegem Yayınevi.
  • Chen, G., Adleman, N. E., Saad, Z. S., Leibenluft, E., & Cox, R. W. (2014). Applications of multivariate modeling to neuroimaging group analysis: a comprehensive alternative to univariate general linear model. Neuroimage, 99, 571-588.
  • Cheong, A. T., Chinna, K., Khoo, E. M., & Liew, S. M. (2017). Determinants for cardiovascular disease health check questionnaire: A validation study. Plos one, 12(11).
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (Vol. 2), Pegem akademi.
  • Crocker, L. (2012). Introduction to measurement theory. In Handbook of complementary methods in education research (pp. 371-384). Routledge.
  • Dağlı, A. (2015). Örgütsel Muhalefet Ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye Uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(53), 198-218.
  • Demir, Ü. (2023). Scale Development Study: Students' School Satisfaction Scale. Uluslararası Eğitim Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 9(1), 25-39.
  • Direktör, C., & Nuri, C. (2019). Personality beliefs as a predictor of smartphone addiction. Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo), 46(3), 61-65.
  • Echeverri, M., Unni, E., Harpe, S. E., Kavookjian, J., Alkhateeb, F., Ekong, G., & Law, A. (2019). A multi-school validation of a revised scale for assessing cultural competence in pharmacy students. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 83(3), 6602.
  • Fişek, K. (1985). Dünyada ve Türkiye'de spor yönetimi, Bağırgan Yayınevi.
  • Göldağ, B. (2019). Lise öğrencilerinin okul kültürü algıları ve okula yabancılaşmaları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(3), 813-830.
  • Gürbüz, S., & Şahin, F. (2014). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri, Seçkin Yayıncılık, 271.
  • Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations, Wiley.
  • Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Evaluating model fit: a synthesis of the structural equation modelling literature. In 7th European Conference on research methodology for business and management studies (Vol. 2008, pp. 195-200).
  • Izquierdo, C., & Anguera, M. T. (2021). The analysis of interpersonal communication in sport from mixed methods strategy: The integration of qualitative-quantitative elements using systematic observation. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 637304.
  • Jenson, W. R., Clark, E., Kircher, J. C., & Kristjansson, S. D. (2007). Statistical reform: Evidence‐based practice, meta‐analyses, and single subject designs. Psychology in the Schools, 44(5), 483-493.
  • Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Scientific software international.
  • Kalaycı, Ş. (2010). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri (Vol. 5, p. 359), Asil Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Kara, M., Kara, N. Ş., & Uzun, N. B. (2023). Level Of Competition Forgiveness Scale in Sport (FCLSS): Validity and reliability study. International Innovative Education Researcher (IEdRes), 3(3).
  • Kavussanu, M., Seal, A. R., & Phillips, D. R. (2006). Observed prosocial and antisocial behaviors in male soccer teams: Age differences across adolescence and the role of motivational variables. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 18(4), 326-344.
  • Kline, P. (2014). An easy guide to factor analysis. Routledge.
  • Krichbaum, K. E., Peden-McAlpine, C., Diemert, C., Koenig, P., Mueller, C., & Savik, K. (2011). Designing a measure of complexity compression in registered nurses. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 33(1), 7-25.
  • Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel Psychology, 28(4).
  • Lenz, E. R. (2010). Measurement in nursing and health research. Springer publishing company.
  • Makris, S., & Urgesi, C. (2015). Neural underpinnings of superior action prediction abilities in soccer players. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience, 10(3), 342-351.
  • Munro, B. H. (2005). Statistical methods for health care research (Vol. 1). lippincott williams & wilkins.
  • Neuman B, Gray R. A direct comparison of the effects of imagery and action observation on hitting performance, Movement & Sport Sciences-Science & Motricité, 2013, (79):11-21.
  • Rosker, J., & Majcen Rosker, Z. (2021). Skill level in tennis serve return is related to adaptability in visual search behavior. Frontiers in Psychology, 12.
  • Sakalidis, K. E., Menting, S. G. P., Elferink-Gemser, M. T., & Hettinga, F. J. (2022). The role of the social environment in pacing and sports performance: a narrative review from a self-regulatory perspective. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(23), 16131.
  • Sands, W. A., Kavanaugh, A. A., Murray, S. R., McNeal, J. R., & Jemni, M. (2017). Modern techniques and technologies applied to training and performance monitoring. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 12(s2), S2-63.
  • Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A., Stage, F. K., Barlow, E. A., & King, J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of educational research, 99(6), 323-338.
  • Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2004). A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling. psychology press.
  • Şenel, E., Yıldız, M., Görgülü, R., & Adiloğulları, İ. (2023). Observational Collective Efficacy Scale for Sport (OCESS): Validity and Reliability Study of the Turkish Form. Gazi Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 28(1), 55-62.
  • Şimşek, Ö. F. (2020). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş: Temel ilkeler ve LISREL uygulamaları, Ekinok Yayınları.
  • Sofroniou, N., & Hutcheson, G. (1999). The multivariate social scientist: Introductory statistics using generalized linear models. Sage Publications.
  • Sümer, N. (2000). Yapısal Eşitlik Modelleri: Temel Kavramlar ve Örnek Uygulamalar. Türk Psikoloji Yazilari.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2015). Çok değişkenli istatistiklerin kullanımı, Nobel Yayınları.
  • Toran, M. (2011). Montessori yönteminin çocukların kavram edinimi, sosyal uyumları ve küçük kas motor becerileri üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi. (Yayımlanmış Doktora Tezi). Gazi Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Urgesi, C., Savonitto, M. M., Fabbro, F., & Aglioti, S. M. (2012). Long-and short-term plastic modeling of action prediction abilities in volleyball. Psychological research, 76, 542-560.s
  • VanNatta, M. (2005). Constructing the battered woman. Feminist Studies, 31(2), 416-443.
  • Vielma-Aguilera, A., Bustos, C., Saldivia, S., & Grandón, P. (2023). Psychometric properties of the attitudes scale of health care professionals’ toward people with a diagnosis of mental illness (EAPS-TM). Current Psychology, 42(7), 5851-5863.
  • Wang, J., & Wang, X. (2019). Structural equation modeling: Applications using Mplus. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Wilson, F. R., Pan, W., & Schumsky, D. A. (2012). Recalculation of the critical values for Lawshe’s content validity ratio. Measurement and evaluation in counseling and development, 45(3), 197-210.
  • Yaşlıoğlu, M. M. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde faktör analizi ve geçerlilik: Keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanılması. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 46, 74-85.
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sports Science and Exercise (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Nuriye Şeyma Kara 0000-0003-0460-2263

Mehmet Kara 0000-0001-9454-5164

Emre Bülent Öğraş 0000-0002-6327-2180

Publication Date March 25, 2025
Submission Date September 3, 2024
Acceptance Date February 18, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 27 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kara, N. Ş., Kara, M., & Öğraş, E. B. (2025). The Scale of Observing the Opponent in Sport: Validity and Reliability Study. Research in Sport Education and Sciences, 27(1), 61-76. https://doi.org/10.62425/rses.1543259

Content of this journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License

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