Research Article
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Assessing Water and Sediment Pollution in the Sea of Marmara Estuaries and Its Impact on Invertebrate Fauna

Year 2024, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 159 - 172, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.53501/rteufemud.1581428

Abstract

This study aims to identify aquatic invertebrates living in the estuaries of the Marmara Sea and to correlate species with environmental parameters. For this purpose, sampling was carried out in 2022 from 8 stations selected from the coasts. A surber sampler, prepared with a 20x20 cm square made of fine iron with a mesh size of 250 microns, was used to collect invertebrate groups. An Ekman grab, with dimensions of 20x20 cm, was used as the sampling tool for sediments. Sterile polypropylene amber bottles of 1 liter each were used for water samples. As a result of species identification, 33 benthic invertebrate species belonging to 7 phyla were identified. It was determined that Idotea balthica, Nereis zonata and Hyale crassipes species were the species with the highest number of individuals. As a result of water and sediment analyses, it was determined that the stations were exposed to minimal pollution during the sampling period. It has been determined that some Polychaeta species are associated with Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cr, and Mytilus galloprovincialis is more tolerant to all parameters.

Ethical Statement

No Ethics Committee Approval is required for this study.

Supporting Institution

Samples were taken during the fieldwork FBA-2021-1269 project supported by Research Funds of the Recep Tayyip Erdogan University.

Project Number

FBA-2021-1269

Thanks

I would like to thank Kadir Can ÇALIŞKAN for his help in sampling and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hazel BAYTAŞOĞLU and Dr. Ahmet Mutlu GÖZLER for identifying invertebrate species.

References

  • Akdemir, T., Dalgic., G. (2021). The impact of the marine sewage outfalls on the sediment quality: The Black Sea and the Marmara case. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28 (1), 238-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.09.055
  • Albayrak, S., Balkis, H., Zenetos, A., Kurun, A., Kubanç, C. (2006). Ecological quality status of coastal benthic ecosystems in the Sea of Marmara. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 52, 790-799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.11.022
  • Algan, O., Balkıs, N., Çağatay, M.N., Sarı, E. (2004). The sources of metal contents in the shelf sediments from the Marmara Sea, Turkey. Environmental Geology, 46, 932-950. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-004-1104-2
  • Andrulewicz, E., Kruk-Dowgiallo, L. & Osowiecki, A. (2004). Phytobenthos and macrozoobenthos of the Slupsk Bank stony reefs, Baltic Sea. Hydrobiologia 514, 163–170. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:hydr.0000018216.91488.2c
  • Arat, S. M., Çamur-Elipek, B., Öterler, B. (2021). Heavy metal accumulation of water, sediment and some organisms in the Marmara Sea (Turkey). Bulgarian Chemical Communications, 53(2), 211- 215
  • Arısal, S.B. (2012). Kapıdağ yarımadası litoral bölgesinde (Marmara Denizi) yaşayan Polychaeta (Annelıda) türleri ve bazı ekolojik özellikleri. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi.
  • Artüz, I. (1967). Karidesler Hakkında. Balık ve Balıkçılık Dergisi, 15(3), 1-8.
  • Avcı, N. (2019). Büyükçekmece Koyu (Marmara Denizi) Polychaeta (Annelida) faunasının ve dağılımlarını etkileyen bazı ortam faktörlerinin belirlenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi
  • Balcıoğlu, E.B. (2014). Marmara Denizi farklı kıyısal alan yüzey suyunda anyonik deterjan kirliliği üzerine bir ön araştırma. Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Sciences and Engineering, 14, (2014) 021005 (39-44). https://doi.org/10.5578/fmbd.7917
  • Balkıs, N., Albayrak, S. (1994). İstanbul Boğazı’nın bentik Amfipodları. XII. Ulusal Biyoloji Kongresi, 6-8 Temmuz 1994, Edirne, Türkiye
  • Balkıs, N., Albayrak, S., Balkıs, H. (2002). Check-List of the Crustacea fauna of the Bosphorus. Turkish Journal of Marine Sciences, 8, 157-164.
  • Bilecik, N. (1985). Marmara Denizi Karidesi Avcılığı, Sorunları ve Çözümü. Tarım Orman Bakanlığı, Proje İstatistik Şube Müdürlüğü, P. 29 Istanbul.
  • Bitlis, B., Öztürk, B., Şen, Y. (2022). Mollusc fauna of Kemer Bay (Sea of Marmara). Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 39 (3), 220-227. https://doi.org/10.12714/Egejfas.39.3.07
  • Bozkurt Kopuz, E., Kara, G. (2020). Water quality in Marmara Sea. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 10 (4), 2431-2437. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.724489
  • Büyükışık, B., Gökpınar, Ş., Parlak, H. (1994). Chaetoceros didymum ve Tahalassiosira gravida türlerinin büyüme kinetikleri üzerine araştırma. Ege Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Dergisi Seri B, 16(1), 1151-1159
  • Chiarelli, R., Roccheri, M.C. (2014). Marine invertebrates as bioindicators of heavy metal pollution. Open Journal of Metal, 4, 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojmetal.2014.44011
  • Çinar, M. E., Bakir, K., Öztürk, B., Doğan, A., Açik, Ş., Kirkim, F., Dağli, E., Kurt, G., Evcen, A., Koçak, F., & Bitlis, B. (2020). Spatial distribution pattern of macroinvertebrates associated with the black mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (Mollusca: Bivalvia) in the Sea of Marmara. Journal of Marine Systems, 211, 103402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2020.103402
  • ÇSB (2018). Marine Quality Bulletin 2018_Marmara Sea. Accesslink: https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/ced/icerikler/mar-ne-qual-ty-bullet-n-2018_marmara-sea-20180319074908.pdf
  • Daban, B., İşmen, A., Şirin, M., Yığın, C.Ç., Arslan İhsanoğlu, M. (2021). Analysis of demersal fish fauna of the Sea of Marmara, Turkey. COMU Journal of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, 4(1), 20-31. https://doi.org/10.46384/Jmsf.912403
  • Dağlı, E., Ergen, Z., Çınar, M.E. (2008). Saros Körfezi’nde dağılım gösteren Longosomatıdae ve Spıionıidae (Annelıda: Polychaeta) türlerinin taksonomik ve ekolojik özellikleri. Journal of Fisheries Sciences 2(3), 198-209
  • Demir, M. (1952). Boğazlar ve Adalar Sahillerinin Omurgasız Dip Hayvanları. İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Hidrobiyoloji Araştırma Enstitüsü, İstanbul, Türkiye, 615s
  • Dallinger, E. and Rainbow, P.S. (1992). Ecotoxicology of Metals in Invertebrates. Lewis Publishers, ISBN: 0-87371-734-1, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 476p.
  • Doğruyol, H., Ulusoy, Ş., Erkan, N., Mol, S., Özden, Ö., Tunçelli, İ. C., Tosun, Ş. Y., Üçok, D., Dağsuyu, E., & Yanardağ, R. (2024). Evaluation of biotoxins and toxic metal risks in mussels from the Sea of Marmara following marine mucilage. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 186, 114558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2024.114558
  • Erden, S., Erim, A. (1971). Karides Algarnasının Denenmesi Tecrübeleri. Şirketi Mürettibiye Basımevi, Beyoğlu, İstanbul.
  • Folk, R.L., (1974). Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks. Hemphill’s, Austin, TX, USA, 182p.
  • Gedik, K., Terzi, E., Yesilcicek, T., (2018). Biomonitoring of metal(oid)s in miningaffected Borcka Dam Lake coupled with public health outcomes. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 24(8), 2247–2264. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 10807039.2018.1443390
  • Isinibilir, M., Yüksel, E., Martell, L., & Topçu, N. E. (2024). No escape from the mucilage impact: Even opportunistic hydroids were affected in the catastrophic mucilage of 2021 in the Sea of Marmara. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 77, 103678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103678
  • Kurun, A. (2010). Bandırma ve Erdek Körfezlerinin Bentik Amphıpoda (Crustacea) Faunası ve Dağılımlarını Etkileyen Bazı Ortam Faktörleri, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversites, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul, Türkiye
  • Mülayim, A., Balkıs, N., Balkıs, H., Aksu, A. (2012). Distributions of total metals in the surface sediments of the Bandirma and Erdek Gulfs, Marmara Sea, Turkey. Toxicological Environmental Chemistry, 94(1), 56-69. https://doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2011.633914
  • OSPAR Commission (2012) JAMP Eutrophication Monitoring Guidelines: Benthos. (OSPAR Agreement 2012-12). London, UK, OSPAR Commission, 15pp. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25607/OBP-2000
  • Öztoprak, B., Doğan, A., Dağlı, E. (2014). Checklist of Echinodermata from the coasts of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 38, 6. https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1405-82
  • Öztürk, B. (2009). Investigations of the rose shrimp Parapenaeus longirostris (Lucas, 1846) in the Northern Marmara Sea. Journal of Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 15, 123-134.
  • Palaz, M., Çolakoğlu, S., Yıldız, H. (2010). Distribution of macrozoobenthic invertebrates in the south Marmara Sea. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 9(3), 471-473.
  • Rainbow, P.S. (2002). Trace Metal Concentrations in Aquatic Invertebrates: Why and So What?. Environmental Pollution, 120(3), 497-507. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(02)00238-5
  • Sirin, M., Ciloglu, E., & Baltas, H. (2021). Acute copper accumulation in Mediterranean mussel and sea snail. Spectroscopy Letters, 54(7), 539–548. https://doi.org/10.1080/00387010.2021.1951295
  • Sowinsky, W. (1897). Les Crustacés Supérieurs (Malacostraca) Du Bosphore D’aprés Les Matériaux Recueillis Par Mr Le Dr A.A. Ostrooumow. I. Amphipoda Et Isopoda (İn Russian). Mémoires De La Société Des Naturalistes De Kiev 15, 447-518.
  • Somerfield, P.J. (2008). Identification of the Bray-Curtis similarity index: Comment on Yoshioka (2008). Marine Ecology Progress Series, 372, 303-306.
  • Surugiu, V. (2011). Polychaete research in the Black Sea. Romanian Journal of Aquatic Ecology, 1: 101-122.
  • Tan, İ. (2021). Marmara Denizi körfezlerinin baskı–etki durumu ve ötrofikasyon açısından değerlendirilmesi. Aquatic Research, 4(2), 169-180. https://doi.org/10.3153/AR21014
  • Ter Braak, C.J.F. (1995). Ordination. In: Jongman RHG, ter Braak CJF, Van Tongeren OFR, editors. Data Analysis in Community and Landscape Ecology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 91- 173.
  • Türkçü, N., Öztürk, B., Doğan, A., Bitlis Bakır, B. (2015). Marmara Denizi’nde Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819 fasiyesinde dağılım gösteren mollusca türleri, 18. Ulusal Su Ürünleri Sempozyumu, 1-4 Eylül 2015, İzmir, Türkiye.
  • US EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency). (1996). Acid digestion of sediments, sludges, and soils. EPA Method 3050B., Washington, DC, USA.
  • US EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (1994). Determination of metals and trace elements in water and wastes by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (Revision 4.4). EPA Method 200.7., Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Agency.
  • Venturini, N., Tommasi, L.R., Bicego, M.C., Martins., C.C. (2004). Characterization of the benthic environment of a coastal area adjacent to an oil refinery, Todos Os santos Bay (NE-Brazil). Brazilian Journal of Oceanography, 52 (2), 123-134.
  • Yoshioka, P.M. (2008). Misidentification of the Bray-Curtis similarity index. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 368, 309-310.

Marmara Denizi Haliçlerindeki Su ve Sediman Kirliliğinin Değerlendirilmesi ve Omurgasız Faunası Üzerindeki Etkisi

Year 2024, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 159 - 172, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.53501/rteufemud.1581428

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Marmara Denizi çevresindeki haliçlerde yaşayan su omurgasızlarının tanımlanması ve türlerin çevresel parametrelerle ilişkilendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, 2022 yılında kıyısal bölgede seçilen 8 istasyondan örnekleme yapılmıştır. Omurgasız gruplarını toplamak için 250 mikron gözenekli, 20x20 cm kare bir surber örnekleyici kullanılmıştır. Sedimanlar için örnekleme aracı olarak 20x20 cm boyutlarında bir Ekman sediman kepçesi kullanılmıştır. Su örnekleri için her biri 1 litrelik steril polipropilen amber cam şişeler kullanılmıştır. Tür tanımlaması sonucunda, 7 şubeye ait 33 bentik omurgasız türü tanımlanmıştır. En fazla birey sayısına sahip türlerin Idotea balthica, Nereis zonata ve Hyale crassipes türleri olduğu belirlenmiştir. Su ve sediman analizleri sonucunda, istasyonların örnekleme döneminde düşük düzeyde kirliliğe sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bazı Polychaeta türlerinin Fe, Zn, Mn ve Cr ile ilişkili olduğu ve Mytilus galloprovincialis'in tüm parametrelere karşı daha toleranslı olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Project Number

FBA-2021-1269

References

  • Akdemir, T., Dalgic., G. (2021). The impact of the marine sewage outfalls on the sediment quality: The Black Sea and the Marmara case. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28 (1), 238-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.09.055
  • Albayrak, S., Balkis, H., Zenetos, A., Kurun, A., Kubanç, C. (2006). Ecological quality status of coastal benthic ecosystems in the Sea of Marmara. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 52, 790-799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.11.022
  • Algan, O., Balkıs, N., Çağatay, M.N., Sarı, E. (2004). The sources of metal contents in the shelf sediments from the Marmara Sea, Turkey. Environmental Geology, 46, 932-950. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-004-1104-2
  • Andrulewicz, E., Kruk-Dowgiallo, L. & Osowiecki, A. (2004). Phytobenthos and macrozoobenthos of the Slupsk Bank stony reefs, Baltic Sea. Hydrobiologia 514, 163–170. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:hydr.0000018216.91488.2c
  • Arat, S. M., Çamur-Elipek, B., Öterler, B. (2021). Heavy metal accumulation of water, sediment and some organisms in the Marmara Sea (Turkey). Bulgarian Chemical Communications, 53(2), 211- 215
  • Arısal, S.B. (2012). Kapıdağ yarımadası litoral bölgesinde (Marmara Denizi) yaşayan Polychaeta (Annelıda) türleri ve bazı ekolojik özellikleri. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi.
  • Artüz, I. (1967). Karidesler Hakkında. Balık ve Balıkçılık Dergisi, 15(3), 1-8.
  • Avcı, N. (2019). Büyükçekmece Koyu (Marmara Denizi) Polychaeta (Annelida) faunasının ve dağılımlarını etkileyen bazı ortam faktörlerinin belirlenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi
  • Balcıoğlu, E.B. (2014). Marmara Denizi farklı kıyısal alan yüzey suyunda anyonik deterjan kirliliği üzerine bir ön araştırma. Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Sciences and Engineering, 14, (2014) 021005 (39-44). https://doi.org/10.5578/fmbd.7917
  • Balkıs, N., Albayrak, S. (1994). İstanbul Boğazı’nın bentik Amfipodları. XII. Ulusal Biyoloji Kongresi, 6-8 Temmuz 1994, Edirne, Türkiye
  • Balkıs, N., Albayrak, S., Balkıs, H. (2002). Check-List of the Crustacea fauna of the Bosphorus. Turkish Journal of Marine Sciences, 8, 157-164.
  • Bilecik, N. (1985). Marmara Denizi Karidesi Avcılığı, Sorunları ve Çözümü. Tarım Orman Bakanlığı, Proje İstatistik Şube Müdürlüğü, P. 29 Istanbul.
  • Bitlis, B., Öztürk, B., Şen, Y. (2022). Mollusc fauna of Kemer Bay (Sea of Marmara). Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 39 (3), 220-227. https://doi.org/10.12714/Egejfas.39.3.07
  • Bozkurt Kopuz, E., Kara, G. (2020). Water quality in Marmara Sea. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 10 (4), 2431-2437. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.724489
  • Büyükışık, B., Gökpınar, Ş., Parlak, H. (1994). Chaetoceros didymum ve Tahalassiosira gravida türlerinin büyüme kinetikleri üzerine araştırma. Ege Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Dergisi Seri B, 16(1), 1151-1159
  • Chiarelli, R., Roccheri, M.C. (2014). Marine invertebrates as bioindicators of heavy metal pollution. Open Journal of Metal, 4, 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojmetal.2014.44011
  • Çinar, M. E., Bakir, K., Öztürk, B., Doğan, A., Açik, Ş., Kirkim, F., Dağli, E., Kurt, G., Evcen, A., Koçak, F., & Bitlis, B. (2020). Spatial distribution pattern of macroinvertebrates associated with the black mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (Mollusca: Bivalvia) in the Sea of Marmara. Journal of Marine Systems, 211, 103402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2020.103402
  • ÇSB (2018). Marine Quality Bulletin 2018_Marmara Sea. Accesslink: https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/ced/icerikler/mar-ne-qual-ty-bullet-n-2018_marmara-sea-20180319074908.pdf
  • Daban, B., İşmen, A., Şirin, M., Yığın, C.Ç., Arslan İhsanoğlu, M. (2021). Analysis of demersal fish fauna of the Sea of Marmara, Turkey. COMU Journal of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, 4(1), 20-31. https://doi.org/10.46384/Jmsf.912403
  • Dağlı, E., Ergen, Z., Çınar, M.E. (2008). Saros Körfezi’nde dağılım gösteren Longosomatıdae ve Spıionıidae (Annelıda: Polychaeta) türlerinin taksonomik ve ekolojik özellikleri. Journal of Fisheries Sciences 2(3), 198-209
  • Demir, M. (1952). Boğazlar ve Adalar Sahillerinin Omurgasız Dip Hayvanları. İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Hidrobiyoloji Araştırma Enstitüsü, İstanbul, Türkiye, 615s
  • Dallinger, E. and Rainbow, P.S. (1992). Ecotoxicology of Metals in Invertebrates. Lewis Publishers, ISBN: 0-87371-734-1, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 476p.
  • Doğruyol, H., Ulusoy, Ş., Erkan, N., Mol, S., Özden, Ö., Tunçelli, İ. C., Tosun, Ş. Y., Üçok, D., Dağsuyu, E., & Yanardağ, R. (2024). Evaluation of biotoxins and toxic metal risks in mussels from the Sea of Marmara following marine mucilage. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 186, 114558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2024.114558
  • Erden, S., Erim, A. (1971). Karides Algarnasının Denenmesi Tecrübeleri. Şirketi Mürettibiye Basımevi, Beyoğlu, İstanbul.
  • Folk, R.L., (1974). Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks. Hemphill’s, Austin, TX, USA, 182p.
  • Gedik, K., Terzi, E., Yesilcicek, T., (2018). Biomonitoring of metal(oid)s in miningaffected Borcka Dam Lake coupled with public health outcomes. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 24(8), 2247–2264. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 10807039.2018.1443390
  • Isinibilir, M., Yüksel, E., Martell, L., & Topçu, N. E. (2024). No escape from the mucilage impact: Even opportunistic hydroids were affected in the catastrophic mucilage of 2021 in the Sea of Marmara. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 77, 103678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103678
  • Kurun, A. (2010). Bandırma ve Erdek Körfezlerinin Bentik Amphıpoda (Crustacea) Faunası ve Dağılımlarını Etkileyen Bazı Ortam Faktörleri, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversites, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul, Türkiye
  • Mülayim, A., Balkıs, N., Balkıs, H., Aksu, A. (2012). Distributions of total metals in the surface sediments of the Bandirma and Erdek Gulfs, Marmara Sea, Turkey. Toxicological Environmental Chemistry, 94(1), 56-69. https://doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2011.633914
  • OSPAR Commission (2012) JAMP Eutrophication Monitoring Guidelines: Benthos. (OSPAR Agreement 2012-12). London, UK, OSPAR Commission, 15pp. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25607/OBP-2000
  • Öztoprak, B., Doğan, A., Dağlı, E. (2014). Checklist of Echinodermata from the coasts of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 38, 6. https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1405-82
  • Öztürk, B. (2009). Investigations of the rose shrimp Parapenaeus longirostris (Lucas, 1846) in the Northern Marmara Sea. Journal of Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 15, 123-134.
  • Palaz, M., Çolakoğlu, S., Yıldız, H. (2010). Distribution of macrozoobenthic invertebrates in the south Marmara Sea. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 9(3), 471-473.
  • Rainbow, P.S. (2002). Trace Metal Concentrations in Aquatic Invertebrates: Why and So What?. Environmental Pollution, 120(3), 497-507. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(02)00238-5
  • Sirin, M., Ciloglu, E., & Baltas, H. (2021). Acute copper accumulation in Mediterranean mussel and sea snail. Spectroscopy Letters, 54(7), 539–548. https://doi.org/10.1080/00387010.2021.1951295
  • Sowinsky, W. (1897). Les Crustacés Supérieurs (Malacostraca) Du Bosphore D’aprés Les Matériaux Recueillis Par Mr Le Dr A.A. Ostrooumow. I. Amphipoda Et Isopoda (İn Russian). Mémoires De La Société Des Naturalistes De Kiev 15, 447-518.
  • Somerfield, P.J. (2008). Identification of the Bray-Curtis similarity index: Comment on Yoshioka (2008). Marine Ecology Progress Series, 372, 303-306.
  • Surugiu, V. (2011). Polychaete research in the Black Sea. Romanian Journal of Aquatic Ecology, 1: 101-122.
  • Tan, İ. (2021). Marmara Denizi körfezlerinin baskı–etki durumu ve ötrofikasyon açısından değerlendirilmesi. Aquatic Research, 4(2), 169-180. https://doi.org/10.3153/AR21014
  • Ter Braak, C.J.F. (1995). Ordination. In: Jongman RHG, ter Braak CJF, Van Tongeren OFR, editors. Data Analysis in Community and Landscape Ecology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 91- 173.
  • Türkçü, N., Öztürk, B., Doğan, A., Bitlis Bakır, B. (2015). Marmara Denizi’nde Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819 fasiyesinde dağılım gösteren mollusca türleri, 18. Ulusal Su Ürünleri Sempozyumu, 1-4 Eylül 2015, İzmir, Türkiye.
  • US EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency). (1996). Acid digestion of sediments, sludges, and soils. EPA Method 3050B., Washington, DC, USA.
  • US EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (1994). Determination of metals and trace elements in water and wastes by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (Revision 4.4). EPA Method 200.7., Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Agency.
  • Venturini, N., Tommasi, L.R., Bicego, M.C., Martins., C.C. (2004). Characterization of the benthic environment of a coastal area adjacent to an oil refinery, Todos Os santos Bay (NE-Brazil). Brazilian Journal of Oceanography, 52 (2), 123-134.
  • Yoshioka, P.M. (2008). Misidentification of the Bray-Curtis similarity index. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 368, 309-310.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Marine and Estuarine Ecology, Water Quality and Water Pollution
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Tolga Akdemir 0000-0001-8994-6406

Project Number FBA-2021-1269
Publication Date December 31, 2024
Submission Date November 8, 2024
Acceptance Date December 21, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Akdemir, T. (2024). Assessing Water and Sediment Pollution in the Sea of Marmara Estuaries and Its Impact on Invertebrate Fauna. Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Journal of Science and Engineering, 5(2), 159-172. https://doi.org/10.53501/rteufemud.1581428

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