Tamarindus indica stem bark extract attenuates depression and spatial memory deficits in mice

Suleiman Yunusa; Faiza Zubairu; Usman Adamu Garkuwa; Yahaya Mohammed Katagum

doi:10.62425/rtpharma.1705387

Tamarindus indica stem bark extract attenuates depression and spatial memory deficits in mice

Abstract

Title: Tamarindus indica stem bark extract attenuates depression and spatial memory deficits in mice Running title: Tamarindus indica reversed depression and memory loss in mice Abstract Objective: Depression is a prevalent psychiatric disorder that affects individuals from all walks of life, impairing cognitive functions and daily life. This study investigated the potential therapeutic effects of Tamarindus indica stem bark extract on depression and spatial memory deficits in ketamine-exposed mice. Method: Tamarindus indica stem bark extract was extracted using 90% v/v methanol. The extract was screened for phytochemicals followed by acute toxicity study using Lorke’s method. Schizophrenic mice models were developed following ketamine administration at sub-anesthetic dose (20 mg/kg) daily for seven (7) days, consecutively. The mice were randomly assigned into five groups (n = 5 per group) as follows: Group I received normal saline (10 ml/kg, i.p.); Groups II, III, and IV received graded doses of Tamarindus indica extract at 400, 200, and 100 mg/kg, respectively; and Group V received risperidone (2.0 mg/kg, i.p.).Tail suspension test and Forced swimming test were used to assess depression while Y maze was used to assess spatial working memory. Results: The extract showed the presence of glycosides, saponins, phenols, and alkaloids. The LD50 value obtained was approximately 2,150 mg/kg. Tamarindus indica stem bark extract effectively improved the depressive symptoms by significantly (P < 0.0001) reversing the immobility time with the 400 mg/kg dose exhibiting the highest activity compared to control group in both TST and FST. Also, Tamarindus indica stem bark extract significantly (P < 0.0001) increased the number of spontaneous alternation compared to the control group. Conclusion: Tamarindus indica stem bark extract may effectively reverse depression and memory impairment in ketamine model of schizophrenia. Keywords: Tamarindus indica, Depression, Cognitive impairment, Ketamine-induced model.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Basic Pharmacology

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Suleiman Yunusa ^*
0000-0001-6522-2112
Nigeria

Faiza Zubairu This is me
0009-0006-2194-1805
Nigeria

Usman Adamu Garkuwa This is me
0000-0001-9089-9950
Nigeria

Yahaya Mohammed Katagum This is me
0000-0003-3806-7799
Nigeria

Publication Date

August 31, 2025

Submission Date

May 24, 2025

Acceptance Date

July 3, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 3 Number: 2

DOI

https://doi.org/10.62425/rtpharma.1705387

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA96ZU22PK

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Yunusa, S., Zubairu, F., Adamu Garkuwa, U., & Mohammed Katagum, Y. (2025). Tamarindus indica stem bark extract attenuates depression and spatial memory deficits in mice. Recent Trends in Pharmacology, 3(2), 50-57. https://doi.org/10.62425/rtpharma.1705387

AMA

1.Yunusa S, Zubairu F, Adamu Garkuwa U, Mohammed Katagum Y. Tamarindus indica stem bark extract attenuates depression and spatial memory deficits in mice. Recent Trends in Pharmacology. 2025;3(2):50-57. doi:10.62425/rtpharma.1705387

Chicago

Yunusa, Suleiman, Faiza Zubairu, Usman Adamu Garkuwa, and Yahaya Mohammed Katagum. 2025. “Tamarindus Indica Stem Bark Extract Attenuates Depression and Spatial Memory Deficits in Mice”. Recent Trends in Pharmacology 3 (2): 50-57. https://doi.org/10.62425/rtpharma.1705387.

EndNote

Yunusa S, Zubairu F, Adamu Garkuwa U, Mohammed Katagum Y (August 1, 2025) Tamarindus indica stem bark extract attenuates depression and spatial memory deficits in mice. Recent Trends in Pharmacology 3 2 50–57.

IEEE

[1]S. Yunusa, F. Zubairu, U. Adamu Garkuwa, and Y. Mohammed Katagum, “Tamarindus indica stem bark extract attenuates depression and spatial memory deficits in mice”, Recent Trends in Pharmacology, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 50–57, Aug. 2025, doi: 10.62425/rtpharma.1705387.

ISNAD

Yunusa, Suleiman - Zubairu, Faiza - Adamu Garkuwa, Usman - Mohammed Katagum, Yahaya. “Tamarindus Indica Stem Bark Extract Attenuates Depression and Spatial Memory Deficits in Mice”. Recent Trends in Pharmacology 3/2 (August 1, 2025): 50-57. https://doi.org/10.62425/rtpharma.1705387.

JAMA

1.Yunusa S, Zubairu F, Adamu Garkuwa U, Mohammed Katagum Y. Tamarindus indica stem bark extract attenuates depression and spatial memory deficits in mice. Recent Trends in Pharmacology. 2025;3:50–57.

MLA

Yunusa, Suleiman, et al. “Tamarindus Indica Stem Bark Extract Attenuates Depression and Spatial Memory Deficits in Mice”. Recent Trends in Pharmacology, vol. 3, no. 2, Aug. 2025, pp. 50-57, doi:10.62425/rtpharma.1705387.

Vancouver

1.Suleiman Yunusa, Faiza Zubairu, Usman Adamu Garkuwa, Yahaya Mohammed Katagum. Tamarindus indica stem bark extract attenuates depression and spatial memory deficits in mice. Recent Trends in Pharmacology. 2025 Aug. 1;3(2):50-7. doi:10.62425/rtpharma.1705387