Detection of SARS-COV-2 Virus Causing COVID-19 Disease by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

Year 2020, Volume: 3 Issue: S1, 24 - 30, 15.05.2020

Sevde Hasanoğlu Emrah Yücesan

Abstract

In December 2019, an undetermined cause of pneumonia was reported in the city of Wuhan in China, and then this disease was named COVID-19. In March 2020, COVID-19 disease was declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). It has been stated by WHO that the polymerase chain reaction technique may be applied for diagnosis in asymptomatic or mild symptomic cases. In our country, RT-PCR applications are carried out in accordance with the WHO guideline and approved by the Ministry of Health in order to make a exact diagnosis of SARS-CoV2. This review summarizes the process of detecting SARS-COV-2 virus by RT-PCR, which causes COVID-19 disease.

Keywords

COVID-19, polymerase chain reaction, virus detection

COVID-19 Hastalığına Neden Olan SARS-COV-2 Virüsünün Gerçek Zamanlı Polimeraz Zincir Reaksiyonu ile Belirlenmesi

Abstract

2019 yılının Aralık ayında nedeni belirlenememiş bir pnömoni vakası Çin’de Wuhan şehrinde bildirilmiştir ve ardından bu hastalık COVID-19 olarak isimlendirilmiştir. 2020 yılının Mart ayında Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ) tarafından COVID-19 hastalığı pandemi olarak ilan edilmiştir. DSÖ tarafından asemptomatik ya da hafif semptomlu vakalarda polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (PCR) tekniğinin tanı koyma amacıyla uygulanabileceği belirtilmiştir. Ülkemizde, SARS-CoV2 kesin tanısının konması amacıyla gerçek zamanlı PCR (RT-PCR) uygulamaları DSÖ’nün kılavuzunda belirttiği ve Sağlık Bakanlığı’nın onayladığı şekilde gerçekleştirilmektedir. Bu derlemede, COVID-19 hastalığına neden olan SARS-COV-2 virüsünün RT-PCR ile tespitine ilişkin süreç özetlenmektedir.

Keywords

COVID-19, polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu, virüs tespiti

References

• 1. Williams JV. (2005): The clinical presentation and outcomes of children infected with newly identified respiratory tract viruses. Infect Dis Clin North Am 19(3):569-84.
• 2. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). 2003 [cited 2020 April]. Available from: https:// www.who.int/csr/sars/en/.
• 3. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). 2019 [cited 2020 April]. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/merscov/en/.
• 4. Peiris JS,  Yuen KY,  Osterhaus AD,  Stöhr K. The severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003;349:2431-41. DOI: 10.1056/ NEJMra032498
• 5. Zhao Z, Zhang F, Xu M, Huang K, Zhong W, Cai W, et al., Description and clinical treatment of an early outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Guangzhou, PR China. J Med Microbiol 2003;52(Pt 8):715-20.
• 6. Lee N, Hui D, Wu A, Chan P, Cameron P, Joynt GM et al., A major outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. N Engl J Med 2003;348(20):1986-1994.
• 7. Suwantarat N, Apisarnthanarak A. Risks to healthcare workers with emerging diseases: lessons from MERS-CoV, Ebola, SARS, and avian flu. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2015;28(4):349-61.
• 8. Zaki AM, van Boheemen S,  Bestebroer TM, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA. Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. N Engl J Med 2012;367(19):1814-20.
• 9. Bialek SR, Allen D, Alvarado-Ramy F, Arthur R, Balajee A, Bell D, et al., First confirmed cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in the United States, updated information on the epidemiology of MERS-CoV infection, and guidance for the public, clinicians, and public health authorities - May 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep., 2014;63(19):431-6.
• 10. Ki M. 2015 MERS outbreak in Korea: hospitalto-hospital transmission. Epidemiol Health 2015; 37: e2015033.
• 11. Lu L, Liu Q, Du L, Jiang S. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): challenges in identifying its source and controlling its spread. Microbes Infect 2013;15(8-9):625-9.
• 12. Donnelly CA, Malik MR, Elkholy A, Cauchemez S,  Van Kerkhove MD. Worldwide Reduction in MERS Cases and Deaths since 2016. Emerg Infect Dis., 2019;25(9):1758-1760.
• 13. Casanova LM, Jeon S,  Rutala WA,  Weber DJ,  Sobsey MD. Effects of air temperature and relative humidity on coronavirus survival on surfaces. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010;76(9):2712-7.
• 14. Pyankov OV, Bodnev SA,  Pyankova OG,  Agranovski IE. Survival of aerosolized coronavirus in the ambient air. J Aerosol Sci 2018;115:158-63.
• 15. Otter JA, Donskey C,  Yezli S,  Douthwaite S, Goldenberg SD, Weber DJ. Transmission of SARS and MERS coronaviruses and influenza virus in healthcare settings: the possible role of dry surface contamination. J Hosp Infect 2016;92(3):235-50.
• 16. Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat Microbiol 2020;5(4):536-544.
• 17. Cucinotta D, Vanelli M. (2020): WHO Declares COVID-19 a Pandemic. Acta Biomed 2020;91(1):157-60.
• 18. McBride R, Fielding BC. The role of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus accessory proteins in virus pathogenesis. Viruses, 2012;4(11):2902-23.
• 19. Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, Chen YM, Wang W, Song ZG, et al., A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature, 2020;579(7798):265-9.
• 20. Phan T. Novel coronavirus: From discovery to clinical diagnostics. Infect Genet Evol 2020;79:104211.
• 21. Yin Y, Wunderink RG. MERS, SARS and other coronaviruses as causes of pneumonia. Respirology 2018;23(2):130-7.
• 22. Chen Y, Liu Q, Guo D. Emerging coronaviruses: Genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis. J Med Virol 2020;92(4):418-23.
• 23. Chang L, Yan Y, Wang L. Coronavirus Disease 2019: Coronaviruses and Blood Safety. Transfus Med Rev., Feb 21 2020. pii: S08877963(20)30014-6.
• 24. Enjuanes L, Zuñiga S,  Castaño-Rodriguez C,  Gutierrez-Alvarez J,  Canton J,  Sola I. Molecular Basis of Coronavirus Virulence and Vaccine Development. Adv Virus Res 2016;96:245-86.
• 25. Ding Y, Wang H, Shen H, Li Z, Geng J, Han H, et al., The clinical pathology of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): a report from China. J Pathol., 2003;200(3):282-9.
• 26. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al., A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med 2020;382(8):727-33.
• 27. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al., (2020): Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet, 2020;395(10223):497-506.
• 28. Laboratory testing for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in suspected human cases. 2020 [cited 2020 April]. Available from: https://apps. who.int/iris/handle/10665/331329.
• 29.man coronavirus by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Euro Surveill, 2012;17(39). pii: 20285.
• 30. Pas SD, Patel P, Reusken C, Domingo C, Corman VM, Drosten C, et al., First international external quality assessment of molecular diagnostics for Mers-CoV. J Clin Virol., 2015;69:81-5.