Osmanlı’da Taşra Meclislerinin Mülkî ve Hukuki Görevlerinin Ayrılması
Öz
1842’de muhassıllıkların kaldırılmasıyla muhassıllık meclisleri memleket meclislerine dönüştü. 1849 tarihli talimata göre eyalet meclislerinin görevi Tanzimat’ın icrası, mülki ıslahat, mali işlerin yürütülmesi, asayişin sağlanması, imar hususlarının müzakeresi ve idaresi ile birlikte hukuk ve kanun hükümlerinin icrası idi. Valilerin yetkileri daraltılmıştı. 1852’de valilerin bazı eski yetkileri iade edilerek genişletildi. 1849’da sancakların mercii olarak vali ile birlikte büyük meclis zikredilirken 1858’de kaymakam, defterdar, müdür ve diğer memurların mercii olarak sadece vali zikrediliyordu. Meclislerin yargılama yetkisine gelince; 1840’da yayınlanan Ceza Kanunnamesi ile muhassıllık meclislerine yargılama yetkisi verilmişti. Muhassıllık meclislerinin memleket meclislerine dönüşmesiyle taşra meclislerinin yargılama yetkisi devam etti. Bundan sonra da yeni kanunlarla şer‘î mahkemelerin yargı yetkileri daraltılarak birer idare organı olan meclislere devredilmeye devam edilmişti. 1863’deki bazı değişikliklerle bu durum 1864 Tuna Vilayeti’nin kurulmasına kadar devam etti. Meclislerin hem mülkî işleri müzakere etmesi hem de mahkeme görevi yapması dolayısıyla yönetimdeki memurların aynı zamanda yargılama yapması karışıklık ve uygunsuzluklar ortaya çıkarmaktaydı. Bu yüzden 1864’de vilayet usulü ile taşrada hukukî ve mülkî işler ayrılarak iki ayrı meclis oluşturuldu. Vilayet ve sancak merkezlerinde temyiz-i hukuk ve cinayet meclisleri, kazalarda da de‘âvî meclisleri adıyla hukuk meclisleri kuruldu. Hâkimlerin başkanlığında toplanan bu meclislerin üyeleri Müslim ve gayrimüslim halk arasından seçiliyordu. Böylece hukuki görevleri bu meclislere devredilen memleket meclisleri de idare meclislerine dönüşmüş oluyordu
Anahtar Kelimeler
Separation of Civil and Judiciary Task of Assemblies in Provinces
Abstract
As tax-collectors (muhassıl) was abolished in 1842, Tax-collector assemblies (muhassıllık meclisleri) were converted into the country assemblies (memleket meclisleri). According to the directive of 1849, the task of State Assemblies was enforcement of Tanzimat, property reform, financial administration, public order, administration and proceedings on zoning (public improvement) matters, and enforcement of the law. Authority of governor was restricted. In 1852, the authority was increased by giving them back some of their past authorities. In 1849, governor together with Grand Assembly was mentioned as the authority of the sanjaks; however, in 1849, governor was mentioned as the authority of head of the sanjack, head of the finance, head of the kazas, and other officials. As for the judging authority of the assemblies; the authority was given to the tax-collector assemblies by the Criminal Code, published in 1840. The judging authority of the country assemblies was continued as the Tax-collector assemblies were converted into the country assemblies. Afterwards, by the new laws, the judging authority of the canonical (şer’î) courts were restricted and transferred to assemblies as administrative bodies. This continued with some amendments made in 1863, until Danube Province was founded in 1864. That the officials of assemblies had both civil and judging authority at the same time caused some problems and discrepancies. Thus, the civil and judging authorities were separated in provinces by the Vilâyet Regulation of 1864 and two separate assemblies were constructed. Law assemblies with the name of appeal and crime (temyiz-i hukuk ve cinayet) assemblies and case (de‘âvî) assemblies were set in vilayets and sanjaks, respectively. That the officials of assemblies had both civil and judging authority at the same time. Caused some problems and discrepancies. Thus, the civil and judging authorities were separated in provinces by the Vilayet Regulation of 1864 and two separate assemblies were constructed. law assemblies appeal and crime (temyiz-i hukuk ve cinayet) assemblies and case (de‘âvî) assemblies were set in vilayets and sanjaks, respectively. The members of these assemblies which were under the chairmanship of judges were elected from both Muslims and Nonmuslims. Therefore, the country assemblies, whose judiciary authority was transferred to these assemblies, were turned into administrative assemblies
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