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The Multiple Effects of the Development of the Cartridge on Small Arms and Operational Environment

Year 2025, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 95 - 116, 07.03.2025

Abstract

The understanding of improvement of range and accuracy in the weapons used by humanity in the struggle for existence has driven the development of ammunition. The effort to gain superiority against the threat began with enhancing the loading speed of the rifle and increasing the number of salvo shots. As a consequence of the evolution of lead ball into cartridge, changes emerged in the structure and operating system of the small arms with the integration of the components of the cartridge. With the development of technology, strategies in the field of operations started to change. The struggle for rapid reloading, increased accuracy, increased range, and higher rate of fire instead of line and mass formations has led to the sparsity of tactical mass formations in order to reduce the risk of casualties. In order to get superiority over the parties’ each other, small arms-cartridge interaction compatible with the operational environment come to the forefront. In this study, it is attempted to illustrate that the past understanding of the compatibility of the cartridge to the weapon is transitioned to the understanding of designing the barrel and rifle adaptable for the cartridge after a certain period of time following rifle’s invention. The development of rifles within the scope of small arms in response to the situations came across in the operational environment, especially during the First and Second World Wars, led to consideration differences in cartridge diameters. Nowadays the different point of views related to cartridge calibres arised the concept of medium caliber cartridges. Cartridge types play an active role in the evaluation of the effectiveness, controllability and functionality of small arms in terms of use. In terms of appropriate effect for the operational environment, the design and structural developments of cartridges can improve the effectiveness of small arms. The article evaluates the cartridge-small arms relationship and the effects of their interaction on the operational environment in the period between the 19th and 20th centuries. In today's context, it is tried to be revealed that the advancements in rifle development will primarily depend on developments in cartridge technology, and it is suggested that efforts should be made in this area.

References

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  • 6,5×50mmSR Arisaka, (2013, Temmuz). Erişim tarihi: 01 Ocak 2025. Erişim adresi: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6.5% C3%9750mm SR_Arisaka
  • Andrew, M. (2015). “How the PLA Fights: Weapons and Tactics of the People’s Liberation Army”, rev. edn. Self-published.
  • ARES (Armament Research Services). (2015). Global Development and Production of Self-loading Military Rifles. Unpublished background paper. Geneva: Small Arms Survey.
  • Arvidsson, P. (2009). Weapons & Sensors. Presentation at NDIA Small Arms Symposium, 2009.
  • Ben-Dor, M. ve Barkai, R. (2023). The Evolution of Paleolithic Hunting Weapons: A Response to Declining Prey Size, Quaternary 2023, 6, 46. Department of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University.
  • Boelcke, W. (1969). Deutschlands Rüstung im Zweiten Weltkrieg: Hitlers Konferenzen mit Albert Speer 1942–1945. Frankfurt: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Athenaion.
  • Canfield, B. (2013). The M1 Garand Rifle. Woonsocket, RI: Andrew Mowbray.
  • Dean, G. (2011). In search of lethality: Green Ammo and the M855A1 Enhanced Performance Round. Erişim adresi: https://www.smashwords.com/books/view/
  • Dreyse Needle Gun, (t.y.). Erişim tarihi: 07 Aralık 2024. Erişim adresi: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Dreyse_needle_gun
  • Drummond, N. (2017). The Case for a New Military Calibre. Erişim tarihi: 29 Aralık 2024. Erişim adresi: https://uklandpower.com/2017/11/29/the-case-for-a-new-military-calibre/
  • Dugelby, T.B. (1980). “EM-2 Concept & Design: A Rifle Ahead of its Time”, (Toronto: Collector Grade Publications, 1980), pp. 2-3.
  • Dunn, W.S. (1995). The Soviet Economy and the Red Army, 1930-1945, (Westport: Praeger Publishers, 1995), pp. 96, 105.
  • Ehrhart, T.P. (2009). Increasing Small Arms Lethality in Afghanistan: Taking Back the Infantry Half-Kilometer. School of Advanced Military Studies United States Army Command and General Staff College. Erişim tarihi: 27 Aralık 2024. Erişim adresi: https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations /ADA51 2331
  • Everydaymarksman. (2019). How the Infantry Board Kept the AR-15 Alive During the 1950s. Erişim tarihi: 18 Aralık 2024. Erişim adresi: https://www.everydaymarksman.co/musings/infantry-bo ard-ar-15/
  • Ezell, E.C. (1969). The Search for A Lightweight Rifle: The M14 and M16 Rifles, PhD Thesis: Case Western Reserve University.
  • Ezell, E.C. (1983). Small Arms of the World, 12th Revised Edition (Harrisburg: Stackpole Books), p. 60.
  • Fadala, S. (2006). The Complete Black Powder Handbook. Iola, Wisconsin: Gun Digest Books. pp. 159–161(Percussion Cup/wikipedia).
  • Firearms History, Technology and Development Blog. (2015). Are Rifle Calibers Getting Smaller?, Erişim tarihi 24 Kasım 2024. Erişim adresi: https://firearmshistory.blogspot.com/2015/01/are-rifle-calibers-getting-smaller.html
  • Gary, K. R. (n.d-b). Wounding Effects of Military Small Arms during the Past Century, pp 3-4.
  • Gobinet, P. (2010). Small Arms and Light Weapons Ammunition: A Look at Western Producers and Their Markets. Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva.
  • Gunners Outlet. (2023, 29 Mayıs). The Changing Nature of Ammunition: An Evolution Over Time. Erişim tarihi 26 Kasım 2024. Erişim adresi: https://www.gunnersoutlet.com/v_21/news/the-changing-nature-of-ammunition-an-evolution-over-time/
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  • Hatcher, J.S. (1962). Hatcher's Notebook (3rd ed.). Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Company. p. 19.
  • Hunter-ed. (t.y.). Centerfire and Rimfire Ammunition. Erişim tarihi 14 Aralık 2024. Erişim adresi: https://www.hunter-ed.com/national/studyGuide/Centerfire-and-Rimfire-Ammunition/201099 _92805/
  • Jenzen-Jones, N.R. (2016). Chambering the Next Round: Emergent Small-calibre Cartridge Technologies. Small Arms Survey. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep10759
  • Jenzen-Jones, N.R. (2017). Global Development and Production of Self-loading Service Rifles: 1896 to Present Day. Working Paper No. 25. Geneva: Small Arms Survey.
  • Jenzen-Jones N.R. ve Schroeder, M. (Ed.). (2018). An Introductory Guide to the Identification of Small Arms, Light Weapons, and Associated Ammunition Handbook.
  • Johnston, G. ve Thomas, N. (2010). The World’s Assault Rifles. Lorton, VA: Ironside International.
  • Klay, P. (2022, Haziran). How Did Guns Get So Powerful?. Erişim tarihi: 18 Aralık 2022. Erişim adresi: https://www.newyorker.com/tech/ annals-of-technology/how-did-guns-get-so-powerful
  • Kozanoğlu, A. Ateşli Silahların Tarihçesi 3, Erişim tarihi:14 Aralık 2025. Erişim adresi: https://www .arpacık.net/içerik_yazar.asp ?Icerik=186& Yazar=825
  • M1 Carbine. (t.y.). Erişim tarihi 29 Aralık 2024. Erişim adresi: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_ carbine Medve, J.P. (1993). Integration, Interoperability and Coalition Warfare in the New World Order, Fort Leavenworth: Command and General Staff College, pp.18-19.
  • Mermi. (t.y.). Erişim tarihi 05 Aralık 2024. Erişim adresi: https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mermi
  • Miyagi, V.T. (1986). 7.62mm Versus 5.56mm - Does NATO Really Need Two Standard Rifle Calibers, Erişim adresi: https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1986/MVT.htm
  • Rayle, R. (1996). Random Shots: Episodes in the Life of a Weapons Developer. Bennington, VT: Merriam Press.
  • Rottman, G. (2005). Japanese Infantryman 1937–45: Sword of the Empire. Osprey. p. 18.
  • Sanjay S. (2022, Ağustos), Biting the Silver Bullet 4: Lethality of the 5.56 NATO Caliber. Indian AerospaceDefence Bulletin. Erişim tarihi: 27 Kasım 2024. Erişim adresi: https://www. iadb.in/ 2022/08/31/biting-the-silver-bullet-4-lethality-of-the-5-56-nato-caliber/
  • Schatz, J. (2023). The Future of the Military Assault Rifle. Small Arms Defense Journal, Vol. 7, No. 1. Erişim tarihi: 30 Aralık 2024. Erişim adresi: https://sadefensejournal.com/the-future-of-the-military-assault-rifle/
  • Sharpe, P.B. (1938). The Rifle in America. William Morrow. p. 591.
  • Shurkin, M. (2016, Haziran). A Brief History of the Assault Rifle. Erişim tarihi: 17 Aralık 2024. Erişim adresi www.rand.org/pubs/commentary/2016/06/a-brief-history-of-the-assault-rifle. html
  • Sızır, M., Kalyoncu, M. (2024, Mart). Namlu Uzunluğunun Namlu Çıkış Hızına Etkisi, 8th International Icontech Congress on Innovative Surveys in Positive Sciences.
  • Smith, W.H.B , Smith, J.E.. (1965). The Book of Rifles. Fairfax, VA: National Rifle Association.
  • Smitsonian National Museum of Natural History. (2024, Ocak). Human Characteristics: Tools& Foods. Erişim tarihi: 26 Kasım 2024. Erişim adresi: https://humanorigins.si.edu/human-characteristics /tools-food
  • Spitzer (bullet). (t.y.). Erişim tarihi: 18 Ocak 2025. Erişim adresi: https://military-history.fandom .com/wiki/ Spitzer_(bullet)
  • Stevens, R. B. (2006). Full Circle: A Treatise on Roller Locking. Cobourg, Ontario: Collector Grade Publications.
  • Sürmeli D., Neşeli S. (2020), Mermi Namlu Çıkış Hızı ve Enerjisini Etkileyen Parametrelerin Optimizasyonu, Journal of Selcuk-Technic, Volume 19, Number:3-2020.
  • Technology Focus, (2021, Ekim). Small Arms and Ammunition. Vol.3, Issue 5, www.drdo.gov.in
  • Tel-Aviv University. (2023, Eylül). The need to hunt small prey compelled prehistoric humans to produce appropriate hunting weapons and improve their cognitive abilities. Erişim tarihi: 26 Kasım 2024. Erişim adresi: https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1000802
  • UK Ministry of Supply. (1947). The Choice of a Standard Round for Small Arms. Technical Report No. 5/47. Sevenoaks: Armaments Design Department, Ministry of Supply.
  • UNGA (United Nations General Assembly). (2005). International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace, in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons, ‘International Tracing Instrument. Adopted 8 December. A/60/88. 27 June (annex).
  • Walter, J. (2006). Rifles of the World, 3rd edn. Iola, WI: Krause.
  • Wesolowski, J. A. (2016, Mart). Hunting the Ghost Gun: an Analysis of the U.S. Army Infantry Rifle. Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School.
  • Westrom, Mark. (2013). Technical Note 108: Rapid Semiautomatic Fire and the Assault Rifle, Technical Note, Armalite, Inc.
  • Westwood D., (2005). Rifles, An Illustrated History Of Their Impact, ABC Clio.
  • Widener’s Guns, Ammo &Shooting Blog. (2020, Şubat). A Brief History of Ammo. Erişim tarihi 20 Kasım 2024. Erişim adresi: https://www. wideners.com/blog/a-brief-history-of-ammo/.
  • Williams, A.G., (2015). Introduction to Modern General-Purpose Calibres. Unpublished background paper. Perth: ARES.
  • Williams, A. G., (2016). Assault Rifles and Their Ammunition: History and Prospects. Erişim adresi: https://kipdf.com/assault-rifles-and-their-ammunition-history-and-prospects-anthony-g-willia ms-edi_5b33b101097c47767b8b48f6.html
  • Yavuz, H. (2020). Hafif Silah Mühimmatları Üretiminde Sertifikasyon Özgünlük ve Tasarım Gereksinimleri ile Kompozit Mühimmatlardaki Gelişmeler. Uluslararası Mühendislik Araştırma ve Geliştirme Dergisi, Cilt:12 Sayı:1.
  • Youvan, D.C., (Eylül 2023). The Evolution and Interplay of Bullet Design, Testing, and Tactical Application. Erişim tarihi: 15 Aralık 2024. Erişim adresi: https://www.researchgate.net/pub lication/373990645_The_Evolution_and_Interplay_of_Bullet_Design_Testing and_Tactical_ Application.
  • Zhou, Y. L. (2016). NATO Infantry Weapons Standardization: Ideal or Possibility?, Master's thesis, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. Erişim tarihi: 15 Aralık 2024. Erişim adresi: https://pri sm.ucalgary.ca/server/api/core/bitstreams/77024116-c2e4-4976-baf5ecbbe280cc11/content

Fişeğin Gelişiminin Küçük Silahlara ve Harekât Ortamına Çoklu Etkisi

Year 2025, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 95 - 116, 07.03.2025

Abstract

İnsanoğlunun varoluş mücadelesinde kullandığı silahlarda menzil ve isabet artırma anlayışı mühimmat gelişimini sağlamıştır. Tehdide karşı üstünlük sağlama gayreti tüfeğin dolum hızının artırılması ve salvo atış sayısını geliştirme ile başlamıştır. Kurşun bilyenin fişeğe evrilmesi sonucunda fişeğin bileşenlerinin bütünleşik hale getirilmesi ile küçük silahın yapısında ve çalışma sisteminde değişimler ortaya çıkmıştır. Teknoloji gelişimi ile birlikte harekât alanında stratejiler değişmeye başlamıştır. Hat düzeni ve toplu düzen atışların yerine hızlı yükleme, artan isabet, artan menzil, daha yüksek atım hızı mücadelesi taktik toplu düzenlerin, zayiat riskini azaltmak açısından, seyrekleştirilmesine sebebiyet vermiştir. Tarafların birbirlerine üstünlük sağlaması açısından harekât ortamı ile uyumlu küçük silah-fişek etkileşimi ön plana çıkmıştır. Çalışmada, fişeğin silaha uyumlandırılması anlayışının, esasen tüfeğin icadından belirli bir süre sonra fişeğe uygun namlu ve tüfek tasarımı anlayışına geçiş yaptığı anlatılmaya çalışılmaktadır. Özellikle 1 ve 2’nci Dünya Savaşları döneminde harekât ortamında karşılaşılan durumlar karşısında küçük silah kapsamındaki tüfeklerin gelişimi, fişek çaplarında görüş farklılıklarını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Fişek çapları konusundaki görüş farklılıkları günümüzde orta kalibre fişek kavramını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Küçük silahların etkinliği, kontrol edilebilirliği ve kullanım açısından fonksiyonelliği değerlendirildiğinde fişek tipleri etkin rol oynamaktadır. Harekât ortamına uygun etki açısından fişeğin tasarımı ve yapısındaki gelişimler ile küçük silahın etkinliği artırılabilir. Makalede 19.yy ile 20.yy arasındaki dönemde fişek-küçük silah ilişkisi ve karşılıklı etkileşiminin görev ortamına etkileri değerlendirilmektedir. Günümüzde tüfek gelişimi açısından öncelikle fişek teknolojisindeki gelişmelerin etkin olacağı ve bu alanda çalışmalar yapılması gerektiği ortaya konulmaya çalışılmaktadır.

References

  • .30-06 Springfield. (t.y.). Erişim tarihi 04 Aralık 2024. Erişim adresi: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ .30-06_Springfield
  • 6,5×50mmSR Arisaka, (2013, Temmuz). Erişim tarihi: 01 Ocak 2025. Erişim adresi: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6.5% C3%9750mm SR_Arisaka
  • Andrew, M. (2015). “How the PLA Fights: Weapons and Tactics of the People’s Liberation Army”, rev. edn. Self-published.
  • ARES (Armament Research Services). (2015). Global Development and Production of Self-loading Military Rifles. Unpublished background paper. Geneva: Small Arms Survey.
  • Arvidsson, P. (2009). Weapons & Sensors. Presentation at NDIA Small Arms Symposium, 2009.
  • Ben-Dor, M. ve Barkai, R. (2023). The Evolution of Paleolithic Hunting Weapons: A Response to Declining Prey Size, Quaternary 2023, 6, 46. Department of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University.
  • Boelcke, W. (1969). Deutschlands Rüstung im Zweiten Weltkrieg: Hitlers Konferenzen mit Albert Speer 1942–1945. Frankfurt: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Athenaion.
  • Canfield, B. (2013). The M1 Garand Rifle. Woonsocket, RI: Andrew Mowbray.
  • Dean, G. (2011). In search of lethality: Green Ammo and the M855A1 Enhanced Performance Round. Erişim adresi: https://www.smashwords.com/books/view/
  • Dreyse Needle Gun, (t.y.). Erişim tarihi: 07 Aralık 2024. Erişim adresi: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Dreyse_needle_gun
  • Drummond, N. (2017). The Case for a New Military Calibre. Erişim tarihi: 29 Aralık 2024. Erişim adresi: https://uklandpower.com/2017/11/29/the-case-for-a-new-military-calibre/
  • Dugelby, T.B. (1980). “EM-2 Concept & Design: A Rifle Ahead of its Time”, (Toronto: Collector Grade Publications, 1980), pp. 2-3.
  • Dunn, W.S. (1995). The Soviet Economy and the Red Army, 1930-1945, (Westport: Praeger Publishers, 1995), pp. 96, 105.
  • Ehrhart, T.P. (2009). Increasing Small Arms Lethality in Afghanistan: Taking Back the Infantry Half-Kilometer. School of Advanced Military Studies United States Army Command and General Staff College. Erişim tarihi: 27 Aralık 2024. Erişim adresi: https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations /ADA51 2331
  • Everydaymarksman. (2019). How the Infantry Board Kept the AR-15 Alive During the 1950s. Erişim tarihi: 18 Aralık 2024. Erişim adresi: https://www.everydaymarksman.co/musings/infantry-bo ard-ar-15/
  • Ezell, E.C. (1969). The Search for A Lightweight Rifle: The M14 and M16 Rifles, PhD Thesis: Case Western Reserve University.
  • Ezell, E.C. (1983). Small Arms of the World, 12th Revised Edition (Harrisburg: Stackpole Books), p. 60.
  • Fadala, S. (2006). The Complete Black Powder Handbook. Iola, Wisconsin: Gun Digest Books. pp. 159–161(Percussion Cup/wikipedia).
  • Firearms History, Technology and Development Blog. (2015). Are Rifle Calibers Getting Smaller?, Erişim tarihi 24 Kasım 2024. Erişim adresi: https://firearmshistory.blogspot.com/2015/01/are-rifle-calibers-getting-smaller.html
  • Gary, K. R. (n.d-b). Wounding Effects of Military Small Arms during the Past Century, pp 3-4.
  • Gobinet, P. (2010). Small Arms and Light Weapons Ammunition: A Look at Western Producers and Their Markets. Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva.
  • Gunners Outlet. (2023, 29 Mayıs). The Changing Nature of Ammunition: An Evolution Over Time. Erişim tarihi 26 Kasım 2024. Erişim adresi: https://www.gunnersoutlet.com/v_21/news/the-changing-nature-of-ammunition-an-evolution-over-time/
  • Harris, W. (2024). 10 Innovations That Led to the Modern Bullet Harris. Erişim tarihi: 27 Kasım 2024. Erişim adresi: https://science.howstuffworks.com/10-bullet-innovations.htm
  • Hatcher, J.S. (1962). Hatcher's Notebook (3rd ed.). Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Company. p. 19.
  • Hunter-ed. (t.y.). Centerfire and Rimfire Ammunition. Erişim tarihi 14 Aralık 2024. Erişim adresi: https://www.hunter-ed.com/national/studyGuide/Centerfire-and-Rimfire-Ammunition/201099 _92805/
  • Jenzen-Jones, N.R. (2016). Chambering the Next Round: Emergent Small-calibre Cartridge Technologies. Small Arms Survey. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep10759
  • Jenzen-Jones, N.R. (2017). Global Development and Production of Self-loading Service Rifles: 1896 to Present Day. Working Paper No. 25. Geneva: Small Arms Survey.
  • Jenzen-Jones N.R. ve Schroeder, M. (Ed.). (2018). An Introductory Guide to the Identification of Small Arms, Light Weapons, and Associated Ammunition Handbook.
  • Johnston, G. ve Thomas, N. (2010). The World’s Assault Rifles. Lorton, VA: Ironside International.
  • Klay, P. (2022, Haziran). How Did Guns Get So Powerful?. Erişim tarihi: 18 Aralık 2022. Erişim adresi: https://www.newyorker.com/tech/ annals-of-technology/how-did-guns-get-so-powerful
  • Kozanoğlu, A. Ateşli Silahların Tarihçesi 3, Erişim tarihi:14 Aralık 2025. Erişim adresi: https://www .arpacık.net/içerik_yazar.asp ?Icerik=186& Yazar=825
  • M1 Carbine. (t.y.). Erişim tarihi 29 Aralık 2024. Erişim adresi: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_ carbine Medve, J.P. (1993). Integration, Interoperability and Coalition Warfare in the New World Order, Fort Leavenworth: Command and General Staff College, pp.18-19.
  • Mermi. (t.y.). Erişim tarihi 05 Aralık 2024. Erişim adresi: https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mermi
  • Miyagi, V.T. (1986). 7.62mm Versus 5.56mm - Does NATO Really Need Two Standard Rifle Calibers, Erişim adresi: https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1986/MVT.htm
  • Rayle, R. (1996). Random Shots: Episodes in the Life of a Weapons Developer. Bennington, VT: Merriam Press.
  • Rottman, G. (2005). Japanese Infantryman 1937–45: Sword of the Empire. Osprey. p. 18.
  • Sanjay S. (2022, Ağustos), Biting the Silver Bullet 4: Lethality of the 5.56 NATO Caliber. Indian AerospaceDefence Bulletin. Erişim tarihi: 27 Kasım 2024. Erişim adresi: https://www. iadb.in/ 2022/08/31/biting-the-silver-bullet-4-lethality-of-the-5-56-nato-caliber/
  • Schatz, J. (2023). The Future of the Military Assault Rifle. Small Arms Defense Journal, Vol. 7, No. 1. Erişim tarihi: 30 Aralık 2024. Erişim adresi: https://sadefensejournal.com/the-future-of-the-military-assault-rifle/
  • Sharpe, P.B. (1938). The Rifle in America. William Morrow. p. 591.
  • Shurkin, M. (2016, Haziran). A Brief History of the Assault Rifle. Erişim tarihi: 17 Aralık 2024. Erişim adresi www.rand.org/pubs/commentary/2016/06/a-brief-history-of-the-assault-rifle. html
  • Sızır, M., Kalyoncu, M. (2024, Mart). Namlu Uzunluğunun Namlu Çıkış Hızına Etkisi, 8th International Icontech Congress on Innovative Surveys in Positive Sciences.
  • Smith, W.H.B , Smith, J.E.. (1965). The Book of Rifles. Fairfax, VA: National Rifle Association.
  • Smitsonian National Museum of Natural History. (2024, Ocak). Human Characteristics: Tools& Foods. Erişim tarihi: 26 Kasım 2024. Erişim adresi: https://humanorigins.si.edu/human-characteristics /tools-food
  • Spitzer (bullet). (t.y.). Erişim tarihi: 18 Ocak 2025. Erişim adresi: https://military-history.fandom .com/wiki/ Spitzer_(bullet)
  • Stevens, R. B. (2006). Full Circle: A Treatise on Roller Locking. Cobourg, Ontario: Collector Grade Publications.
  • Sürmeli D., Neşeli S. (2020), Mermi Namlu Çıkış Hızı ve Enerjisini Etkileyen Parametrelerin Optimizasyonu, Journal of Selcuk-Technic, Volume 19, Number:3-2020.
  • Technology Focus, (2021, Ekim). Small Arms and Ammunition. Vol.3, Issue 5, www.drdo.gov.in
  • Tel-Aviv University. (2023, Eylül). The need to hunt small prey compelled prehistoric humans to produce appropriate hunting weapons and improve their cognitive abilities. Erişim tarihi: 26 Kasım 2024. Erişim adresi: https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1000802
  • UK Ministry of Supply. (1947). The Choice of a Standard Round for Small Arms. Technical Report No. 5/47. Sevenoaks: Armaments Design Department, Ministry of Supply.
  • UNGA (United Nations General Assembly). (2005). International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace, in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons, ‘International Tracing Instrument. Adopted 8 December. A/60/88. 27 June (annex).
  • Walter, J. (2006). Rifles of the World, 3rd edn. Iola, WI: Krause.
  • Wesolowski, J. A. (2016, Mart). Hunting the Ghost Gun: an Analysis of the U.S. Army Infantry Rifle. Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School.
  • Westrom, Mark. (2013). Technical Note 108: Rapid Semiautomatic Fire and the Assault Rifle, Technical Note, Armalite, Inc.
  • Westwood D., (2005). Rifles, An Illustrated History Of Their Impact, ABC Clio.
  • Widener’s Guns, Ammo &Shooting Blog. (2020, Şubat). A Brief History of Ammo. Erişim tarihi 20 Kasım 2024. Erişim adresi: https://www. wideners.com/blog/a-brief-history-of-ammo/.
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There are 60 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Defence Studies, Late Modern History (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Haydar Onur Şehitoglu 0000-0001-7380-1747

Ümit Mahir Şahin 0000-0002-5455-8777

Publication Date March 7, 2025
Submission Date January 22, 2025
Acceptance Date March 4, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Şehitoglu, H. O., & Şahin, Ü. M. (2025). Fişeğin Gelişiminin Küçük Silahlara ve Harekât Ortamına Çoklu Etkisi. Savunma Ve Güvenlik Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(1), 95-116.