Temporal Consensus-Aware Hash-Chained Trust Management for Secure Routing in FANETs

Uras Panahı

doi:10.35377/saucis...1965259

Temporal Consensus-Aware Hash-Chained Trust Management for Secure Routing in FANETs

Abstract

Flying Ad-hoc Networks (FANETs) find their way into mission-critical environments ranging from disaster relief, military reconnaissance, to agriculture and urban surveillance systems. Dynamic topologies in FANETs expose traditional routing protocols to possible insider attacks that subtly compromise network operation. We present BDTM (Blockchain-inspired Decentralized Trust Management), which is a resource-efficient decentralized system that exploits immutability via hash chains and distributed trust validation without relying on consensus of the entire blockchain. BDTM enhances the AODV routing protocol using four key components: time-weighted trust updates, normalized composite trust score calculations, neighborhood consensus-based trust calculation with a confidence measure and collusive attacks resistance mechanisms. Simulation studies are performed using the NS-3 simulator with 20-100 UAV nodes, mobility speeds of 5-30 m/s and attack ratios varying from 0% to 30%, Blackhole, Sybil and Grayhole attack scenarios. Simulation results demonstrate that BDTM outperforms the performances of Standard AODV, SAODV, WATCHDOG-AODV and TMRP in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and throughput. PDR improvements by BDTM vary between 8% and 43%, depending on the number of nodes and attack ratio. Meanwhile, throughput maintenance in the presence of attacks from 0% to 30% achieves values of 79% and 89%. Energy consumption analysis shows that overhead introduced by the gossip protocol is around 0.93 mJ per gossip round.

Keywords

Ethical Statement

It is declared that during the preparation process of this study, scientific and ethical principles were followed, and all the studies benefited from are stated in the bibliography.

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Data Security and Protection, Software and Application Security

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Uras Panahı ^*
0000-0001-8061-7235
Türkiye

Publication Date

September 30, 2026

Submission Date

June 6, 2026

Acceptance Date

June 24, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 9 Number: 4

DOI

https://doi.org/10.35377/saucis...1965259

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA87LK92ZX

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Panahı, U. (2026). Temporal Consensus-Aware Hash-Chained Trust Management for Secure Routing in FANETs. Sakarya University Journal of Computer and Information Sciences, 9(4), 1062-1079. https://doi.org/10.35377/saucis...1965259

AMA

1.Panahı U. Temporal Consensus-Aware Hash-Chained Trust Management for Secure Routing in FANETs. SAUCIS. 2026;9(4):1062-1079. doi:10.35377/saucis.1965259

Chicago

Panahı, Uras. 2026. “Temporal Consensus-Aware Hash-Chained Trust Management for Secure Routing in FANETs”. Sakarya University Journal of Computer and Information Sciences 9 (4): 1062-79. https://doi.org/10.35377/saucis. 1965259.

EndNote

Panahı U (September 1, 2026) Temporal Consensus-Aware Hash-Chained Trust Management for Secure Routing in FANETs. Sakarya University Journal of Computer and Information Sciences 9 4 1062–1079.

IEEE

[1]U. Panahı, “Temporal Consensus-Aware Hash-Chained Trust Management for Secure Routing in FANETs”, SAUCIS, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 1062–1079, Sept. 2026, doi: 10.35377/saucis...1965259.

ISNAD

Panahı, Uras. “Temporal Consensus-Aware Hash-Chained Trust Management for Secure Routing in FANETs”. Sakarya University Journal of Computer and Information Sciences 9/4 (September 1, 2026): 1062-1079. https://doi.org/10.35377/saucis. 1965259.

JAMA

1.Panahı U. Temporal Consensus-Aware Hash-Chained Trust Management for Secure Routing in FANETs. SAUCIS. 2026;9:1062–1079.

MLA

Panahı, Uras. “Temporal Consensus-Aware Hash-Chained Trust Management for Secure Routing in FANETs”. Sakarya University Journal of Computer and Information Sciences, vol. 9, no. 4, Sept. 2026, pp. 1062-79, doi:10.35377/saucis. 1965259.

Vancouver

1.Uras Panahı. Temporal Consensus-Aware Hash-Chained Trust Management for Secure Routing in FANETs. SAUCIS. 2026 Sep. 1;9(4):1062-79. doi:10.35377/saucis. 1965259