Türkiye’deki futbol akademilerinin yönetimi: Futbolcu görüşü

Abstract

Futbol akademilerinin yönetimsel başarısı çeşitli iç ve dış paydaşların iş birliğine bağlıdır. Bu bağlamda, akademilerde eğitim görmüş futbolcular, futbol akademilerinin en önemli iç paydaşlarından biridir. Mevcut araştırma, akademilerde eğitim almış, aktif profesyonel futbolcuların bakış açısından, Türkiye’deki futbol akademilerinin yönetim verimliliğini etkileyen faktörleri araştırmaktadır. Yönetimde Sistem Yaklaşımı’nı benimseyen araştırma, futbol akademilerinde girdi, süreç, geri bildirim, çıktı ve çevre faktörlerini dikkate alarak daha etkili bir futbol yönetimi için temel gereklilikleri ve hizmetleri tanımlamakta, yönetim sürecini geliştirmek için pratik çözümler önermeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırma için yarı-yapılandırışmış mülakat tekniği kullanılmıştır ve katılımcılar 19 ile 36 yaşları arasında, Türkiye'nin en üst liginde (Süper Lig) oynayan ve kariyerleri boyunca U18 seviyesi üzerinde en az bir resmi maçta Türk Milli Takımlarını temsil etmiş erkek oyuncular arasından seçilmiştir. Veriler nitel içerik analizi kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma, futbol akademilerinin başarısı için kritik öneme sahip olan bazı faktörleri ortaya koymuştur. Bu faktörler arasında yetenekli oyuncuların zamanında ve etkili bir şekilde seçilmesi, antrenör kalitesinin artırılması, daha rekabetçi bir oyun ve lig deneyiminin sağlanması, sporcu ebeveynlerinin eğitimi ve A-takımlara geçiş süreçlerinin etkin bir şekilde yönetilmesi yer almaktadır. Araştırma, ayrıca Türkiye'deki futbol akademilerin yönetim etkinliğini yükseltmek için bir takım somut öneriler sunmaktadır.

Keywords

• Akademi oyuncusu
• Elit futbolcu
• Futbol akademisi yönetimi
• Futbol Yönetimi

Management of football academies in Turkey: The player’s perspective

Abstract

The performance of football academies is contingent upon the collaboration of various internal and external stakeholders. In this context, considering football players as crucial internal stakeholders in club-based football academies, the current research explores, from the viewpoints of elite players, the factors impacting the efficiency of management in Turkish football academies. Using the system theory approach as its theoretical framework, the specific focus was on describing the essential requisites and services within the input, process, feedback, output, and environmental aspects of the football academy management system. Subsequently, the study aimed to propose practical solutions to enhance various facets of the football academy management in Türkiye. Fifteen male participants, aged between 19 and 36 years old, were selected among active professional players competing in the top division of Türkiye (Süper Lig) who had also represented the Turkish National Teams in at least one official game above the U18 level during their careers. The data was obtained through semi-structured interviews and analysed using qualitative content analysis. According to the results, the effective selection of talented players, high-quality coaching, parents’ education, providing more competitive game experience, and resolving transition challenges to senior teams were critical for the success of football academies. The findings also highlighted key suggestions for the improvement of the overall performance of academies in Türkiye.

Keywords

• Academy Player
• Elite footballer
• Football academy management
• Football Management

References

1. Argote, L., ve Ingram, P. (2000). Knowledge transfer: A basis for competitive advantage in firms. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 82(1), 150-169. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.2000.2893
2. Abrahams, D. (2012). Soccer tough: Simple football psychology techniques to improve your game. Bennion Keary Limited Publishing.
3. Abrams, M. (2012). Anger management in sport: Understanding and controlling violence athletes. Human Kinetics.
4. Açıkada, C. and Hazır, T. (2016). Uzun süreli sporcu gelişim programları: hangi bilimsel temellere oturuyor? Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 27:2, 84 - 99
5. Akkoyun, S. (2014). Türkiye’deki futbol kulüplerinin alt yapılarının yapılanması, yönetim biçimleri, idari yapısı ve avrupa’daki örneklerle kıyaslanması. İstanbul Kültür Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul
6. Armour, K. (2013). Sport pedagogy: An Introduction for teaching and coaching. New York: Routledge
7. Barker, D., Barker-Ruchti, N., Rynne, S. and Lee, J. (2014). Moving out of sports: a sociocultural examination of olympic career transitions. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 9(2), pp. 255-270
8. Bonney, N., Larkin, P. and Ball, K. (2020). Future directions and considerations for talent identification in Australian football. Frontiers in sports and active living, 2:612067.

9. Böhlke, N. and Robinson, L. (2009). Benchmarking of elite sport systems. Management Decision, 47(1), 67-84.
10. Brown, J. (2001). Sport talent: how to identify and develop outstanding athletes. Champaign, IL Human Kinetics.
11. Chadwick, S., Arthur, D., and Beech, J. (Eds.). (2017). International cases in the business of sport (2nd ed.). Routledge
12. Beswick, B. (2016). Odak noktamız futbol: Oyun zihinde nasıl kazanılır? Remzi Kitabevi.
13. Çevik, S. and Onağ, Z. (2019). Qualitative research on reasons why Turkish football clubs are unable to train youth team players well and possible solutions. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 14(2), 326-343
14. Chelladurai, P. (2014). Managing organizations for sport and physical activity: A systems perspective (4th ed.). Routledge.
15. Colvin, G. (2008). Talent is overrated. Nicholas Brealey Publishing
16. Collins, D., Cruickshank, A., and Jordet, G. (Ed). The handbook of elite sport performance. New York: Routledge.
17. Coutinho, P., Mesquita, I., & Fonseca, A. M. (2016). Talent development in sport: A critical review of pathways to expert performance. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 11(2), 279-293.
18. Côté, J., Murphy-Mills, J., and Abernethy, B. (2012). The development of skill in sport. In Hodges, N. and Williams A.M. (eds) Skill acquisition in sport: research, theory and practice (pp.269–286). New York: Routledge
19. Côté, J., Erickson, K., and Duffy, P. (2013). Developing the expert performance coach. In D. Farrow, J. Baker, C. MacMahon (Eds.), Developing elite sport performance: Lesson from theory and practice (pp. 17-28; 2nd edition). New York: Routledge
20. Coyle, D. (2009). The talent code. Random House.
21. Cruickshank, A. (2019). Culture, leadership and management with elites. In Collins, D., Cruickshank, A., and Jordet, G. (Ed). The Handbook of Elite Sport Performance (pp. 201-211). New York: Routledge.
22. De Bosscher, V., De Knop, P., Van Bottenburg, M., Shibli, S., Bingham, J. (2009). Explaining international sporting success: An international comparison of elite sport systems and policies in six countries. Sport Management Review, 12, 113–136.
23. De Joode, T., Tebbes, D.J. J., and Savelsbergh, G.J.P. (2021). Game insight skills as a predictor of talent for youth soccer players. Frontiers in sports and Active Living, 2:609112. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2020.609112
24. Ehmann, P., Beavan, A., Spielmann, J., Mayer, J., Altmann, S., Ruf, L., Rohrmann, S., Irmer, J. P., and Englert, C. (2022). Perceptual-cognitive performance of youth soccer players in a 360◦ environment differences between age groups and performance levels. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 59(4),102120
25. Erdemli, A. (2008). Spor yapan insan. İstanbul: E Yayınları
26. Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R., and Tesch-Römer, C. (1993). The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review, 100(3), 363–406.
27. Foreman, J., Gee, J.P., Herz, J.C., Hinrichs, R., Prensky, M. and Sawyer, B., (2004). Game-based learning: How to delight and instruct in the 21st century. EDUCAUSE Review, 39, 50-66.
28. Freeman, R. (2010). Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
29. Freeman, R.E. (2017). Five challenges to stakeholder theory: a report on research in progress, in Wasieleski, D. and Weber, J. (Eds), Stakeholder Management, Emerald Publishing, pp. 1-20
30. Graneheim, U.H., and Lundman, B. (2004). Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness. Nurse Education Today, 24(2):105-12.
31. Gulbin, J., Weissensteiner, J., Oldenziel, K., and Gagné, F. (2013). Patterns of performance development in elite athletes. European Journal of Sport Science, 13.605-614.
32. Hassan, D., and Hamil, S. (Eds.). (2011). Who owns football? Models of football governance and management in international sport (1st ed.). Routledge.
33. Haugaasen, M., Toering, T., and Jordet, G. (2014). From childhood to senior professional football: A multi-level approach to elite youth football players’ engagement in football-specific activities. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(4), 336-344.
34. Helsen, W, Hodges, N., J., Van Winckel., and Starkes, J. L. (2000). The roles of talent, physical precocity and practice in the development of soccer expertise. Journal of Sports Sciences, 18(9), 727-736.
35. Holt, N. L., and Dunn, J. G. H. (2004). Toward a grounded theory of the psychosocial competencies and environmental conditions associated with football success. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 16, 199–219.
36. Houlihan, B. and Green, M. (2008). Comparative elite sport development: Systems, structures and public policy. Elsevier
37. Hoye, R., Smith A. C. T., Nicholson, M., Stewart B., and Westerbeek, H. (2012). Sport management: Principles and applications. Oxon: Routledge
38. Jones, B., Eather, N., Andrew Miller, A., and Morgan, P., J. (2024). Evaluating the impact of a coach development intervention for improving coaching practices and player outcomes in football: the MASTER Coaching randomised control trial. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 29:6, 652-669.
39. Kaplan, T. (2016). Futbol: Antrenörlük Eğitiminde Kavramsal Boyutlar. Palet Yayınları
40. Kelly, A.L., Williams, C.A., and Wilson, M. (2018). Developing a football-specific talent identification and development profiling concept – The locking wheel nut model. Applied Coaching Research Journal, 2: 32–41.
41. Kingston, K., and Wixey, D., and Morgan, K. (2018). Monitoring the climate: Exploring the psychological environment in an elite soccer academy. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 32. 1-34.
42. Kokstejn J., Musalek M., Wolanski P., Murawska-Cialowicz E., and Stastny P. (2019). Fundamental motor skills mediate the relationship between physical fitness and soccer-specific motor skills in young soccer players. Frontiers Physiology.10:596. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00596.
43. Kula, H. (2019). Sporda yetenek seçimi ve ilkeleri. Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi
44. Kuper, S., and Szymanski, S. (2009). Why England lose and other curious phenomena explained. Harper Collins Publishers.
45. Levitin, D.J. (2006). This is your brain on music: The science of a human obsession. New York: Dutton.
46. Machado, M., González-Víllora, S., and Teoldo, I. (2023). Selected soccer players are quicker and better decision-makers in elite Brazilian youth academies. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 23:2, 65-82.
47. McGuigan, M., Dello Iacono, A., McRobert, A., Cowan, D., and Unnithan, V. B. (2023). Facilitators and barriers associated with youth player transition to professional first-team football: A key stakeholder perspective. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 1-11
48. MEB (2022). Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı, Strateji Geliştirme Başkanlığı, okul ve öğrenci sayısı istatistikleri. https://istatistik.meb.gov.tr/KurumSayisi/EgitimKademelerineGore
49. Mele, C., Pels, J. and Polese, F. (2010). A Brief review of systems theories and their managerial applications. Journal of Service Science 2(1/2), 126 – 135.
50. Mendizabal, X., San-Jose, L. and Garcia-Merino, J.D. (2020). Understanding and mapping stakeholders of sport clubs: particularities, Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 10(3), 359-378
51. Mills, A., Butt, J., Maynard, I., and Harwood, C. (2014). Toward an understanding of optimal development environments within elite English soccer academies. The Sport Psychologist, 28(2), 137–150.
52. Moser, A., and Korstjens, I. (2018). Series: Practical guidance to qualitative research. Part 3: Sampling, data collection and analysis. The European journal of General Practice, 24(1), 9–18.
53. Moran, A., and Toner, J. (2017). A critical introduction to sport psychology (3rd ed.). Routledge
54. Müniroğlu, S., and Subak, E. (2018). An overview of the Important points of talent selection in sports. Research and Investigations in Sports Medicine, 3-3.
55. Nesti, M., and Sulley, C. (2015). Youth development in football: Lessons from the world’s best academies. Routledge
56. North, J., Lara-Bercial, S., Morgan, G., and Rongen, F. (2014). The identification of good practice principles to inform player development and coaching in European youth football – UEFA Research Project, Leeds Beckett University, UK.
57. Patton, M. (2015). Qualitative research and evaluation methods, 4th ed., SAGE Publications
58. Poli, R., Ravenel, L., and Besson, R. (2016): CIES Football Observatory Monthly Report n°19-November 2016. Retrieved at https://football-observatory.com/Demographic-study-of-football-in-Europe
59. Reilly, T., Williams, A., and Richardson, D. (2003). Identifying talented players. In T. Reilly, and A.M. Williams (Eds.), Science and Soccer (pp. 307-326). London: Routledge.
60. Samur, S. (2018). Futbol yönetiminde organizasyon tasarımı ve süreç yönetimi. ITU Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 8, 2, 30-45
61. Sarmento, H., Anguera, M. T., Pereira, A., and Araújo, D. (2018). Talent identification and development in male football: A systematic review. Journal of Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 48(4), 907–931. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0851-7
62. Sevimli, D. (2015). Sporda Yetenek geliştirme sürecinin yönetimi. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(1): s2-8
63. Schreier, M. (2014). Qualitative content analysis. SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks.
64. Solomon-Moore, E., Emm-Collison, L. G., Sebire, S. J., Toumpakari, Z., Thompson, J. L., Lawlor, D. A. (2018). “In my day. . . ” Parents’views on children’s physical activity and screen viewing in relation to their own childhood. International Journal of Environ. Res. Public Health, 15, 1–17
65. Stotlar, D.K., and Wonders, A. (2006). Developing elite athletes: A content analysis of US national governing body system. International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences, 18(2), 121-144.
66. Stratton, G., Reilly, T., Williams, A. M., and Richardson, D. (2004). Youth soccer: From science to performance. New York: Routledge
67. Sunay, H., and Kaya, B. (2018). Türkiye ile Almanya futbol altyapılarının karşılaştırılması. Spormetre, 16(4), 126-139
68. Şenaras, A. E., and Sezen, H. K. (2017). Sistem düşüncesi. Journal of Life Economics, 4(1), 39-58
69. Şenel, E. and Saygın, Ö. (2021). The comparison of football academy systems between Turkey and England, International Journal of Sport Culture and Science, 9(4), 387-412
70. Topkaya, I. (2015). Futbolda Altyapı Eğitimi: Altyapıya ilişkin genel bir çerçece ve altyapı eğitiminde pedagojik yaklaşım. Paradigma Akademi Yayınları
71. Vandendriessche, J., Vandorpe, B., Coelho-e-Silva, M. J., Vaeyens, R., Lenoir, M., Lefevre, J., and Philippaerts, R. (2011). Multivariate association among morphology, fitness, and motor coordination characteristics in boys age 7 to 11. Pediatric Exercise Science, 23(4), 504–520.
72. Veal, A.J., and Darcy, S. (2014). Research methods in sport studies and sport management: A practical guide (1st ed.). Routledge.
73. Veale J.P., Pearce A.J., Koehn S., and Carlson J.S. (2008). Performance and anthropometric characteristics of prospective elite junior Australian footballers: A case study in one junior team. Journal of Science and Medice in Sport, 11(2), 227-30.
74. Von Bertalanffy, L. (2015). General system theory: Foundations, development, applications (Revised Edition). George Braziller Publication
75. Williams, A. M., and Hodges, N.J. (2005). Practice, instruction and skill acquisition in soccer: Challenging Tradition, Journal of Sports Sciences, 23(6), 637- 650
76. Williams, A., Ford, P., and Drust, B. (2020). Talent identification and development in soccer since the millennium. Journal of Sports Science, 38, 1199–1210
77. Yiapanas, G., Thrassou, A. and Vrontis, D. (2024), "The contemporary football industry: a value-based analysis of social, business structural and organisational stakeholders". Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 37(2). 552-585. https://doi.org/10.1108/AAAJ-06-2022-585
78. Zibung, M., and Conzelmann, A. (2013). The role of specialization in the promotion of young football talents: a person-oriented study. European Journal of Sport Science, 13, 452–460