Comparison of force steadiness between traditional archers and non-archers

Abstract

Although the relationship between force steadiness and performance in motor function tests for different groups has been investigated in many studies, the number of studies examining its relationship with athletic performance is very limited. Aim of the study was to compare force steadiness (FS) of traditional archers and non-archers during submaximal isometric contractions. A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted in two groups: 65 traditional archers (33 males, 32 females) and 65 individuals (33 males, 32 females) with no experience in target sports. Both groups underwent standardized tests to evaluate and compare their FS. The biceps muscle group was the focus of the tests, with participants holding a static preacher curl position at a fixed 90-degree elbow joint angle to ensure consistent and reliable measurements. Participants initially performed the maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) test, followed by a FS assessment in which they were required to sustain 50% of their MVIC force for a duration of 30 seconds. Time and force data were presented on a graphical interface positioned in front of the participants, providing real-time feedback to ensure precision and consistency throughout the test. The MVIC test and FS test data of each participant were analyzed and the MVIC and FS test variables were compared. As a result, although maximal force were similar, it has been observed that the force steadiness in archers is higher compared to non-archers. While the difference in force steadiness parameters among all participants and the male participants was found to be significant, the difference in female participants was not significant. These results suggest that force steadiness is an important factor alongside other force parameters in archers. We believe that the relationship between force steadiness and performance in archers at different levels is worth investigating. Furthermore, we think that force steadiness training in target sports could have an impact on performance.

Keywords

• Force steadiness
• archery
• traditional archery

Geleneksel okçular ve okçu olmayan bireylerin kuvvette kararlılık özelliklerinin karşılaştırılması

Abstract

Kuvvet kararlılığı ve farklı gruplardaki motor fonksiyon testlerindeki performans arasındaki ilişki birçok çalışmada incelenmiş olmasına rağmen, atletik performansla olan ilişkisini inceleyen çalışma sayısı oldukça sınırlıdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, geleneksel okçular ve okçuluk deneyimi olmayan bireyler arasında submaksimal izometrik kasılmalar sırasında kuvvet kararlılığını (KK) karşılaştırmaktır. Çalışma iki grup üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir: 65 geleneksel okçu (33 erkek, 32 kadın) ve hedef sporlarında deneyimi olmayan 65 birey (33 erkek, 32 kadın). Her iki grup da KK özelliklerini değerlendirmek ve karşılaştırmak için standartlaştırılmış testlere tabi tutulmuştur. Testlerin odak noktası biceps kas grubu olup, katılımcılar 90 derecelik dirsek açısında statik bir precher curl hareketi yapmışlardır. Katılımcılar öncelikle maksimum istemli izometrik kasılma (MİİK) testini gerçekleştirmiş, ardından 30 saniye boyunca MİİK kuvvetlerinin %50'sini sürdürebilmeleri gereken bir KK testi uygulanmıştır. Zaman ve kuvvet verileri, katılımcıların önünde bulunan grafiksel bir ara yüzde sunulmuş ve test boyunca hassasiyet ve tutarlılığı sağlamak için gerçek zamanlı geri bildirim verilmiştir. Her katılımcının MİK testi ve KK testi verileri analiz edilmiş ve MİK ile KK test değişkenleri karşılaştırılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, maksimum kuvvet benzer olsa da okçuların kuvvet kararlılıklarının okçuluk deneyimi olmayan bireylere göre daha yüksek olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Tüm katılımcılar ve erkek katılımcılar arasındaki KK parametrelerindeki farkın anlamlı olduğu, ancak kadın katılımcılar arasındaki farkın anlamlı olmadığı bulunmuştur. Bu sonuçlar, kuvvet kararlılığının okçular için diğer kuvvet parametreleriyle birlikte önemli bir faktör olduğunu önermektedir. Farklı seviyelerdeki okçularda kuvvet kararlılığı ile performans arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesinin değerli olduğuna inanıyoruz. Ayrıca, hedef sporlarında kuvvet kararlılığı antrenmanlarının performans üzerinde olumlu etkisi olabileceğini düşünmekteyiz.

Keywords

• Kuvvet kararlılığı
• okçuluk
• geleneksel okçuluk

Supporting Institution

Sakarya Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi Egzersiz ve Spor Bilimleri Eğitim Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi

Ethical Statement

Sakarya Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi Rektörlüğü Etik Kurulu’ dan 12.09.2024 tarih ve E-26428519-050.99-140769 sayılı yazı ile etik kurul onayı alınmıştır.

References

1. Almuklass, A. M., Davis, L., Hamilton, L. D., Vieira, T. M., Botter, A., ve Enoka, R. M. (2018). Motor unit discharge characteristics and walking performance of individuals with multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neurophysiology, 119(4), 1273-1282. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00598.2017
2. Almuklass, A. M., Price, R. C., Gould, J. R., ve Enoka, R. M. (2016). Force steadiness as a predictor of time to complete a pegboard test of dexterity in young men and women. Journal of Applied Physiology, 120(12), 1410-1417. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01051.2015
3. Arvanitidis, M., Falla, D., Sanderson, A., ve Martinez-Valdes, E. (2021). Does pain influence force steadiness? A protocol for a systematic review. BMJ Open, 11(1), e042525. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042525
4. Athavale, S., ve Sidhaye-Bhadbhade, N. (2022). Comparison of joint position sense in competitive recurve archers and non-archers in the age group of 15-19 years old: A cross sectional study. International Journal of Health Sciences and Research, 12(11), 62-70. https://doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20221110
5. Brown, R. E. (2011). Are sex differences in force steadiness due to dissimilar motor unit activity between men and women? [Yüksek lisans tezi]. University of British Columbia. Retrieved from https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/ubctheses/24/items/1.0071725
6. Carville, S. F., Perry, M. C., Rutherford, O. M., Smith, I. C. H., ve Newham, D. J. (2007). Steadiness of quadriceps contractions in young and older adults with and without a history of falling. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 100(5), 527-533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-006-0245-2
7. Davis, L. A., Alenazy, M. S., Almuklass, A. M., Feeney, D. F., Vieira, T., Botter, A., ve Enoka, R. M. (2020). Force control during submaximal isometric contractions is associated with walking performance in persons with multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neurophysiology, 123(6), 2191-2200. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00085.2020
8. Davis, L. A., Allen, S. P., Hamilton, L. D., Grabowski, A. M., ve Enoka, R. M. (2020). Differences in postural sway among healthy adults are associated with the ability to perform steady contractions with leg muscles. Experimental Brain Research, 238(2), 487-497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-019-05719-4

9. de Luca, C. J., LeFever, R. S., McCue, M. P., ve Xenakis, A. P. (1982). Control scheme governing concurrently active human motor units during voluntary contractions. The Journal of Physiology, 329(1), 129-142. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1982.sp014294
10. Enoka, R. M., ve Farina, D. (2021). Force steadiness: from motor units to voluntary actions. Physiology, 36(2), 114-130. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00027.2020
11. Feeney, D. F., Mani, D., ve Enoka, R. M. (2018). Variability in common synaptic input to motor neurons modulates both force steadiness and pegboard time in young and older adults. The Journal of Physiology, 596(16), 3793-3806. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP275658
12. Galganski, M. E., Fuglevand, A. J., ve Enoka, R. M. (1993). Reduced control of motor output in a human hand muscle of elderly subjects during submaximal contractions. Journal of Neurophysiology, 69(6), 2108-2115. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1993.69.6.2108
13. Ganjave, P.D., ve Dabholkar, A.S., (2022). Comparative analysis of upper extremity performance variables in elite and novice recurve archers: A cross-sectional observational study. International Journal of Life Science and Pharma Research. https://doi.org/10.22376/ijpbs/lpr.2021.11.4.l77-84
14. Jones, K. E., Hamilton, A. F. de C., ve Wolpert, D. M. (2002). Sources of signal-dependent noise during isometric force production. Journal of Neurophysiology, 88(3), 1533-1544. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.2002.88.3.1533
15. Laidlaw, D. H., Bilodeau, M., ve Enoka, R. M. (2000). Steadiness is reduced and motor unit discharge is more variable in old adults. Muscle & Nerve, 23(4), 600-612. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(200004)23:4<600::AID-MUS20>3.0.CO;2-D
16. Lakie, M. (2010). The influence of muscle tremor on shooting performance. Experimental Physiology, 95(3), 441-450. https://doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.2009.047555
17. Lau, J. S., Ghafar, R., Hashim, H. A., ve Zulkifli, E. Z. (2020). Anthropometric and physical fitness components comparison between high- and low-performance archers. Annals of Applied Sport Science, 8(4), 0-0. https://doi.org/10.29252/aassjournal.897
18. Michael, K. (2006). The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001
19. Mohd Saleh, M., Linoby, A., Abdul Razak, F. A., Abu Kasim, N. A., ve Mohamed Kassim, N. A. (2022). The relationship between arm muscle strength, muscle endurance, balance and draw force length on archery performance. Malaysian Journal of Sport Science and Recreation (MJSSR), 18(1), 83. https://doi.org/10.24191/mjssr.v18i1.17642
20. Motoki, K., ve Shinohara, M. (2010). Steadiness in plantar flexor muscles and its relation to postural sway in young and elderly adults. Muscle and Nerve, 42(1), 78-87. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.21599
21. Pereira, H. M., Schlinder-DeLap, B., Keenan, K. G., Negro, F., Farina, D., Hyngstrom, A. S., Nielson, K. A., ve Hunter, S. K. (2019). Oscillations in neural drive and age-related reductions in force steadiness with a cognitive challenge. Journal of Applied Physiology, 126(4), 1056-1065. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00821.2018
22. Pereira, H. M., Schlinder-Delap, B., Nielson, K. A., ve Hunter, S. K. (2018). Force steadiness during a cognitively challenging motor task is predicted by executive function in older adults. Frontiers in Physiology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01316
23. Simsek, D., Cerrah, A. O., Ertan, H., ve Soylu, A. R. (2019). A comparison of the ground reaction forces of archers with different levels of expertise during the arrow shooting. Science & Sports, 34(2), e137-e145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2018.08.008
24. The MathWorks Inc. (2023). MATLAB (9.14.0.2337262 (R2023a)). The MathWorks Inc. https://www.mathworks.com
25. Tracy, B. L., ve Enoka, R. M. (2002). Older adults are less steady during submaximal isometric contractions with the knee extensor muscles. Journal of Applied Physiology, 92(3), 1004-1012. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00954.2001