Eko-Rekreasyonist Bireylerde Çevresel Kaygı ve Çevreci Tüketim Davranışları: Doğa Sporcularına Yönelik Demografik Segmentasyon Uygulaması

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 37 Sayı: 1, 62 - 77, 03.03.2026

Kadir Çalışkan , Anıl Onur Mercanoğlu

https://doi.org/10.17644/sbd.1805967

https://izlik.org/JA59AY78FG

Öz

Bu çalışma, doğa sporlarıyla ilgilenen bireylerin çevresel kaygı düzeyleri ile çevreye duyarlı tüketici davranışlarını demografik segmentasyon çerçevesinde incelemeyi amaçlamıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemini, Türkiye'nin çeşitli illerinden ve farklı doğa sporlarıyla uğraşan 221 profesyonel ve ciddi boş zaman seviyesinde doğa sporcuları oluşturmaktadır. Veriler, Yeni Çevresel Paradigma (NEP) ve Çevre Bilinçli Tüketici Davranışı (ECCB) ölçekleri kullanılarak çevrimiçi anket yöntemiyle toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde SPSS yazılımı kullanılmış; bağımsız örneklem t-testi, ANOVA, korelasyon, çoklu regresyon ve iki aşamalı kümeleme analizlerini içeren istatistiksel yöntemler uygulanmıştır. Bulgular, doğa sporlarına katılımın çevresel kaygıyı ve çevreye duyarlı tüketim eğilimlerini desteklediğini göstermektedir. Çoklu regresyon analizine göre, çevresel kaygı ve yaş değişkenleri çevre bilinçli tüketici davranışını anlamlı şekilde yordarken; gelir ve eğitim gibi demografik faktörlerin sınırlı etkisi olduğu görülmüştür. İki aşamalı kümeleme analizi, 30 yaş üstü, daha yüksek gelir ve eğitime sahip bireylerin çevre dostu tüketime daha istekli olduğunu ortaya çıkarmıştır. Sonuçlar, doğa sporlarının çevresel tutumları şekillendirmede önemli bir rol oynadığını, ancak tutum ve davranış arasındaki “yeşil boşluk” olgusunun sürdüğünü göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çevresel farkındalık , Çevre bilinçli davranış , Sürdürülebilirlik , Eko-rekreasyon , Doğa sporları

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışmanın özgün bir çalışma olduğunu; çalışmanın hazırlık, veri toplama, analiz ve bilgilerin sunumu olmak üzere tüm aşamalarından bilimsel etik ilke ve kurallarına uygun davranıldığını; bu çalışma kapsamında elde edilmeyen tüm veri ve bilgiler için kaynak gösterildiğini ve bu kaynaklara kaynakçada yer verildiğini; kullanılan verilerde herhangi bir değişiklik yapılmadığını kabul ederek etik görev ve sorumluluklara yazarlar olarak riayet ettiğimizi beyan ederiz.

Environmental Concern and Consumption Behaviours among Eco-Recreationists: A Demographic Segmentation Application for Outdoor Sports Participants

https://izlik.org/JA59AY78FG

Öz

This study aims to examine the levels of environmental concern and environmentally conscious consumer behaviour among individuals engaged in outdoor sports, within the framework of a demographic segmentation approach. The sample of the research consists of 221 professional and serious leisure-level outdoor sports participants from various regions in Turkey involved in different types of outdoor sports. Data were collected through an online survey using the New Environmental Paradigm (NEP) and Environmentally Conscious Consumer Behavior (ECCB) scales. Statistical analyses, including independent samples t-test, ANOVA, correlation, multiple regression, and two-step cluster analysis, were conducted using SPSS software. The findings indicate that participation in outdoor sports supports both environmental concern and environmentally conscious consumption tendencies. According to multiple regression analysis, environmental concern and age significantly predict environmentally conscious consumer behaviour, whereas demographic factors such as income and education have limited effects. Two-step cluster analysis revealed that individuals over the age of 30 with higher income and education levels are more willing to engage in environmentally friendly consumption. The results demonstrate that outdoor sports play a significant role in shaping environmental attitudes; however, the phenomenon of the “green gap” between attitudes and behaviours persists.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Environmental awareness , Environmentally responsible behaviour , Sustainability , Eco-recreation , Nature sports

Etik Beyan

We hereby declare that this study is an original study; that all stages of the study, including preparation, data collection, analysis, and presentation of information, have been conducted in accordance with scientific ethical principles and rules; that all data and information not obtained within the scope of this study have been cited and included in the bibliography; that no changes have been made to the data used, and that we, as authors, have complied with ethical duties and responsibilities.

Kaynakça

• Akgül, B. M. and Karaküçük, S. (2024). Ecorecreation. Eğitim Yayınevi.
• Alghanim, S., and Ndubisi, N. O. (2022). The paradox of sustainability and luxury consumption: the role of value perceptions and consumer income. Sustainability, 14(22), 14694. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142214694
• An, Y., and Kim, N. (2022). Why do consumers buy sustainable luxury products? From the perspective of consumption value and environmental concerns. Conference Paper, 14694. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa.15935
• Ardahan, F. and Yerlisu Lapa, T. (2011). Açık alan rekreasyonu: bisiklet kullanıcıları ve yürüyüşçülerin doğa sporu yapma nedenleri ve elde ettikleri fayda. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(1), 1327-1341.
• Arslan, Y., Suveren, C., Unlu, C., and Ceviker, A. (2024). Does participation in outdoor sports affect environmental attitudes? A research on university students. International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science, and Technology, 12(3), 682-692. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijemst.4239
• Ay, C., and Ecevit, Z. (2005). Çevre bilinçli tüketiciler. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 10, 238-263.
• Bamberg, S. (2003). How does environmental concern influence specific environmentally related behaviors? A new answer to an old question. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23(1), 21-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(02)00078-6
• Bayrak, A., and Demirel, M. (2021). Rekreasyonel aktivitelere katılımın ekolojik tutum açısından değerlendirilmesi. Sportive, 5(2), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.53025/sportive.1184740
• Brochado, A., Teiga, N., and Oliveira-Brochado, F. (2017). The ecological conscious consumer behaviour: Are the activists different? International Journal of Consumer Studies, 41(2), 138-146. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12321
• Brooks, J. S. (2010). Economic and social dimensions of environmental behavior: balancing conservation and development in Bhutan. Conservation Biology, 24(6), 1499-1509. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01512.x
• Creswell, J. W., and Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). Sage Publications.
• Çetinkaya, G. (2015). Doğa sporlarına katılım çevre tutumunu etkiler mi? Üniversite öğrencileri üzerine bir araştırma. SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(2), 137-142. https://doi.org/10.1501/Sporm_0000000278
• Cleveland, M., Kalamas, M., and Laroche, M. (2005). Shades of green: linking environmental locus of control and pro-environmental behaviors. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 22(4), 198-212. https://doi.org/10.1108/07363760510605317
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587
• De Bernardi, C., Linde, S., and Ioannides, D. (2023). Pro-environmental behaviour in sport and outdoor activities: a literature review. Mistra Sport and Outdoors Rapport, 3.
• Demirel, M., Gürbüz, B., and Karaküçük, S. (2009). Rekreasyonel aktivitelere katılımın çevreye yönelik tutum üzerindeki etkisi ve yeni ekolojik paradigma ölçeği’nin geçerliği ve güvenirliği. SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(2), 47-50. https://doi.org/10.1501/Sporm_0000000155
• Dixon, E. (2021, May). Study: 69% of young sports fans support environmental change. SportsPro. https://www.sportspro.com/news/sports-fans-environmental-change-viewing-habits-gwi-study/
• Drosinou, M., Palomäki, J., Jokela, M., and Laakasuo, M. (2025). Everything is connected: reminders of environmental and social connectedness strengthen environmental attitudes. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 102, 102549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2025.102549
• Dunlap, R. E., and Heffernan, R. B. (1975). Outdoor recreation and environmental concern: an empirical examination. Rural Sociology, 40(1), 18-30.
• Dunlap, R. E. and Van Liere, K. D. (1978). The “new environmental paradigm”. The Journal of Environmental Education, 9, 10-19.
• Dunlap, R. E., Van Liere, K. D., Mertig, A. G., and Jones, R. E. (2000). New trends in measuring environmental attitudes: measuring endorsement of the new ecological paradigm: a revised NEP scale. Journal of Social Issues, 56(3), 425-442.
• Dunlap, R. E. (2008). The new environmental paradigm scale: from marginality to worldwide use. The Journal of Environmental Education, 40(1), 3-18.
• Ekinci, E. (2024). Biyofili ve doğa sporları: insan-çevre bağlantısının derinlemesine incelenmesi. Uluslararası Bozok Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(3), 53-68.
• Erdoğan, E. (2020, December). Türkiye’de gençlerin iyi olma hali araştırması. Habitat Derneği. https://habitatdernegi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/genclerin-iyi-olma-hali-arastirmasi-3-rapor-sunumu.pdf
• Fraenkel, J., Wallen, N., and Hyun, H. (1993). How to design and evaluate research in education (10th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
• Fraj, E., and Martinez, E. (2006). Environmental values and lifestyles as determining factors of ecological consumer behaviour: an empirical analysis. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 23(3), 133-144. https://doi.org/10.1108/07363760610663295
• Gençay, S., and Karaküçük, S. (2000, Mayıs). Sporcuların çevre sorunlarına yaklaşımları [Konferans sunumu]. Gazi Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Kongresi, Ankara, Türkiye.
• Gifford, R., and Nilsson, A. (2014). Personal and social factors that influence pro‐environmental concern and behaviour: A review. International Journal of Psychology, 49(3), 141-157. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12034
• Gökdayı, F., and Demirel, M. (2011). Bir boş zaman etkinliği olarak doğa sporları aktivitelerine katılan bireylerin çevresel farkındalık düzeylerinin incelenmesi. SDÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 14, 117-130.
• Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., and Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning.
• Hammitt, W. E., and Cole, D. N. (2023). Wildland recreation: ecology and management (3rd ed.). John Wiley and Sons.
• Han, G.-S. (2023). Relationships between outdoor recreation-associated flow, pro-environmental attitude, and pro-environmental behavioral intention. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(9), 5173. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310581
• Høyem, J. (2020). Outdoor recreation and environmentally responsible behavior. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 31, 100317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2020.100317
• Jacob, J. (2025). A background history of the sustainable development goals. Sustainable Development, 33(3), 3747-3759.. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.3317
• Jhanji, H., and Sarin, V. (2018). Relationship between environmental consciousness and green purchase behaviour among youth. International Journal of Green Economics, 12(3-4), 171-181. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJGE.2018.097871
• Joshi, Y., and Rahman, Z. (2015). Factors affecting green purchase behaviour and future research directions. International Strategic Management Review 3(1-2), 128-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ism.2015.04.001
• Kahvecioğlu, Y. (2004). Tüketim toplumu, ekolojik risk, Türkiye. [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Uludag University.
• Kaplan, A., and Ardahan, F. (2013). Doğa sporları yapan bireylerin profilleri, doğa sporu yapma nedenleri ve elde ettikleri faydalar: Antalya örneği. Karadeniz Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(8), 93-114.
• Kement, Ü., and Bükey, A. (2020). Yeşil satın alma davranış teorisi kapsamında ekorekreasyon faaliyetlerine katılan bireylerin davranışlarının incelenmesi: Bolu Yedigöller örneği. Journal of Recreation and Tourism Research, 10(1), 15-29.
• Kement, Ü., Çavuşoğlu, S., Çalık, I., and Durmaz, Y. (2023). The effects of environmental value and ecological worldview on eco-recreative attitude: an application in Turkey. Tourism and Management Studies, 19(2), 7-19. https://doi.org/10.18089/tms.2023.190201
• Kement, Ü., Doğan, S., Baydeniz, E., Bayar, S. B., Erkol Bayram, G., and Başar, B. (2025). Effect of environmental attitude on environmentally responsible behavior: a comparative analysis among green and non-green hotel guests in Turkiye. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 8(5), 1640-1664. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-03-2024-0230
• Koçak, F., and Balcı, V. (2010). Doğada yapılan sportif etkinliklerde çevresel sürdürülebilirlik. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 213-222.
• Kollmuss, A., and Agyeman, J. (2002). Mind the gap: why do people act environmentally and what are the barriers to pro-environmental behavior? Environmental Education Research, 8(3), 239-260. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504620220145401
• Konstantopoulos, I., Manoli, A. E., Ntzoufras, I., Chantzi, E., and Thamnopoulos, I. (2024). Understanding fans’ responses to sustainability: a segmentation of sport event goers’ pro-environmental intentions and behaviours. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/0965254X.2024.2424760
• Larson, L. R., Whiting, J. W., and Green, G. T. (2011). Exploring the influence of outdoor recreation participation on pro-environmental behaviour in a demographically diverse population. Local Environment, 16(1), 67-86. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2010.548373
• Lewis, J. L., and Sheppard, S. R. (2006). Culture and communication: can landscape visualization improve forest management consultation with indigenous communities? Landscape and Urban Planning, 77(3), 291-313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.04.004
• Liang, J., Li, J., Cao, X., and Zhang, Z. (2024). Generational differences in sustainable consumption behavior among Chinese residents: implications based on perceptions of sustainable consumption and lifestyle. Sustainability, 16(10), 3976. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16103976
• Lordkipanidze, M., Krozer, Y., Kadiman, T., Crul, M., and Brezet, H. (2008). Innovations for tourism in national parks. In A. D. Ramos and P. S. Jimenez (Eds.), Tourism Development: Economics, Management and Strategy, pp. 1-45. Nova Science Publishers.
• Macias, T., and Nelson, E. (2011). A social capital basis for environmental concern: evidence from Northern New England. Rural Sociology, 76(4), 562-581. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-0831.2011.00063.x
• Megha. (2024). Determinants of green consumption: a systematic literature review using the TCCM approach. Frontiers in Sustainability, 5, 1428764. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsus.2024.1428764
• Moazzam, M., Ahmad, M., Hussain, A., and Akram, M. A. (2023). Examining the factors that shape green purchase behavior: the role of subjective norms, self-efficacy, attitude and intention. Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), 12(3), 221-232. https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00027
• Morrison, P. S. (2016). Consumption and environmental awareness: demographics of the European experience. In H. Shibusawa, R. Mizunoya, and S. Ushida (Eds.), Socioeconomic environmental policies and evaluations in regional science: essays in honor of Yoshiro Higano (pp. 81-102). Springer. https://doi.org/10.25455/wgtn.16830196.v2
• Myburgh, E., and Hallmann, K. (2025). Trail runners’ consumer profiles: the landscape seekers, sport devotees, and eco-group travelers. Event Management, 29(2), 203. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599524X17229013810275
• Neuman, L. W. (2007). Basics of social research qualitative and quantitative approaches. Pearson Education.
• Niu, HJ., Huang, K.-S., Huang, P.Y., and Ju, H.F. (2024). Leisure-time physical activity as a pathway to sustainable living: insights on health, environment, and green consumerism. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 21(5), 618. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21050618
• Ozili, P. K. (2023). The acceptable R-square in empirical modelling for social science research. In Social research methodology and publishing results: a guide to non-native English speakers (pp. 134-143). IGI Global. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4128165
• Pickett-Baker, J., and Ozaki, R. (2008). Pro-environmental products: marketing influence on consumer purchase decision. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 25(5), 281-293. https://doi.org/10.1108/07363760810890516
• Ramkissoon, H., Weiler, B., and Smith, L. D. G. (2012). Place attachment and pro-environmental behaviour in national parks: the development of a conceptual framework. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(2), 257-276. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2011.602194
• Rawat, S. R. (2015). Impact of age and income over green consumer behavior. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 8, 13-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2015/v8iS4/60349
• Ribeiro, J., Dias da Silva Gabriel, M. L., do Amaral Moretti, S. L., and Ripamonti, A. (2023). Values and sustainable behaviors of street runners: Influence on purchase decision of sports products. Consumer Behavior Review (CBR), 7(1), e-256795. https://doi.org/10.51359/2526-7884.2023.256795
• Roberts, J. A. (1996). Green consumers in the 1990s: Profile and implications for advertising. Journal of Business Research, 36(3), 217–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-2963(95)00150-6
• Roberts, J. A., and Bacon, D. R. (1997). Exploring the subtle relationship between environmental concern and ecologically conscious consumer behaviour. Journal of Business Research, 40(1), 79-89.
• Sarstedt, M., and Mooi, E. (2019). A concise guide to market research: the process, data, and methods using IBM SPSS Statistics (3rd ed.). Springer-Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-56707-4
• Saygılı, M., Özdemir, A., Tanyeri, A. E., and Erden, C. (2016). Çevre bilinci ve çevre dostu ürün bilincine ilişkin tutumların incelenmesi üzerine bir araştırma: Adıyaman Üniversitesi örneği. 3rd International Symposium on Environment and Morality (ISEM2016), 1089-1098, Alanya, Antalya, Turkey.
• Schultz, A. E., Newman, K. P., and Wright, S. A. (2023). The negative effect of low belonging on consumer responses to sustainable products. Journal of Business Ethics, 187(3), 473-492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-022-05257-0
• Sekaran, U., and Bougie, R. (2016). Research methods for business: a skill-building approach (7th ed.). Wiley.
• Sheikh, A., Mirzaei, M., and Ahmadinejad, B. (2023). Factors influencing green purchase behavior: price sensitivity, perceived risk, and attitude towards green products. Contemporary Management Research, 19(3), 153-174. https://doi.org/10.7903/cmr.22824
• Somuncu, M. (2004). Dağcılık ve dağ turizmindeki ikilem: ekonomik yarar ve ekolojik bedel. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 2(1), 1-21.
• Stern, P. C. (2000). New environmental theories: toward a coherent theory of environmentally significant behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 56(3), 407-424. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00175
• Straughan, R. D., and Roberts, J. A. (1999). Environmental segmentation alternatives: a look at green consumer behaviour in the new millennium. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 16(6), 558–575. https://doi.org/10.1108/07363769910297506
• Su, L., Hsu, M. K., and Boostrom Jr, R. E. (2020). From recreation to responsibility: increasing environmentally responsible behavior in tourism. Journal of Business Research, 109, 557-573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.12.055
• Sustainability Directory. (2025, February). How does consumption relate to cultural identity? https://lifestyle.sustainability-directory.com/question/how-does-consumption-relate-to-cultural-identity/
• Süllü, M. E., and Engin, S. G. (2024). Ortaöğretim öğrencilerinin algıladıkları sporcu kimliği düzeyi ile çevresel davranış arasındaki ilişkinin çeşitli değişkenlere göre incelenmesi. Uluslararası Bozok Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(1), 260-274.
• Teah, K., Cheah, I., and Shimul, A. S. (2023). The present and future of the luxury-sustainability paradox. In Luxury Marketing, Sustainability and Technology: The Future of Luxury Management, 1-18. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003321378-8
• Tekin, N. (2021). Sürdürülebilir tüketim ve spor ilişkisi. FOCUSS Spor Yönetimi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(1), 35-46.
• Terzic, A., Demirovic, D., Petrevska, B., and Limbert, W. (2020). Active sport tourism in Europe: applying market segmentation model based on human values. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 45(7), 1214-1236. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348020926546
• Trivedi, R. H., Patel, J. D., and Acharya, N. (2018). Causality analysis of media influence on environmental attitude, intention, and behaviors leading to green purchasing. Journal of Cleaner Production, 196, 11-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.024
• Vistharakula, U. R., and Kaushik, V. (2021). Influence of gender and age with consumers ‘green behavior’. Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 40(12), 95-100. https://doi.org/10.9734/cjast/2021/v40i1231384
• Yıldırım, A., and Şimşek, H. (2021). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Seçkin Yayıncılık
• Wilska, T. A., Rantala, E., and Nyrhinen, J. (2025). Profiles of green and non-green consumers: A three-country study. Cleaner and Responsible Consumption, 16, 100260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clrc.2025.100260