Humor Style As Predictors of Flow, Mental Toughness, Team Cohesion, Coach-Athlete Relationship: Study on Adolescent Athletes

Öz

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of humor styles with the flow, mental toughness, coach-athlete relationship quality and team cohesion in adolescent athletes. 139 girls (Mage = 15,44± 1,00) and 213 boys (Mage= 15,73± 1,41), in total 352 (Mage = 15,61 ± 1,27) adolescent athletes voluntarily participated in this study. “Personal Information Form”, “Humor Style Questionnaire”, “Short Dispositional Flow Scale-2”, “Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire”, “Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire” and “Youth Sport Environment Questionnaire” were administered to athletes. Multiple hierarchical regression analysis was used to analyze. Analysis indicated that affiliative humor style was significant and positive predictor of dispositional flow (β= 0,12, p<0,05), mental toughness (β= 0,18, p<0,01), closeness (β= 0,12, p<0,05), commitment (β= 0,13, p<0,05), complementarity subscales of coach-athlete relationship quality (β= 0,12, p<0,05), and social cohesion subscale of team cohesion (β= 0,14, p<0,05) in adolescent athletes. Moreover, self-enhancing humor style was significant and positive predictor of dispositional flow (β= 0.23, p<0,01). Furthermore, aggressive humor style was significant and negative predictor of dispositional flow (β= -0,12, p<0,05), mental toughness (β= -0,25, p<0,01), closeness (β= -0,21, p<0,05), complementarity subscales of coach-athlete relationship quality (β= -0,21, p<0,01) and task cohesion subscale of team cohesion (β= -0,14, p<0,05. In conclusion, affiliative and aggressive humor styles are the important predictors of dispositional flow, mental toughness, coach - athlete relationship quality and team cohesion levels in adolescent athletes.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• humor style
• flow
• mental toughness
• team cohesion
• coach-athlete relationship

Optimal Performans Duygu Durumu, Zihinsel Dayanıklılık, Takım Sargınlığı ve Antrenör Sporcu İlişkisinin Yordayıcısı Olarak Mizah Tarzı: Adolesan Sporcular Üzerine Çalışma

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, adolesan sporcuların optimal performans duygu durumu, zihinsel dayanıklılık, antrenör sporcu ilişki kalitesi ve takım sargınlığı kavramlarının mizah tarzları ile ilişkisinin incelenmesidir. Çalışmaya 2019-2020 sezonunda İstanbul’da futbol, basketbol, voleybol, hentbol ve su topu branşlarında mücadele eden 139 kız (X𝑦𝑎ş=15,44±1,00), ve 213 (X𝑦𝑎ş=15,73±1,41) erkek olmak üzere toplam 352 (X𝑦𝑎ş=15,61±1,27) adolesan sporcu gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında sporculara “Kişisel Bilgi Formu”, “Mizah Tarzları Ölçeği”, “Sürekli Optimal Performans Duygu Durum Ölçeği Kısa Formu”, “Sporda Zihinsel Dayanıklılık Ölçeği”, “Antrenör Sporcu İlişkisi Ölçeği”, “Genç Sporcu Takım Sargınlığı Ölçeği” uygulanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde çoklu hiyerarşik regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Yapılan regresyon analizi sonucunda katılımcı mizah tarzının, optimal performans duygu durum, (β= 0,12, p<0,05), zihinsel dayanıklılık (β= 0,18, p<0,01), antrenör-sporcu ilişki kalitesi ölçeğinin yakınlık (β= 0,12, p<0,05), bağlılık (β= 0,13, p<0,05), tamamlayıcılık alt boyutlarının (β= 0.12, p<0,05) ve takım sargınlığının sosyal sargınlık alt boyutunun (β= 0,14, p<0,05) pozitif yordayıcısı olduğu bulunmuştur. Ayrıca kendini geliştirici mizah tarzı optimal performans duygu durumun (β= 0,23, p<0,01) pozitif yordayıcısıdır. Öte yandan, saldırgan mizah tarzının optimal performans duygu durumun (β=-0.12, p<0,05), zihinsel dayanıklılığın (β= -0,25, p<0,01), antrenör-sporcu ilişkisi kalitesi ölçeğinin yakınlık (β= -0,21, p<0,05), tamamlayıcılık alt boyutlarının (β= -0,21, p<0,01) ve takım sargınlığının görev sargınlığı alt boyutunun (β= -0,14, p<0,05) negatif yordayıcısı olduğu bulunmuştur. Elde edilen bulgular, katılımcı ve saldırgan mizah tarzının, optimal performans duygu durum, zihinsel dayanıklılık, antrenör sporcu ilişki kalitesi ve takım sargınlığı düzeylerinin önemli yordayıcıları olduğunu göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Mizah tarzları
• optimal performans duygu durum
• zihinsel dayanıklılık
• takım sargınlığı
• Antrenör sporcu ilişki kalitesi

Kaynakça

1. 1. Altıntaş, A., Çetinkalp, Z., ve Aşçı, F.H. (2012). Antrenör- sporcu ilişkisinin değerlendirilmesi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 23(3), 119-128.
2. 2. Aşçı, F.H., Çağlar, E., Eklund, R.C., Altıntaş, A., ve Jackson, S. (2007). Durumluk ve sürekli optimal performans duygu durum-2 ölçekleri’nin uyarlama çalışması. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 18(4), 182-196.
3. 3. Cann, A., ve Etzel, C.K. (2008). Remembering and anticipating stressors: Positive personality mediates the relationship with sense of humor. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 21(2), 157-178. https://doi.org/10.1515/HUMOR.2008.008
4. 4. Cann, A., Zapata, C.L., ve Davis, B.H. (2009). Positive and negative styles of humor in communication: Evidence for the importance of considering both styles. Communication Quarterly. 57(4). 452-468. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463370903313398
5. 5. Carron, V.A., Brawley, L.R., ve Widmeyer, W.N. (1998). The measurement of cohesiveness in sport groups. (J.L. Duda, Ed.) Advances in sport and exercise psychology measurement (s. 213-226). Morgantown: Fitness Information Technology..
6. 6. Cathcart, S., McGregor, M., ve Groundwater, E. (2014). Mindfulness and flow in elite athletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 8(2), 119-141. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2014-0018
7. 7. Cowden, R.G., Meyer-Weitz, A., ve Asante, K.O. (2016). Mental toughness in competitive tennis: relationships with resilience and stress. Frontiers in Psychology. 7,320-329. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00320
8. 8. Cox, R.H. (2012). Sport psychology. concepts and applications. (7th Ed.) (s.297-298). McGraw-Hill..

9. 9. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Beyond boredom and anxiety. Jossey-Bass.
10. 10. Çağlar, E., Sarı, İ., Aşçı, F.H., Jackson, S., ve Eklund, R. (2015, October 23-25). The short versions of flow scales: reliability and validity study [Conference Paper]. III. International Exercise and Sport Psychology Congress. Istanbul, Turkey.
11. 11. Davis, L., Appleby, R., Davis, P., Wetherell, M., ve Gustafsson, H. (2018). The role of coach-athlete relationship quality in team sport athletes’ psychophysiological exhaustion: implications for physical and cognitive performance. Journal of Sports Sciences. 36(17), 1985-1992. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1429176
12. 12. Dormann, C.F., Elith, J., Bacher, S., Buchmann, C., Carl, G., Carré, G., ve diğ. (2013). Collinearity: A review of methods to deal with it and a simulation study evaluating their performance. Ecography, 36(1), 027–046. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2012.07348.x
13. 13. Dyck, K.T.H., ve Holtzmen, S. (2013). Understanding humor styles and well-being: The importance of social relationships and gender. Personality and Individual Differences. 55(1), 53–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.01.023
14. 14. Dziegielewski, F.S., Jacinto, G.A., Laudadio, A., ve Legg-Rodriguez, L. (2003). Humor: An essential communication tool in therapy. International Journal of Mental Health. 32(3), 74-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207411.2003.11449592
15. 15. Edwards, K.R., ve Martin, R.A. (2014). The conceptualization, measurement, and role of humor as a character strength in positive psychology. Europe's Journal of Psychology, 10(3), 505–519. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v10i3.759
16. 16. Erickson, J.S., ve Feldstein, W.S. (2007). Adolescent humor and its relationship to coping, defense strategies, psychological distress, and well-being. Child Psychiatry Human Development, 37(3), 255–271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-006-0034-5
17. 17. Eys, M.A., Steven, M.T., Albert, B.R., ve Carron, V.A. (2009). Perceptions of cohesion by youth sport participants. The Sport Psychologist. 23(3), 330-345. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.23.3.330
18. 18. Falanga, R., De Caroli, E.M., ve Sagone, E.(2014). Humor styles, self-efficacy and prosocial tendencies in middle adolescents. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 127, 214–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.243
19. 19. Fidanoğlu, O. (2006). Evlilik uyumu, mizah tarzı ve kaygı düzeyi arasındaki ilişki [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Marmara Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
20. 20. Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS. (3rd Ed.) Sage Publications.
21. 21. Fitts, S.D., Sebby, R.A., ve Zlokovich, M.S. (2009). Humor styles as mediators of the shyness-loneliness relationship. North American Journal of Psychology, 11(2), 257-272.
22. 22. Ford, E.T., McCreighta, A.K., ve Richardson, K. (2014). Affective style, humor styles and happiness. Europe's Journal of Psychology, 10(3), 451–463. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v10i3.766
23. 23. Ford, E.T., Lappi, K.S., ve Holden, J. (2016). Personality, humor styles and happiness: happy people have positive humor styles. Europe's Journal of Psychology, 12(3), 320–337. doi: 10.5964/ejop.v12i3.1160
24. 24. Fullagar, C.J., ve Kelloway, E.K. (2009). Flow at work: An experience sampling approach. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82(3), 595-615. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317908X357903
25. 25. Geiger, P.J., Herr, N.H., ve Peters, J.R. (2019). Deficits in mindfulness account for the link between borderline personality features and maladaptive humor styles. Personality and Individual Differences, 139, 19–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.10.035.
26. 26. Goldberg, A.S. (1998). Sports slump busting: 10 steps to mental toughness and peak performance. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics,
27. 27. Grisaffe, C., Bloom, L.C., ve Burke, K.L. (2003). The effects of head and assistant coaches' uses of humor on collegiate soccer players' evaluation of their coaches. Journal of Sport Behavior, 26(2), 103-109.
28. 28. Gucciardi, D.F., Gordon, S., ve Dimmock, A.J. (2009) Evaluation of a mental toughness training program for youth-aged australian footballers: a quantitative analysis. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21(3), 307-323. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200903026066.
29. 29. Gucciardi, D.F., Hanton, S., Gordon, S., Mallett, C.J., ve Temby, P. (2016). The concept of mental toughness: tests of dimensionality, nomological network, and traitness. Journal of Personal and Individual Differences, 83(1), 26-44. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12079
30. 30. Hampes, W. (2005). Correlations between humor styles and loneliness. Psychological Reports, 96(3), 747-750. https://doi.org/10.2466%2Fpr0.96.3.747-750.
31. 31. Hampes, W. (2006). Humor and shyness: The relation between humor styles and shyness. Humor, 19(2), 179-187.
32. 32. Hampes, W. (2010). The relation between humor styles and empathy. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 6(3), 34-45. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v6i3.207.
33. 33. Hill, V.Z., Besser, A., ve Stephanie, E. (2013). Laughing at the looking glass: does humor style serve as an interpersonal signal? Evolutionary Psychology Journal, 11(1), 201-226. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F147470491301100118.
34. 34. Høigaard, R., Haugen, T., Johansen, B.T., ve Giske, R. (2017). Team identity in youth soccer: The role of coaches’ feedback patterns and use of humour. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 12(6), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1747954117738843.
35. 35. Hunter, P.J., ve Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2003). The positive psychology of interested adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 32(1), 27–35. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021028306392
36. 36. Isık, U., Aceta, M., Cengiz, R., ve Kucuk, V. (2017). Investigation of the relationship between the humour styles and trait anxiety levels of students attending schools of physical education and sports. Sport in Society, 20(11), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2017.1329823.
37. 37. Isık, U., ve Cengiz, R. (2018). The relationship between humor styles and five factor personality traits of physical education and sports students. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 6(8), 1811-1818. DOI: 10.13189/ujer.2018.060826.
38. 38. Jackson, A.S., ve Eklund, R.C. (2004). The flow scales manual. Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology.
39. 39. Jones, G., Hanton, S., ve Connaughton, D. (2002). What is this thing called mental toughness? An investigation of elite sport performers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14(3), 205-218.
40. 40. Jowett, S., ve Meek, A. (2000). The coach–athlete relationship in married couples: An exploratory content analysis. The Sport Psychologist, 14(2), 157–175. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.14.2.157
41. 41. Jowett, S., ve Cockerill, M. (2003). Olympic medallists’ perspective of the athlete–coach relationship. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 4(4), 313–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1469-0292(02)00011-0
42. 42. Jowett, S., ve Ntoumanis, N. (2004). The coach-athlete relationship questionnaire (CART–Q): Development and initial validation. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports,14(4), 245-257. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2003.00338.x
43. 43. Jowett, S., ve Timson-Katchis, M. (2005). Social networks in sport: parental influence on the coach–athlete relationship. Sport Psychologist, 19(3), 267–287. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.19.3.267
44. 44. Jowett, S., ve Shanmugam, V. (2016). Relational coaching in sport: Its psychological underpinnings and practical effectiveness. In R.J Schinke, K.R. McGannon, ve B. Smith (Eds.), Routledge International Handbook of Sport Psychology (s, 471-484). Routledge.
45. 45. Kee, H.Y., ve Wang, C.K.J. (2008). Relationships between mindfulness, flow dispositions and mental skills adoption: A cluster analytic approach. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9(4), 393-411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.07.001
46. 46. Kim, J., Gardant, D., Bosselut, G., ve Eys, M. (2018). Athlete personality characteristics and informal role occupancy in interdependent sport teams. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 39, 193–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.07.011.
47. 47. Kuiper, N.A., Grimshaw, M., Leite, C., ve Kirsh, G. (2004). Humor is not always the best medicine: Specifc components of sense of humor and psychological well-being. International Journal of Humor Research, 17(1-2), 135–168.
48. 48. Kuiper, N.A., ve Leite, C. (2010). Personality and social sciences personality impressions associated with four distinct humor styles. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 51(2),115-122. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00734.x.
49. 49. Liu, K.W.Y. (2012). Humor styles, self-esteem and subjective hapiness [Master Thesis]. City University Of Hong Kong. Depertmant of Applied Social Studies,
50. 50. Maiolino, N.B., ve Kuiper, N.A. (2014). Integrating humor and positive psychology approaches to psychological well-being. Europe's Journal of Psychology, 10(3), 557-570. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v10i3.753.
51. 51. Martin, R.A., Puhlik-Doris, P., Larsen, G., Gray, J., ve Weir, K. (2003). Individual differences of uses of humor and their relation to psychological well-being: Development of the Humor Styles Questionnaire. Journal of Research in Personality, 37(1), 48–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00534-2.
52. 52. Martin, R.A. (2007). The psychology of humor: An integrative approach. Elsevier Academic Press,
53. 53. Mauriello, M., ve McConatha, T.J. (2007). Relatıons of humor with perceptions of stress. Psychological Reports, 101(3 pt 2), 1057-1066. doi.org/10.2466%2Fpr0.101.4.1057-1066
54. 54. Nicholls, A., Polman, R., Levy, A., ve Backhouse, S. (2008). Mental toughness, optimism, pessimism, and coping among athletes. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(5), 1182-1192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.11.011
55. 55. Özgör, N., ve Aşçı, FH. (2018). 16. Spor Bilimleri Kongresi. Zihinsel Dayanıklılık Ölçeği Çocuk Formunun Türk Sporcular İçin Güvenirliği ve Geçerliği. Antalya, 1268.
56. 56. Paez, D., Seguel, M.A., ve Sanchez, M.F. (2013). Incremental validity of alexithymia, emotional coping and humor style on happiness and psychological well-being. Journal of Hapiness Studies,14(5), 1621-1637. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-012-9400-0.
57. 57. Peterson, C., ve Seligman, M.E.P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A classification and handbook. Oxford University Press: American Psychological Association.
58. 58. Pineau, T.R., Glass, C.R., Kaufman, K.A., ve Bernal, D.R. (2014). Self- and team-efficacy beliefs of rowers and their relation to mindfulness and flow. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 8(2), 142-158. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2014-0019
59. 59. Romero, J.E., ve Cruthirds, K.W. (2006). The use of humor in the workplace. Academy of Management Perspectives, 20(2), 58-69. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2006.20591005.
60. 60. Romero, E., ve Pescosolido, A. (2008). Humor and group effectiveness. Humor Relations, 61(3), 395–418. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0018726708088999.
61. 61. Romero, J.E., ve Arendt, L. (2011). Variable effects of humor styles on organizational outcomes. Psychological Reports, 108(2), 649-659. https://doi.org/10.2466/07.17.20.21.PR0.108.2.649-659
62. 62. Ronglan, L.T., ve Aggerholm, K. (2014). Humour helps: Elite sports coaching as a balancing act. Sports Coaching Revie,. 3(1), 33-45. https://doi.org/10.1080/21640629.2014.885776
63. 63. Sezer. U., ve Kocaekşi, S. (2018). Genç sporcu takım sargınlığı ölçeği’nin (GSTSÖ) psikometrik özellikleri: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 29(3), 105–114. https://doi.org/10.17644/sbd.345936
64. 64. Stieger, S., Formann, K.A., ve Burger, C. (2011). Humor styles and their relationship to explicit and implicit self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(5), 747–750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.11.025
65. 65. Sullivan, P. (2013). Humor styles as a predictor of satisfaction within sport teams. Humor, 26(2), 343-349.
66. 66. Susa, M.A. (2002). Humor type, organizational climate, and outcomes: the shortest distance between an organization’s environment and the bottom line is laughter [Doctoral Thesis]. Universitiy of Nebreska.
67. 67. Szabo, A. (2003). The acute effect of humor and exercise on mood and anxiety. Journal of Leisure Research, 35(2), 152-162. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2003.11949988
68. 68. Swann, C., Keegan, R., Piggott, D., ve Crust, L. (2012). A systematic review of the experience, occurrence, and controllability of flow states in elite sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(6), 807-819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.05.006.
69. 69. Tabachnick, B.G., ve Fidell, L.S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th Ed.). MA: Pearson.
70. 70. Teztel, G. (2016). Psikolojide akış kuramı ve müzik icrası bağlamında değerlendirilmesi. Konservatoryum. 3(2),1-17.
71. 71. Thelwell, R., Weston, N., ve Greenlees, I. (2005). Defining and understanding mental toughness within soccer. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17(4), 326– 332. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200500313636
72. 72. Tremayne, H.N. (2010). The examination of humor usage and ıts relationship to cohesion ın male collegiate basketball [Ph.D. Thesis]. The University of North Carolina.
73. 73. Tucker, R.P., Judah, M.R., O’Keefe, V.M., Mills, A..C., Lechner, WV., ve Davidson, C.L., ve diğ. (2013). Humor styles impact the relationship between symptoms of social anxiety and depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(7), 823-827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.008
74. 74. Veselka, L., Schermer, A.J., Martin, R.A., ve Vernon, A.P. (2010). Laughter and resiliency: a behavioral genetic study of humor styles and mental toughness. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 13(5), 442–449. https://doi.org/10.1375/twin.13.5.442
75. 75. Yaprak, P., Güçlü, M., ve Durhan, A.T. (2018). The happiness, hardiness, and humor styles of students with a bachelor’s degree in sport sciences. Behavioral Science, 8(9), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs8090082
76. 76. Yerlikaya, N. (2007). Lise öğrencilerinin mizah tarzları ile stresle başa çıkma tarzları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Çukurova Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
77. 77. Yerlikaya, E.E. (2009). Üniversite öğrencilerinin mizah tarzları ile algılanan stres, kaygı ve depresyon düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi [Doktora Tezi]. Çukurova Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
78. 78. Yip, J.A, ve Martin R.A. (2006). Sense of humor, emotional intelligence, and social competence. Journal of Research in Personality, 40(6), 1202–1208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2005.08.005
79. 79. Zhao, J., Wanga, Y., ve Kong, F. (2014). Exploring the mediation effect of social support and self-esteem on the relationship between humor style and life satisfaction in Chinese college students. Personality and Individual Differences, 64, 126–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.02.026