Covid-19 Case Study: Restart and its Problems in Football Super League in NCTR

Öz

The aim of this work is to study the 8 matches problems encountered in the break, Preparation Period, Competition Period in NCTR Football K-Pet Super League due to Covid-19. It is forced to have a break for 72 days between 7th March 2020 to 18th May 2020 in 16 teams and 30 matches league after 22 plays with 8 matches to go after Covid-19. The example given in this article a questionaire run among the 17 players. In the break 3 players had no training, 7 players had house/garden core training, 4 players had cycling training, and 3 players had runs/strength and ball training. 7 players had the same body weight, 5 players had an increase, and 5 players had their body weight decrease during this period. Preparation Period was given for 33 days duration between 18th May 2020 to 20th June 2020 after the 72 days of break. Between 21st June-22nd July 2020 for 31 days Competition Period with remaining 8 matches took place. For normal season NCTR Football Super League expected to take place between 15th September to the mid of the May 2020. The league extended till after the mid July 2020, and lasted for 11 months instead of 8 months. The problems were tried to be solved arising due to Covid-19 and extended period of the league in the light of the available literature.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Covid-19
• Break
• Preparation
• Competition
• Taper

Covid-19 Vaka Örneği: KKTC’de Futbol Süper Liglere Dönüş ve Sorunları

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı Covid-19 nedeniyle ara verilen KKTC Futbol K-Pet Süper Ligine geriye kalan 8 maçın oynanması için ara, hazırlık periyodu ve yarışma periyodu sorunlarının incelenmesidir. Covid-19 nedeniyle 7 Mart 2020 ile 18 Mayıs 2020 tarihleri arasında 72 gün ara verilmiş, 16 takımlı ve 30 maçlı sezonun oynanan 22 maç sonrası geriye kalan 8 maç oynanamamış ve ara verilmek zorunda kalınmıştır. Burada örnek alınan bir lig takımında bu süre içerisinde 17 sporcu üzerinde yapılan sorgulamada 3 oyuncu hiç antrenman yapamamış, 7 oyuncu ev/bahçede core antrenman, 4 oyuncu bisiklet antrenmanı ve 3 oyuncu koşu/kuvvet ve top antrenmanı yapmıştır. Bu süre içerisinde 7 oyuncunun vücut ağırlıkları aynı kalmış, 5 oyuncunun artmış ve 5 oyuncunun ise vücut ağırlıkları azalmıştır. 72 günlük aranın arkasına 18 Mayıs ile 20 Haziran 2020 tarihleri arası 33 günlük bir Hazırlık Periyodu uygulanmıştır. 21 Haziran-22 Temmuz 2020 tarihleri arasında 31 günlük bir Müsabaka Periyodu uygulanmış ve bu süre içerisinde geriye kalan 8 maç oynanmıştır. Normal olarak KKTC K-Pet Süper Ligi 15 Eylül 2019 ile Mayıs 2020 ortalarında 8 ayda sonlanması yerine Temmuz 2020 ortalarına kadar uzamış ve 11 ay sürmüştür. Çok istisna olan Covid-19 nedeniyle uzayan lig ve karşılaşılan sorunlar ulaşılabilen literatür ışığında çözülmeye çalışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Covid-19
• Ara
• Hazırlık
• Müsabaka
• Form

Kaynakça

1. 1- Abel, M G; Mortara, A J; Pettitt, R. (2011). Evaluation of Circuit Training Workout Intensity for Firefighters. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 25:S18-S19, March 2011.
2. 2- Abrantes, CI, Nunes, MI, Macxas, VM, Leite, NM, ve Sampaio, JE. (2012). Effects of the number of players and game type constraints on heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, and technical actions of small-sided soccer games. J Strength Cond Res 26(4): 976– 981,
3. 3- Açıkada C. (2018a). Antrenman Bilimi: Antrenman İlkeleri Periodizasyon ve Form Antrenmanları. Ankara: Spor Yayınevi ve Kitabevi.
4. 4- Açıkada C. (2018b). Lefke TSK Maçları ve Periodizasyon Kavramı. Lefke Avrupa Üniversitesi, Hukuk Fakültesi, Lefke Belediyesi 1900, 1. Lefke Kent Sempozyumu, 12-14 Aralık 2018b
5. 5- Açıkada C. (2018c). Sporda Antrenman Sorunları. Sporda Sorunlar Kongresi, 13 Nisan 2018c, Lefke Avrupa Üniversitesi, Gemikonağı, Lefke, Mersin 10, KKTC.
6. 6- Alexandre, D, Da Silva, C, Hill-Haas, S, Wong, DP, Natali, AJ, De Lima, JRP, Filho, MGB, Marins, JCB, Garcia, ES, ve Chamari, K. (2012). Heart rate monitoring in soccer: Interest and limits during competitive match play and training–Practical application. J Strength Cond Res 26(10): 2890–2906,
7. 7- Andersen, LL, Andersen, JL, Magnusson, SP, Suetta, C, Madsen, JL, Christensen, LR, ve Aagaard, P. (2015). Changes in the human muscle force-velocity relationship in response to resistance training and subsequent detraining. J Appl Physiol 99: 87–94,
8. 8- Aslan A, Açıkada C, Güvenç A, Gören H, Hazır T, and Özkara A. (2012). Metabolic demands of match performance in young soccer players. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 11, 170-179.

9. 9- Aasgaard, M and Kilding, AE. (2018). Does man marking influence running outputs and intensity during small-sided soccer games? J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 001–009,
10. 10- Balyi I, Way R, ve Higgs C. (2013). Long Term Athlete Development. Human Kinetics.
11. 11- Bangsbo, J, Nørregaar, L, ve Thorsøe, F. (1991). Activity profile of competition soccer. Can J Sports Sci 16: 110–116,
12. 12- Barros, RML, Misuta, MS, Menezes, RP, Figueroa, PJ, Moura, FA, Cunha, SA, Anido, R, ve Leite, NJ. (2007). Analysis of the distances covered by First Division Brazilian soccer players obtained with an automatic tracking method. J Sports Sci Med 6: 233–242,
13. 13- Beltran-Valls, MR, Camarero-Lopez, G, Beltran-Garrido, JV, ve Cecilia-Gallego, P. (2020). Effects of a tapering period on physical condition in soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 34(4): 1086–1092,
14. 14- Bishop D, Girard O, Mendez-Villanueva A. (2011). Repeated-sprint ability—Part II: Recommendations for training. Sports Med 41: 741–756,
15. 15- Bompa, T. (1999). Periodization: Theory and Methodology of Training (4th ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
16. 16- Bompa TO, Haff GG. (2009). Periodization, Theory and Methodology of Training: Human Kinetics.
17. 17- Bradbury, DG, Landers, GJ, Benjanuvatra, N, ve Goods, PS. (2020). Comparison of linear and reverse linear periodized programs with equated volume and intensity for endurance running performance. J Strength Cond Res 34(5): 1345–1353,
18. 18- Bradley PS, Sheldon W, Wooster B, Olsen P, Boanas P, ve Krustrup P. (2009). High-intensity running in English FA Premier League soccer matches. Journal of Sports Sciences, January 15th 2009; 27(2): 159–168.
19. 19- Brink MS, Nederhof E, Visscher C, Schmikli SL, ve Lemmink KAPM. (2010). Monitoring load, recovery, and performance in young elite soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 24(3): 597–603,
20. 20- Brito J, Hertzog M, ve Nassis GP. (2016). Do match-related contextual variables influence training load in highly trained soccer players? J Strength Cond Res 30(2): 393–399,
21. 21- Bruusgaard JC, Johansen IB, Egner IM, Rana ZA, ve Gundersen K. (2010). Myonuclei acquired by overload exercise precede hypertrophy and are not lost on detraining. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107: 15111– 15116,
22. 22- Caldwell BP, Peters DM. (2009). Seasonal variation in physiological fitness of a semiprofessional soccer team. J Strength Cond Res 23: 1370–1377,
23. 23- Caro, O, Zubillaga, A, Fradua, L, ve Fernandez-Navarro, J. (2019). Analysis of playing area dimensions in Spanish professional soccer: Extrapolation to the design of small-sided games with tactical applications. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000–000,
24. 24- Casa DJ, Armstrong LE, Ganio MS, ve Yeargin SW. (2005). Exertional heat stroke in competitive athletes. Curr Sport Med Rep 4: 309–317,
25. 25- Casamichana, D, Castellano, J, and Castagna, C. (2012). Comparing the physical demands of friendly matches and small-sided games in semiprofessional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 26(3): 837–843,
26. 26- Caterisano A, Decker D, Snyder B, Feigenbaum M, Glass R, House P, Sharp C, Waller M, ve Witherspoon Z. (2019). CSCCa and NSCA Joint Consensus Guidelines for Transition Periods: Safe Return to Training Following Inactivity. Strength and Conditioning Journal. June 2019, Vol 41(3):1-23.
27. 27- Christensen PM, Krustrup P, Gunnarsson TP, Kiilerich K, Nybo L, Bangsbo J. (2011). VO2 kinetics and performance in soccer players after intense training and inactivity. Med Sci Sport Exerc 43: 1716–1724,
28. 28- Cormack S. (2001). The effect of regular travel on periodization. Strength Cond Coach 9: 19–24,
29. 29- Dalen, T, Sandmæl, S, Stevens, TGA, Hjelde, GH, Kjøsnes, TN, ve Wisloff, U. (2019). Differences in acceleration and high-intensity activities between small-sided games and peak periods of official matches in elite soccer players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000–000,
30. 30- Da Silva, CD, Bloomfield, J, ve Marins, JC. (2008). A review of stature, body mass and maximal oxygen uptake profiles of u17, u20 and first division players in Brazilian soccer. J Sports Sci Med 7: 309–319,
31. 31- Dellal, A, Varliette, C, Owen, A, Chirico, EN, ve Pialoux, V. (2012). Small-sided games versus interval training in amateur soccer players: Effects on the aerobic capacity and the ability to perform intermittent exercises with changes of direction. J Strength Cond Res 26(10): 2712–2720,
32. 32- Dick FW. (2007). Sports Training Principles. 5th Edition. A & C Black (Publishers) Ltd, London.
33. 33- Di Salvo V, Gregson W, Atkinson G, Tordoff P, Drust B. (2009). Analysis of High Intensity Activity in Premier League Soccer. Int J Sports Med 2009; 30: 205 – 212.
34. 34- Doma K, Leicht A, Sinclair W, Schumann M, Damas F, Burt D, ve Woods C. (2018). Impact of exercise-induced muscle damage on performance test outcomes in elite female basketball players. J Strength Cond Res 32: 1731–1738,
35. 35- Drust B, Reilly T, ve Cable NT. (2000). Physiological responses to laboratory-based soccerspecific intermittent and continuous exercise. Journal of Sports Sciences, 18, 885-892.
36. 36- Epstein Y ve Roberts WO. (2011). The pathopysiology of heat stroke: An integrative view of the final common pathway. Scand J Med Sci Sports 21: 742–748,
37. 37- Ferley, DD, Scholten, S, and Vukovich, MD. (2020). Combined sprint interval, plyometric, and strength training in adolescent soccer players: effects on measures of speed, strength, power, change of direction, and anaerobic capacity. J Strength Cond Res 34(4):957–968,
38. 38- Fredericson M, Chew K, Ngo J, Cleek T, Kiratli J, Cobb K. (2007). Regional bone mineral density in male athletes: a comparison of soccer players, runners and controls. Br J Sports Med 2007;41:664–668.
39. 39- Folland, JP ve Williams, AG. (2007). The adaptations to strength training. Sports Med 37: 145–168,
40. 40- Girard O, Mendez-Villanueva A, Bishop D. (20119. Repeated-sprint ability—Part I: Factors contributing to fatigue. Sports Med 41: 673–694,
41. 41- Gotshalk, L.A., R.A. Berger, ve W.J. Kraemer. (2004). Cardiovascular responses to a high-volume continuous circuit resistance training protocol. J. Strength Cond. Res. 18(4):000–000.
42. 42- Graves, JE, Pollock, ML, Leggett, SH, Braith, RW, Carpenter, DM, ve Bishop, LE. (1988). Effect of reduced training frequency on muscular strength. Int J Sports Med 9: 316–319,
43. 43- Gunderson K. (2016). Muscle memory and a new cellular model for muscle atrophy and hypertrophy. J Exp Biol 219: 235–242,
44. 44- Halouani, J, Chtourou, H, Gabbett, T, Chaouachi, A, and Chamari, K. (2014). Small-sided games in team sports training: A brief review. J Strength Cond Res 28(12): 3594–3618,
45. 45- Hedrick A. (2015). Conditioning for the no-huddle offense. Strength Cond J 37: 88,
46. 46- Helgerud J, Engen LC, Wısløff U, ve Hoff J. (2001). Aerobic endurance training improves soccer performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 33, No. 11, pp. 1925–1931.
47. 47- Henwood TR ve Taaffe DR. (2008). Detraining and retraining in older adults following long-term muscle power or muscle strength specific training. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 63: 751–758,
48. 48- Iacono, DA, Beato, M, ve Unnithan, V. (2019). Comparative effects of game profile–based training and small-sided games on physical performance of elite young soccer players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000–000,
49. 49- Impellizzeri FM, Rampinini E, ve Marcora SM. (2005). Physiological assessment of aerobic training in soccer. Journal of Sports Sciences, June 2005; 23(6): 583 – 592.
50. 50- Joo CH. (2018). The effects of short term detraining and retraining on physical fitness in elite soccer players. PLoS One 13: e0196212,
51. 51- Kelly VG, Coutts AJ. (2007). Planning and Monitoring Training Loads During the Competition Phase in Team Sports. National Strength and Conditioning Journal, Volume 29, Number 4, pages 32–37, August 2007.
52. 52- Koklu, Y, Asci, A, Kocak, FU, Alemdaroglu, U, ve Dundar, U. (2011). Comparison of the physiological responses to different small-sided games in elite young soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 25(6):1522–1528,
53. 53- Krespi, M, Sporis, G, ve Trajkovic, N. (2020). Effects of two different tapering protocols on fitness and physical match performance in elite junior soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 34(6): 1731–1740,
54. 54- Kubo, K, Ikebukuro, T, Yata, H, Tsunoda, N, ve Kanehisa, H. (2010). Time course of changes in muscle and tendon properties during strength training and detraining. J Strength Cond Res 24(2): 322–331,
55. 55- Lee M, Mukherjee S. (2019). Relationship of Training Load with High-intensity Running in Professional Soccer Players. Int J Sports Med 2019; 40: 336–343.
56. 56- Lopes, RA, Aoki, MS, Carling, C, Vaz Ronque, ER, and Moreira, A. (2020). Do changes in fitness status, testosterone concentration, and anthropometric characteristics across a 16-month training period influence technical performance of youth soccer players during small-sided-games? J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000–000,
57. 57- Mahieu, N, McNair, P, Cools, A, D’Haen, C, Vandermeulen, K, ve Witvrouw, E. (2008). Effect of eccentric training on the plantar flexor muscle-tendon tissue properties. Med Sci Sports Exerc 40: 117–123,
58. 58- Malone S, Owen A, Mendes B, Hughes B, Collins K, Tim JG. (2018). High-speed running and sprinting as an injury risk factor in soccer: Can well-developed physical qualities reduce the risk? J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21: 257–262.
59. 59- Marcos, MA, Koulla, PM, ve Anthos, ZI. (2018). Preseason maximal aerobic power in professional soccer players among different divisions. J Strength Cond Res 32(2): 356–363,
60. 60- Mavili S. (2010). Futbola Özgü Oyunlara Oyunlara Verilen Fizyolojik ve Kinematik Cevaplar. Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Spor Bilimleri ve Teknolojisi Programı Doktora Tezi, Ankara
61. 61- McMillan K, Helgerud J, Macdonald R, Hoff J. (2005). Physiological adaptations to soccer specific endurance training in professional youth soccer players. Br J Sports Med 2005;39:273–277.
62. 62- Meckel Y, Gefen Y, Nemet D, ve Eliakim A. (2012). Influence of short vs. long repetition sprint training on selected fitness components in young soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 26(7): 1845–1851,
63. 63- Meura Y, Hausswirtha C, Mujika I. (2012). Tapering for competition: A review. Science & Sports, 27, 77-87.
64. 64- Milsom J, Naughton R, O'Boyle A, Iqbal Z, Morgans R, Drast B, Mortan JP. (2015). Body composition assessment of English Premier League soccer players: A comparative DXA analysis of first team, U21 and U18 squads. J Sports Sci 2015; 33: 1799–1806.
65. 65- Mohr M, Krustrup P, ve Bangsbo J. (2005). Fatigue in soccer: A brief review. Journal of Sports Sciences, June 2005; 23(6): 593 – 599.
66. 66- Mohr, M, Krustrup, P, ve Bangsbo, J. (2003). Match performance of highstandard soccer players with special reference to development of fatigue. J Sports Sci 21: 519–528,
67. 67- Morgans R, Orme P, Anderson L, Drust B. (2014). Principles and practices of training for soccer. Journal of Sport and Health Science 3 (2014) 251-257.
68. 68- Moritani, T ve deVries, H. (1980). Potential for gross muscle hypertrophy in older men. J Gerontol 35: 672–682,
69. 69- Mujika I, Padilla S. (2000a). Detraining: Loss of Training-Induced Physiological and Performance Adaptations. Part I Short Term Insufficient Training Stimulus. Sports Med Aug; 30 (2): 79-87.
70. 70- Mujika I, ve Padilla S. (2000b). Detraining: Loss of training-induced physiological and performance adaptations. Part II: Long term insufficient training stimulus. Sports Med 30: 145–154,
71. 71- Mujika I, Santisteban J, ve Castagna C. (2009). In-season effect of short-term sprint and power training programs on elite junior soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 23(9): 2581–2587,
72. 72- Myers, TR, Schneider, MG, Schmale, MS, ve Hazell, TJ. (2015). Whole-body aerobic resistance training circuit improves aerobic fitness and muscle strength in sedentary young females. J Strength Cond Res 29(6): 1592–1600,
73. 73- Narici, MV, Roi, GS, Landoni, L, Minetti, AE, ve Cerretelli, P. (1989). Changes in force, cross-sectional area and neural activation during strength training and detraining of the human quadriceps. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 59: 310–319,
74. 74- Nunez FJ, Munguia-Izquierdo D, Petri C, Suarez-Arrones L. (2019). Field Methods to Estimate Fat-free Mass in International Soccer Players. Int J Sports Med 2019; 40: 619–624.
75. 75- Nunez FJ, de Hoyo M, Lopez ML, Sanudo B, Otero-Esquina C, Sanchez H, Gonzalo-Skok O. (2019). Eccentric-concentric Ratio: A Key Factor for Defining Strength Training in Soccer. Int J Sports Med 2019; 40: 796–802.
76. 76- Oberg, BE, Möller, MH, Ekstrand, J, ve Gillquist, J. (1985). Exercises for knee flexors and extensors in uninjured soccer players: Effects of two different programs. Int J Sports Med 6: 151–154,
77. 77- Ogasawara R, Yasuda T, Sakamaki M, Ozaki H, and Abe T. (2011). Effects of periodic and continued resistance training on muscle CSA and strength in previously untrained men. Clin Physiol Func 31: 399–404,
78. 78- Ogasawara R, Yasuda T, Ishii N, ve Abe T. (2013). Comparison of muscle hypertrophy following 6-month of continuous and periodic strength training. Eur J Appl Physiol 113: 975–985,
79. 79- Olthof, SBH, Frencken, WGP, ve Lemmink, KAPM. (2019). A matchderived relative pitch area facilitates the tactical representativeness of small-sided games for the official soccer match. J Strength Cond Res 33(2): 523–530,
80. 80- Pellegrino, CG, Paredes-Hernandez, V, Sanchez-Sanchez, J, Garcıa-Unanue, J, ve Gallardo, L. (2020). Effect of the fatigue on the physical performance in different small-sided games in elite football players. J Strength Cond Res 34(8): 2338–2346,
81. 81- Rampinini E, Bishop D, Marcora SM, D. Ferrari Bravo D, Sassi R, Impellizzeri FM. (2007). Validity of Simple Field Tests as Indicators of Match-Related Physical Performance in Top-Level Professional Soccer Players. Int J Sports Med 2007; 28: 228 – 235
82. 82- Roberson, KB, Chowdhari, SS, White, MJ, ve Signorile, JF. (2017). Loads and movement speeds dictate differences in power output during circuit training. J Strength Cond Res 31(10): 2765–2776,
83. 83- Rodriguez-Fernandez, A, Villa, JG, Sanchez-Sanchez, J, ve Rodriguez-Marroyo, JA. (2020a). Effectiveness of a generic vs. specific program training to prevent the short-term detraining on repeated-sprint ability of youth soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 34(8): 2128–2135,
84. 84- Rodriguez-Fernandez, A, Villa, JG, Sanchez-Sanchez, J, ve Rodriguez-Marroyo, JA. (2020b). Effectiveness of a generic vs. specific program training to prevent the short-term detraining on repeated-sprint ability of youth soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 34(8): 2128–2135,
85. 85- Rønnestad, BR, Nymark, BS, ve Raastad, T. (2011). Effects of inseason strength maintenance training frequency in professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 25(10): 2653–2660,
86. 86- Rønnestad, BR, Kvamme, NH, Sunde, A, ve Raastad, T. (2008). Short-term effects of strength and plyometric training on sprint and jump performance in professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 22: 773–780,
87. 87- Sanchez-Sanchez, J, Ramirez-Campillo, R, Petisco, C, Gonzalo-Skok, O, Rodriguez-Fernandez, A, Minano, J, ve Nakamura, FY. (2019). Effects of repeated sprints with changes of direction on youth soccer player’s performance: impact of initial fitness level. J Strength Cond Res 33(10): 2753– 2759,
88. 88- Sangnier, S, Cotte, T, Brachet, O, Coquart, J, ve Tourny, C. (2019). Planning training workload in football using small-sided games density. J Strength Cond Res 33(10): 2801–2811,
89. 89- Salo D ve Riewald SA. (2008). Complete Conditioning for Swimming. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics,
90. 90- Selmi, O, Gonc¸ alves, B, Levitt, DE, Ouergui, I, Sampaio, J, ve Bouassida, A. (2019). Influence of well-being indices and recovery state on the technical and physiological aspects of play during small-sided games. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000–000,
91. 91- Silva JR, Magalhaes JF, Ascensao AA, Oliveira EM, Seabra AF, ve Rebelo AN. (2011). Individual match playing time during the season affects fitness-related parameters of male professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 25(10): 2729–2739,
92. 92- Simoneau JA, Lortie G, Boulay MR, Marcotte M, Thibault MC, ve Bouchard C. (1987). Effects of two high-intensity intermittent training programs interspaced by detraining on human skeletal muscle and performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 56: 516–521,
93. 93- Sousa, AC, Neiva, HP, Gil, MH, Izquierdo, M, Rodriguez-Rosell, D, Marques, MC, ve Marinho, DA. (2018). Concurrent training and detraining: the influence of different aerobic intensities. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000–000,
94. 94- Spencer M, Bishop D, Dawson B, Goodman C. (2005). Physiological and metabolic responses of repeated-sprint activities:specific to field-based team sports. Sports Med 35: 1025–1044,
95. 95- Suchomel TJ, Nimphius S, Stone MH. (2016). The importance of muscular strength in athletic performance. Sports Med 2016; 46: 1419–1449.
96. 96- Staron RS, Leonardi MJ, Karapondo DL, Malicky ES, Falkel JE, Hagerman FC, ve Hikida RS. (1991). Strength and skeletal muscle adaptations in heavy-resistance-trained women after detraining and retraining. J Appl Physiol 70: 631–640,
97. 97- Stern, D, Gonzalo-Skok, O, Loturco, I, Turner, A, and Bishop, C. (2020). A comparison of bilateral vs. unilateral-biased strength and power training interventions on measures of physical performance in elite youth soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 34(8): 2105–2111,
98. 98- Stolen, T, Chamari, K, Castagna, C, ve Wisløff, U. (2005). Physiology of soccer: An update. Sports Med 35: 501–536,
99. 99- Suraci, BR, Quigley, C, Thelwell, RC, and Milligan, GS. (2019). A comparison of training modality and total genotype scores to enhance sport-specific biomotor abilities in under 19 male soccer players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000–000,
100. 100- Svensson M, ve Drust B. (2005). Testing soccer players. Journal of Sports Sciences, June 2005; 23(6):601-618.
101. 101- Taaffe DR ve Marcus R. (1997). Dynamic muscle strength alterations to detraining and retraining in elderly men. Clin Physiol 17: 311–324,
102. 102- Taskin, H. (2009). Effect of circuit training on the sprint-agility and anaerobic endurance. J Strength Cond Res 23(6): 1803–1810,
103. 103- Terada, K, Kikuchi, N, Burt, D, Voisin, S, ve Nakazato, K. (2020). Low-load resistance training to volitional failure induces muscle hypertrophy similar to volume-matched, velocity fatigue. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000–000,
104. 104- Terry PC, Walrond N, Carron AV. (1998). The influence of game location on athletes’ physiological state. Jounal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 1, 29-37.
105. 105- Tessitore A, Perroni F, Cortis C, Meeusen R, Lupo C, ve Capranica L. (2011). Coordination of soccer players during preseason training. J Strength Cond Res 25(11): 3059–3069,
106. 106- Thomassen M, Christensen PM, Gunnarsson TP, Nybo L, Bangsbo J. (2010). Effect of 2-wk intensified training and inactivity on muscle Na1-K1 pump expression, phospholemman (FXYD1) phosphorylation, and performance in soccer players. J Appl Physiol 108: 898–905,
107. 107- Tomlin DL, Wenger HA. (2001). The relationship between aerobic fitness and recovery from high intensity intermittent exercise. Sports Med 31: 1–11,
108. 108- Turner A. (2011). The Science and Practice of Periodization: A Brief Review. National Strength and Conditioning Journal, February 2011, Vol 33(1):34-46.
109. 109- van Dyk N, Behan FP, Whiteley R. (2019). Including the Nordic hamstring exercise in injury prevention programs halves the rate of hamstring injuries: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 8459 athletes. Br J Sports Med 2019; 53: 1362–1370.
110. 110- William, S, Turner, AN, Weston, M, Russell, M, Johnston, MJ, and Kilduff, LP. (2018). Neuromuscular, biochemical, endocrine, and mood responses to small-sided games’ training in professional soccer. J Strength Cond Res 32(9): 2569–2576,
111. 111- Wilson JM, ve Wilson GJ. (208). Practical Approach to the Taper. Strength and Conditioning Journal, Vol 30(2)10-17, April 2008.
112. 112- Wisløff, U, Helgerud, J, ve Hoff, J. (1998). Strength and endurance of elite soccer players. Med Sci Sports Exerc 30: 462–467,
113. 113- Wong P-L, Chaouachi A, Chamari K, Dellal A, ve Wisloff U. (2010). Effect of preseason concurrent muscular strength and highintensity interval training in professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 24(3): 653–660,
114. 114- Ziogas GG, Patras KN, Stergiou N, ve Georgoulis AD. (2011). Velocity at lactate threshold and running economy must also be considered along with maximal oxygen uptake when testing elite soccer players during preseason. J Strength Cond Res 25(2): 414–419,