Attention or Heart Rate: A Preliminary Study towards Integrating the Top-down and Bottom-up Processes in Estimating the Apnea Durations

Öz

Accurate perception of time is vital in some athletic activities such as free-diving performance. The exact mechanisms underlying the correct estimation of long intervals using different time estimation paradigms are still an issue to be solved in psychology. To this end, in the current study, by using a prospective paradigm, examined top-down and bottom-up predictors of 25, 50, and 75 seconds of apnea durations. Eleven free-diving athletes performed the target apnea estimations in two experimental conditions: apnea in the air and immersed apnea. In line with our integrative perspective, we obtained heart rate values, attentional control capacities, and affectivity states of the participants, and analyzed the relationship of these with the directional errors of three target apnea estimations. A series of within-participants analyses found the following: first, the heart-rate alone is not the only factor influencing time estimation during long intervals; second, attentional capacity and positive affect contributed to the accuracy of time estimation in a non-constant fashion; third, these three variables affected the accuracy of time estimation differently according to the modality and the duration of the target interval; and fourth, the participants were most accurate in estimating the time during 75s of apnea in the immersed condition.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• time estimation
• attention
• heart rate
• internal clock
• apnea

Dikkat Mi Nabız Mı: Apne Sürelerinin Tahmin Edilmesinde Yukarıdan Aşağıya ve Aşağıdan Yukarıya Süreçlerin Bütünleştirilmesine Yönelik Bir Ön Çalışma

Öz

Serbest dalış performansı gibi bazı aktivitelerde zamanın doğru algılanması hayati önem taşımaktadır. Saniyeler ile ifade edilebilecek görece uzun zaman aralıklarının doğru tahmininin altında yatan kesin mekanizmaların anlaşılması, psikolojide çözülmesi gereken konulardan biridir. Bu amaçla, mevcut çalışmada, prospektif bir paradigma kullanılarak, 25, 50 ve 75 saniyelik apne sürelerinin yordayıcıları incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın verileri, iki deneysel koşulda, on bir serbest dalış sporcusunun hedef apne tahminlerini havada ve suda (daldırılmış) yapmaları yolu ile elde edilmiştir. Katılımcıların kalp atış hızı değerleri, dikkat kontrol kapasiteleri ve duygu durumlarının üç farklı hedef apne tahminindeki doğruluğunun incelendiği bu çalışmada: zaman tahminini etkileyen tek faktörün kalp atış hızı olmadığı; dikkat kapasitesi ve olumlu duygudurumun lineer olmayan bir tarzda zaman tahmininin doğruluğuna etki ettiği; yordayıcı olarak kullanılan bu üç değişkenin, deney koşuluna ve hedef aralığın süresine göre farklı şekilde etkili olduğu ve son olarak, katılımcıların en doğru zaman tahmininin, bu çalışmada kullanılan en uzun zaman aralığı olan 75 saniye suda apne olduğu bulunmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• zaman tahmini
• dikkat
• nabız
• apne
• İçsel zamanlama

Kaynakça

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