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FARKLI YÜKSEKLİKLERDE YAŞAYAN GENÇ BİATLON SPORCULARININ 2000M’ DE MAKSİMAL AEROBİK EGZERSİZE AKUT TEPKİLERİNİN ANALİZİ

Year 2017, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 69 - 77, 20.10.2017

Abstract

Çalışmada farklı rakımlarda yaşayan Biatlon sporcularının 2000m’de yapılan maksimal aerobik teste verdikleri akut tepki analiz edilmiştir. Biatlon milli takımlarına adaylık sürecinde testleri yapılan kız ve erkeklerden oluşan toplam 67 sporcu (Ort. yaş = 14,69 ± 1,22, ort. VKI = 19,60 ± 2,29) çalışmanın örneklemini temsil etmektedir. Sporcuların 32’si fizyolojik olarak yüksekliğin adaptasyon yarattığı kabul edilen 1500m seviyesi üzerinde, 35’i ise 1500m altında yaşamaktadır. Sporcuların aerobik güçleri shuttle-run ile tespit edilmiştir. Test esnasında kalp atım sayıları sürekli takip edilmiştir. 1500m üzerinde yaşayan sporcular, 1500m altında yaşayan sporcuları göre shuttle-run testinde daha yüksek VO2maks ve toplam lap sayısı skoru ortaya koymuşlardır. Fakat bu fark istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmamıştır. Yaşanılan rakım - VO2maks – toplam lap sayısı ilişkisi ise pozitif yönlü orta düzeydedir(r=0,363; r=0,355). Rakım yükseldikçe dayanıklılık skoru artmaktadır. Testin her seviyesi tek tek incelendiğinde, artan seviye ve hızda gruplar arası kalp atım sayısı ortalamalarında fark olmamasına rağmen düşük rakımda yaşayanların koşuyu daha erken bırakma eğiliminde olduğu görülmektedir. Ortaya koyulan bulgular benzer seviyede ve antrenman düzeyindeki biatloncuların 2000m dayanıklılık koşusuna verdikleri yanıtın yaşadıkları rakımdan etkilendiği göstermektedir. Bu bakımdan biatlon sporcularında yükseklik adaptasyonunun, müsabaka ve milli takım seçmeleri gibi önemli mücadelelerde sonucu etkileyeceği düşünülmektedir.

References

  • Brutsaert TD. (2008). Do High-Altitude Natives Have Enhanced Exercise Performance at Altitude?, Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 33(3), 582–592. doi:10.1139/H08-009
  • Buskirk ER, Kollias J, Akers RF, Prokop EK, Reategui EP. (1967). Maximal Performance at Altitude and on Return from Altitude in Conditioned Runners, Journal of Applied Physiology, 23(2), 259–66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6033527 adresinden erişildi.
  • Carlsson M, Carlsson T, Wedholm L, Nilsson M, Malm C, Tonkonogi M. (2016). Physiological Demands of Competitive Sprint and Distance Performance in Elite Female Cross-Country Skiing, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(8), 2138–2144. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000001327
  • Groslambert A, Candau R, Hoffman M. (1999). Validation of Simple Tests of Biathlon Shooting Ability, Int J Sports Med, 20, 179-182.
  • Heinicke K, Heinicke I, Schmidt W, Wolfarth B. (2005). A Three-Week Traditional Altitude Training Increases Hemoglobin Mass and Red Cell Volume in Elite Biathlon Athletes. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 26(5), 350–355. doi:10.1055/s-2004-821052
  • Hoffman M, Street G. (1992). Characterization of the Heart Rate Response During Biathlon, Int J Sports Med, 13, 390-94.
  • Kaya İ. (2016). The Effect of Extensive Interval Training at Altitude on the Physiological, Aerobic, Anaerobic and Various Blood Parameters of Athletes, SHS Web of Conferences, 31. doi:10.1051/shsconf/20163101012
  • Kaya İ, Gökdemir K. (2015). Yüksek İrtifada Yapılan Antrenmanların Kastamonu Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksekokulu Öğrencilerinin Bazı Fiziksel Özellikleri ve Çeşitli Kan Parametreleri Üzerine Kronik Etkilerinin Araştırılması, Sportif Bakış Spor ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 79-86.
  • Kenney WL, Wilmore JH, Costill DL. (2015). Physiology of Sport and Exercise, Human Kinetics. Kraemer WJ, Fleck SJ, Deschenes MR. (2012). Exercise Physiology Integrating Theory and Application. Wolters Kluwer/Lippincot Williams & Wilkins, Philidelphia.
  • Mahar MT, Welk GJ, Rowe DA, Crotts DJ, Mciver KL. (2006). Development and Validation of a Regression Model to Estimate VO 2 Peak from PACER 20-m Shuttle Run Performance, Journal of Physical Activity & Health, (3), 34–46.
  • Marconi C, Marzorati M, Cerretelli P. (2006). Work Capacity of Permanent Residents of High Altitude, High Alt. Med. Biol, 7, 105–115.
  • Mazzeo RS, Brooks GA, Butterfield GE, Podolin DA, Wolfel EE, Reeves JT. (1995). Acclimatization to High Altitude Increase Muscle Sympathetic Activity both at Rest and during Exercise, Am. J. Physiol., 269, 201-207.
  • Mazzeo RS, Reeves JT. (2003). Adrenergic Contribution during Acclimatization to High Altitude: Perspectives from Pikes Peak, Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 31(1), 13–18. doi:10.1097/00003677-200301000-00004
  • McArdle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL. (2009). Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy, and Human Performance, 7th Edition, Wolters Kluwer/Lippincot Williams & Wilkins, Philidelphia. doi:10.1161/01.STR.25.4.793
  • Picó;n-Reátegui E. (1961). Basal Metabolic Rate and Body Composition at High Altitudes, Journal of Applied Physiology, 16(3).
  • Rundell KW, Szmedra L. (1998). Energy Cost of Rifle Carriage in Biathlon Skiing, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(4), 570–576. doi:10.1097/00005768-199804000-00015
  • Sandbakk Ø, Holmberg H. (2014). A Reappraisal of Success Factors for Olympic Cross-Country Skiing, International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 9. Doi: 10.1123/IJSPP.2013-0373
  • Valleala R, Nummela A, Mononen K, Nuutinen A. (2007). Biomechanical and Physiological Aspects of Rifle Shooting in Simulated Biathlon Competition, International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports: Conference Proceedings Archive. https://ojs.ub.uni-konstanz.de/cpa/article/view/355 adresinden erişildi.
  • West JB, Boyer SJ, Graber DJ, Hackett PH, Maret KH, Milledge JS, … Sarnquist, F. H. (1983). Maximal Exercise at Extreme Altitudes on Mount Everest. Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory, Environmental and Exercise Physiology, 55(3), 688–98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6415008 adresinden erişildi.
  • Wu T, Kayser B. (2006). High Altitude Adaptation in Tibetans, High Altitude Medicine & Biology, 7(3), 193–208. doi:10.1089/ham.2006.7.193

ANALYSIS OF ACUTE RESPONSES OF YOUNG BIATHLON ATHLETES LIVING AT DIFFERENT ALTITUDES TO MAXIMAL AEROBIC EXERCISE AT 2000M

Year 2017, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 69 - 77, 20.10.2017

Abstract

In the study, the acute response of the 2000m maximal aerobic test on the biathletes living at different altitudes was analyzed. A total of 67 athletes (Mean age = 14,69 ± 1,22, Mean BMI = 19.60 ± 2.29) consisting of boys and girls represent the sample of the study who were tested during the qualification process of Turkey national team. The athletes divided into two groups. Thirty-two of the athletes living above the altitude of 1500m (considered as the altitude where physiological adaptation occurs) coded as the high-altitude group, and thirty-five living below 1500m coded as the low altitude group. A shuttle-run test was applied to measure the aerobic power of the athletes. During the test, the heart rates were monitored continuously. The athletes living above 1500m showed higher VO2max and total lap score in the shuttle-run test compared to the athletes living below 1500m. But this difference was found to be statistically insignificant. The Living altitude - VO2max - Total Laps variables had positive moderate correlation each other (r = 0,363, r = 0,355). As the altitude increases, the endurance score increases. When each stage of the shuttle-run test examined, it was seen that those who live at low altitudes tend to give up the shuttle-run test earlier, although there was no difference in the mean heart rates between groups. Findings showed that the physiological response of the biathletes who had similar training history was influenced by the altitude they live on. In this respect, altitude adaptation in biathletes is thought to affect the score in competitions and national team selections.

References

  • Brutsaert TD. (2008). Do High-Altitude Natives Have Enhanced Exercise Performance at Altitude?, Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 33(3), 582–592. doi:10.1139/H08-009
  • Buskirk ER, Kollias J, Akers RF, Prokop EK, Reategui EP. (1967). Maximal Performance at Altitude and on Return from Altitude in Conditioned Runners, Journal of Applied Physiology, 23(2), 259–66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6033527 adresinden erişildi.
  • Carlsson M, Carlsson T, Wedholm L, Nilsson M, Malm C, Tonkonogi M. (2016). Physiological Demands of Competitive Sprint and Distance Performance in Elite Female Cross-Country Skiing, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(8), 2138–2144. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000001327
  • Groslambert A, Candau R, Hoffman M. (1999). Validation of Simple Tests of Biathlon Shooting Ability, Int J Sports Med, 20, 179-182.
  • Heinicke K, Heinicke I, Schmidt W, Wolfarth B. (2005). A Three-Week Traditional Altitude Training Increases Hemoglobin Mass and Red Cell Volume in Elite Biathlon Athletes. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 26(5), 350–355. doi:10.1055/s-2004-821052
  • Hoffman M, Street G. (1992). Characterization of the Heart Rate Response During Biathlon, Int J Sports Med, 13, 390-94.
  • Kaya İ. (2016). The Effect of Extensive Interval Training at Altitude on the Physiological, Aerobic, Anaerobic and Various Blood Parameters of Athletes, SHS Web of Conferences, 31. doi:10.1051/shsconf/20163101012
  • Kaya İ, Gökdemir K. (2015). Yüksek İrtifada Yapılan Antrenmanların Kastamonu Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksekokulu Öğrencilerinin Bazı Fiziksel Özellikleri ve Çeşitli Kan Parametreleri Üzerine Kronik Etkilerinin Araştırılması, Sportif Bakış Spor ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 79-86.
  • Kenney WL, Wilmore JH, Costill DL. (2015). Physiology of Sport and Exercise, Human Kinetics. Kraemer WJ, Fleck SJ, Deschenes MR. (2012). Exercise Physiology Integrating Theory and Application. Wolters Kluwer/Lippincot Williams & Wilkins, Philidelphia.
  • Mahar MT, Welk GJ, Rowe DA, Crotts DJ, Mciver KL. (2006). Development and Validation of a Regression Model to Estimate VO 2 Peak from PACER 20-m Shuttle Run Performance, Journal of Physical Activity & Health, (3), 34–46.
  • Marconi C, Marzorati M, Cerretelli P. (2006). Work Capacity of Permanent Residents of High Altitude, High Alt. Med. Biol, 7, 105–115.
  • Mazzeo RS, Brooks GA, Butterfield GE, Podolin DA, Wolfel EE, Reeves JT. (1995). Acclimatization to High Altitude Increase Muscle Sympathetic Activity both at Rest and during Exercise, Am. J. Physiol., 269, 201-207.
  • Mazzeo RS, Reeves JT. (2003). Adrenergic Contribution during Acclimatization to High Altitude: Perspectives from Pikes Peak, Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 31(1), 13–18. doi:10.1097/00003677-200301000-00004
  • McArdle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL. (2009). Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy, and Human Performance, 7th Edition, Wolters Kluwer/Lippincot Williams & Wilkins, Philidelphia. doi:10.1161/01.STR.25.4.793
  • Picó;n-Reátegui E. (1961). Basal Metabolic Rate and Body Composition at High Altitudes, Journal of Applied Physiology, 16(3).
  • Rundell KW, Szmedra L. (1998). Energy Cost of Rifle Carriage in Biathlon Skiing, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(4), 570–576. doi:10.1097/00005768-199804000-00015
  • Sandbakk Ø, Holmberg H. (2014). A Reappraisal of Success Factors for Olympic Cross-Country Skiing, International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 9. Doi: 10.1123/IJSPP.2013-0373
  • Valleala R, Nummela A, Mononen K, Nuutinen A. (2007). Biomechanical and Physiological Aspects of Rifle Shooting in Simulated Biathlon Competition, International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports: Conference Proceedings Archive. https://ojs.ub.uni-konstanz.de/cpa/article/view/355 adresinden erişildi.
  • West JB, Boyer SJ, Graber DJ, Hackett PH, Maret KH, Milledge JS, … Sarnquist, F. H. (1983). Maximal Exercise at Extreme Altitudes on Mount Everest. Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory, Environmental and Exercise Physiology, 55(3), 688–98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6415008 adresinden erişildi.
  • Wu T, Kayser B. (2006). High Altitude Adaptation in Tibetans, High Altitude Medicine & Biology, 7(3), 193–208. doi:10.1089/ham.2006.7.193
There are 20 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Movement and Training Science
Authors

Ozan Sever This is me

Fatih Kıyıcı This is me

Gökhan Atasever This is me

Publication Date October 20, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 4 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Sever, O., Kıyıcı, F., & Atasever, G. (2017). FARKLI YÜKSEKLİKLERDE YAŞAYAN GENÇ BİATLON SPORCULARININ 2000M’ DE MAKSİMAL AEROBİK EGZERSİZE AKUT TEPKİLERİNİN ANALİZİ. Sportif Bakış: Spor Ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(2), 69-77.
AMA Sever O, Kıyıcı F, Atasever G. FARKLI YÜKSEKLİKLERDE YAŞAYAN GENÇ BİATLON SPORCULARININ 2000M’ DE MAKSİMAL AEROBİK EGZERSİZE AKUT TEPKİLERİNİN ANALİZİ. Sportif Bakış: Spor ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi. October 2017;4(2):69-77.
Chicago Sever, Ozan, Fatih Kıyıcı, and Gökhan Atasever. “FARKLI YÜKSEKLİKLERDE YAŞAYAN GENÇ BİATLON SPORCULARININ 2000M’ DE MAKSİMAL AEROBİK EGZERSİZE AKUT TEPKİLERİNİN ANALİZİ”. Sportif Bakış: Spor Ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi 4, no. 2 (October 2017): 69-77.
EndNote Sever O, Kıyıcı F, Atasever G (October 1, 2017) FARKLI YÜKSEKLİKLERDE YAŞAYAN GENÇ BİATLON SPORCULARININ 2000M’ DE MAKSİMAL AEROBİK EGZERSİZE AKUT TEPKİLERİNİN ANALİZİ. Sportif Bakış: Spor ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi 4 2 69–77.
IEEE O. Sever, F. Kıyıcı, and G. Atasever, “FARKLI YÜKSEKLİKLERDE YAŞAYAN GENÇ BİATLON SPORCULARININ 2000M’ DE MAKSİMAL AEROBİK EGZERSİZE AKUT TEPKİLERİNİN ANALİZİ”, Sportif Bakış: Spor ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 69–77, 2017.
ISNAD Sever, Ozan et al. “FARKLI YÜKSEKLİKLERDE YAŞAYAN GENÇ BİATLON SPORCULARININ 2000M’ DE MAKSİMAL AEROBİK EGZERSİZE AKUT TEPKİLERİNİN ANALİZİ”. Sportif Bakış: Spor ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi 4/2 (October 2017), 69-77.
JAMA Sever O, Kıyıcı F, Atasever G. FARKLI YÜKSEKLİKLERDE YAŞAYAN GENÇ BİATLON SPORCULARININ 2000M’ DE MAKSİMAL AEROBİK EGZERSİZE AKUT TEPKİLERİNİN ANALİZİ. Sportif Bakış: Spor ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi. 2017;4:69–77.
MLA Sever, Ozan et al. “FARKLI YÜKSEKLİKLERDE YAŞAYAN GENÇ BİATLON SPORCULARININ 2000M’ DE MAKSİMAL AEROBİK EGZERSİZE AKUT TEPKİLERİNİN ANALİZİ”. Sportif Bakış: Spor Ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 4, no. 2, 2017, pp. 69-77.
Vancouver Sever O, Kıyıcı F, Atasever G. FARKLI YÜKSEKLİKLERDE YAŞAYAN GENÇ BİATLON SPORCULARININ 2000M’ DE MAKSİMAL AEROBİK EGZERSİZE AKUT TEPKİLERİNİN ANALİZİ. Sportif Bakış: Spor ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi. 2017;4(2):69-77.