COMMON SECURITY AND DEFENCE POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AFTER THE RUSSIA-UKRAINE WAR: IS A EUROPEAN ARMY A REALISTIC GOAL?
Abstract
This study analyzes the European Union’s capacity to establish a “European Army” independent of NATO following the Russia–Ukraine War that began in 2022, focusing on institutional, political, and strategic dimensions, and questions whether a transition toward a centralized military command structure is feasible within the EU’s current level of integration under the anarchic structure of the international system and the evolving security architecture. In this context, the transformation of EU security policy, along with the differing threat perceptions and strategic priorities of member states such as France, Germany, Poland, and Italy, is examined through the theoretical lenses of realism, liberal institutionalism, and neo-functionalism; while realism emphasizes defense as a core element of sovereignty that is difficult to transfer, neo-functionalism highlights limited integration dynamics through mechanisms such as PESCO and defense industry cooperation. The analysis demonstrates that the unanimity requirement in EU treaties, NATO’s institutional dominance, the United States’ security guarantees, and member states’ reluctance to delegate military authority constitute the main structural barriers to a centralized European army, while divergences between NATO-oriented countries like Poland and the Baltic states and France’s strategic autonomy vision represent a key political constraint. In addition, Türkiye’s position within NATO, its strategic role in the Black Sea and Eastern Mediterranean, and its growing defense industry capacity are identified as important variables in the European security architecture. Overall, the study concludes that a fully-fledged European Army is not realistic in the short to medium term, whereas a crisis-oriented, rapidly deployable, modular, and flexible “European Rapid Reaction Force” appears to be a more feasible alternative.
Keywords
European Army, NATO, PESCO, Russia-UkraineWar, Strategic Autonomy
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