United States Information Agency’nin (USIA) Amerikan Kamu Diplomasisindeki Önemi

Year 2021, Volume: 1 Issue: 3, 136 - 177, 30.09.2021

Erkan Aydınlı

Abstract

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri uzun zamandır yabancı ülkelerin halklarını kamu dip-lomasisi yoluyla etkilemeye çalışmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Amerika Birleşik Devletle-ri’nin kamu diplomasisi faaliyetlerini yürüten United States Information Agency’nin (USIA), misyonu, yapısı, faaliyetleri ve Soğuk Savaş sürecine etkisi incelenmiştir. İkinci Dünya Savaşı, eski diplomasinin uygulamalarının başarısızlığını ortaya ko-yarken ulusların ideolojik ve askeri bloklara bölünmüş bir dünya için yeni bir diplo-masi yaratılmasını gerektirmişti. Çünkü II. Dünya Savaşı’nın dünyada açtığı yaralar ve dramatik deneyimler Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ile Sovyetler Birliği arasındaki iki kutuplu çatışmanın yerini askeri olmayan savaş araçlarına yönlendirmişti. Bu amaçla kurulan USIA, Amerikan ulusal çıkarlarını korumak ve Sovyetler Birliği’ne karşı “kalp ve zihin savaşını” kazanmak için açık/örtülü propaganda operasyonla-rı, uluslararası yayıncılık, yurtdışındaki yerel medyayı etkileme, kişisel temasları ve kültürel alışverişleri teşvik etmek gibi birtakım faaliyetler yürütmüştür. Amerikan Hükümet organlarının yurtdışında sahip olduğu en geniş yerel görev ağına ve yet-kisine sahip olan USIA, yürüttüğü faaliyetlerle hem komünizme hem de Sovyetlere karşı güçlü bir propaganda aracı olarak uzun yıllar Amerikan kamu diplomasisinin merkezinde yer almıştır.

Keywords

US Information Agency, USIA, Amerikan Kamu Diplomasisi, Amerikan Propagandası, Soğuk Savaş

The Importance of United States Information Agency (USIA) In Public Diplomacy

Abstract

The United States has long sought to influence the peoples of foreign countries through public diplomacy. In this study, the mission, structure, activities of the United States Information Agency (USIA), which carries out the public diplomacy activities of the United States, and its effect on the Cold War process were examined. While the Second World War revealed the failure of the practices of the old diplomacy, it required the creation of a new concept of diplomacy for a world divided into ideological and military blocs of nations. Because the wounds and traumatic experiences inflicted by the Second World War throughout the world, the bipolar conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union was replaced by non-military war instruments. Established for this purpose, USIA carried out a number of activities such as overt/covert propaganda operations, international broadcasting, influencing local media abroad, promoting personal contacts and cultural exchanges in order to protect American national interests and win the “heart and mind war” against the Soviet Union. USIA, which has the widest local mission network and authority that the American government organs in abroad, has been at the center of American public diplomacy for many years as a powerful propaganda tool against both communism and the Soviets with these activities.

Keywords

US Information Agency, USIA, American Public Diplomacy, American Propaganda, Cold War

References

• Aydınlı, Erkan. (2021). Türkiye’de Rus Düşmanlığının Amerika Eksenin Anti-Komünizme Evrimi ve Komünizmle Mücadele Dernekleri (Doktora Tezi), Bursa: Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
• Berridge, Geoff R. (2015). Diplomacy: Theory and Practice, Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
• Caterini, Dino. (1973). After The Cold War, Center for Advanced Research Naval War College, Newport.
• Central Intelligence Agency, General CIA Records, RDP-61S00750A000100150008-5, 27.10.1954.
• Central Intelligence Agency, General CIA Records, RDP-61S00750A00150033-7, 06.07.1954.
• Central Intelligence Agency, General CIA Records, RDP78-01617A002800040002-5, 23.07.1946.
• Cull, J. Nye. (2009). Public Diplomacy Before Gullion: The Evolution of a Phrase, Routledge Handbook Of Public Diplomacy, Routledge, New York.
• Cull, J. Nye. (2009). Public Diplomacy: Lessons From The Past, CPD Perspectives on Public Diplomacy, Figueroa Press, Los Angeles.
• D’Agati, Sara. (2015). The United States Information Agency and Italy During The Johnson Presidency 1963-1969, (Doktora Tezi), Cambrigde: Cambridge University.
• Dağ, Ahmet Emin. (2004). Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Diplomasi Sözlüğü, İstanbul, Anka Yayınları, İstanbul.
• Dizard, Wilson. (2003). “Remembering USIA”, Foreign Service Journal, July- August, s. 57-61.
• Dizard, Wilson. (2004). Inventing Public Diplomacy: The Story of the U.S.Information Agency, Lynne Rienner Publishers.
• Feyzullahoğlu, Burcu. (2014). Ufuk: How The U.S Information Agency Molded Turkish Elite Opinion, 1960-1980, (Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Ankara: İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent Üniversitesi.
• Foreign Relations Of The United Stases (FRUS), 1952-1954, National Security Affairs, Volume II, Part 2.
• FRUS, 1955-1957, Foreign Economic Policy, Foreign Information Program, Volume IX.
• FRUS, 1958-1960, Eastern Europe; Finland, Greece, Turkey, Volume X, Part 2.
• FRUS, 1958-1960, National Security Policy; Arms Control and Disarmament, Volume III.
• FRUS, 1961-1963, National Security Policy, Volume VIII
• FRUS, 1961-1963, Volumes VII, VIII, IX, Arms Control; National Security Policy; Microfiche Supplement.
• FRUS, 1961-1963, Volume XXV, organization of Foreign Policy; Information Policy; United Nations; Scientific Matters.
• FRUS, 1961-1963, Public Diplomacy, Volume VI.
• FRUS, 1964-19668, Volume VII, Public Diplomacy.
• Gedizşener, Şifa Nermin. (2003). Haberlerin Propagandaki Yeri ve Propaganda Radyoları, (Yüksek Lisans Tezi), İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Gazetecilik Anabilim Dalı.
• Gregory, Bruce. (2008). “Public Diplomacyi: Sunrise of an Academic Field”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 616, s. 274-290.
• Gönlübol, Mehmet. (1975). Uluslararası Politika, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Yayınları, Ankara, 1975.
• Günek, Abdulsamet. (2018). “Amerikan Kamu Diplomasisinin Üç Evresi: Propaganda, Geleneksel Kamu Diplomasisi ve Stratejik İletişim”, The Journal Of Social Science, 2/3, s. 54-72.
• Hemery, John. (2005). “Training for Public Diplomacy: an Evolutionary Perspective”, Ed. By J. Melissen, The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations, s.196-209.
• Henderson, John W. (1969). The United States Information Agency, Frederick A Praeger, New York.
• Hixson, Walter. (1998). Parting The Curtain. Propaganda, Culture and The Cold War 1945-1961, Palgrave Macmillan, London.
• Knapp, Manfred. (1972). Die Stimme Amerikas, Auslandspropaganda der USA unter der Regierung John F. Kennedys, Vs Verlag Für Sozialwissenschaften, Opladen.
• Nakamura, Weed C. (2009). U.S Public Diplomacy: Background and Current Issues, Congressional Research Service.
• Nye, Joseph S. (2004). Soft Power: The Means To Success In World Politics, Public Affairs, New York.
• Report To The Congress. (1974). Telling America’s Story To The World Problems And Issues, United States Information Agency, By The Comptroller General Of The United States, 25 March 1974.
• Reynolds, Carrie. (2011). Public Diplomacy Institutional Structure: A Review And Recommendation For The Unıted States, University Honors.
• Smith, Howard C. (2012). Public Diplomacy: The Unıted States Information Agency (USIA) Utilizing The Voice Of America As Foreign Policy İn Ethiopia (1971-1991), (Doktora Tezi), Atlanta: Atlanta University.
• Snyder, David. (1994). Bethany Relay Station, Voice Of America 50 Years Of Broadcasting To The World, Washington, s. 1-25.
• Sussman, Jody. (1973). United States Information Service Lıbraries, Illinois, University of Illinois Graduate School of Library Science.
• Sustaric, Tanja. (2008). Public Diplomacy By United States Information Agency (USIA) And The State Department, (Master Thesis), Universe V Ljubljana Fakulteta Za Druzbene Vede, Ljublijana.
• Sykes, Ian A. (2019). How To Try To Mask Colonolism And Fail Anyway: American Propaganda In Non-Communist Asia During The Early Cold War, (Master Thesis), Temple University, Philadelphia.
• Tobia, Simona. (2009). Advertising America, The United State Information Service in Italy (1945- 1956), Led- Edizioni Universitarie Di Lettere Economic Di Lettere Economia E Diritto, Milano.
• United States Information Agency. (1964). Facts About USIA, Audience: The World, Washington,1964.
• United States Advisory Commission On Public Diplomacy. (1985). Washington.
• United States Information Agency.(1993). Telling America’s Story To The World, The Office of Public Liaison USIA, Washington.
• Uttaro, Ralph A. (1982). “The Voices Of America İn International Radio Propaganda”, Law and Contemporary Problems, Vol:45, No:4, New York.
• Wright, Brendan D’Archy. (2009). Selling America, Ignoring Vietnam: The United States Information Agency in South Vietnam, 1954-1960, (Master Thesis) The University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
• Yılmaz, Betül. (2014). “Rhetoric And Public Diplomacy: Analysis Of A Double Dimensional Link”, Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Birimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 16/3, s. 209-225.