Review Article
BibTex RIS Cite

INTERGENERATIONAL SOCIAL MOBILITY: BASIC CONCEPTS, MEASUREMENT METHODS, AND COMPARATIVE SOCIAL MOBILITY STUDIES

Year 2025, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 1 - 50, 30.01.2025

Abstract

In this study, the basic concepts and terms used in intergenerational social mobility research were discussed and the measurement methods of mobility tables were explained. In the second part, structural and circulation mobility and inflow-outflow tables were defined and in the third part, how the calculations were made in the example of a social mobility study carried out in the UK was explained. In the third and fourth sections, the main results of the mobility studies conducted in the UK, the USA and Türkiye were briefly summarized and future prospects were discussed. In the fifth section, the main findings of two large-scale international comparative mobility studies were outlined and the predictions of various social mobility theories were discussed. Patterns of intergenerational social mobility in the UK, the US and Turkey were similar. In all three countries, the dominant character of intergenerational social mobility was upward short-distance mobility. However, it is argued that starting in the 1980s in the UK and the US, the pace of social mobility began to slow down and downward mobility increased due to reasons such as the shrinkage of middle-level jobs, increasing income inequality and the growth of low-wage jobs. In Turkey, it is argued that the widespread expansion of educational level and the decrease in the return on investment in education make social mobility difficult. Finally, the results of international comparative social mobility research have varied according to the conditions of the period. The findings do not support the regularities assumed by various social mobility theories. The long-term trend has been a trendless fluctuation in structural mobility in industrialized countries and a convergence in some periods, and relative stability in circulation mobility.

Project Number

Proje değil

References

  • Aaronson, D., & Mazumder, B. (2008). Intergenerational Economic Mobility in the United States, 1940 to 2000. Journal of Human Resources, 43(1), 139-172.
  • Aral, S. (1980). "Social Mobility in Turkey. Içinde A. Ulusan" & E. Özbudun (Ed.), The political economy of income distribution in Turkey. Holmes [and] Meier.
  • Blau, P. M., & Duncan, O. D. (1967). "The American occupational structure". Wiley.
  • Boddin, D. (2016). The Role of Newly Industrialized Economies in Global Value Chains. IMF Working Papers, Article 2016/207. https://ideas.repec.org//p/imf/imfwpa/2016-207.html
  • Boratav, K. (1995). İstanbul ve Anadolu’dan sınıf profilleri. "Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları".
  • Bourdieu, P., & Passeron, J. C. (1990). Reproduction in education, society and culture (2nd ed. / preface to the 1990 edition by Pierre Bourdieu). SAGE and [Amazon].
  • Breen, R. (Ed.). (2005). Social Mobility in Europe. Oxford University Press.
  • Breen, R., & Rootman, D. (2009). Social Mobility. Içinde J. Manza & M. Sauder (Ed.), Inequality and society: Social science perspectives on social stratification (1st ed). Norton.
  • Bulutay, T., Timur, S., & Ersel, H. (1971). Türkiye’de gelir daǧılımı, 1968 (1. Baskı). Sevinç Matbaasi.
  • Çiçek, A. (2011). Malatya’da meslek yapısı ve sosyal hareketlilik [Doktora Tezi]. İnönü Üniversitesi.
  • Domhoff, G. W. (2006). Who rules America? Power and politics, and social change (5th ed). McGraw-Hill.
  • Erikson, R., & Goldthorpe, J. H. (1987). Commonality and Variation in Social Fluidity in Industrial Nations. Part I: A Model for Evaluating the “FJH Hypothesis”. European Sociological Review, 3(1), 54-77.
  • Erikson, R., & Goldthorpe, J. H. (1992). The constant flux: A study of class mobility in industrial societies. Clarendon Press and Oxford University Press.
  • Erikson, R., & Goldthorpe, J. H. (2001). Trends in Class Mobility: The Post-War European Experience. İçinde Social Stratification, Class, Race, and Gender in Sociological Perspective, Second Edition (2. bs, ss. 344-372). Routledge.
  • Featherman, D. L., & Hauser, R. M. (1978). A Refined Model of Occupational Mobility. İçinde Social Stratification (4. bs). Routledge.
  • Giddens, A. (2000). Sosyoloji. Ayraç Yayınları. İstanbul
  • Goldthorpe, J. H. (2013). "Understanding – and Misunderstanding – Social Mobility in Britain: The Entry of the Economists, the Confusion of Politicians and the Limits of Educational Policy". Journal of Social Policy, 42(3), 431-450. https://doi.org/10.1017/S004727941300024X
  • Goldthorpe, J. H., Llewellyn, C., Payne, C., Goldthorpe, J. H., Llewellyn, C., & Payne, C. (1987). Social Mobility and Class Structure in Modern Britain (Second Edition, Second Edition). Oxford University Press.
  • Gregory, M., Chen, E., & Brody, G. H. (2014, Ocak 4). Can Upward Mobility Cost You Your Health? The New York Times - Opinionator. https://archive.nytimes.com/opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/01/04/can-upward-mobility-cost-you-your-health/
  • Grusky, D. B., & Hauser, R. M. (2001). Comparative Social Mobility Revisited: Models of Convergence and Divergence in 16 Countries. İçinde Social Stratification, Class, Race, and Gender in Sociological Perspective, Second Edition (2. bs). Routledge.
  • Hazır K., I., Çelik, K., & Kalaycıoğlu, S. (2016). Kuşak-içi ve Kuşaklararası Toplumsal Hareketliliğin Yörüngesi: Ankara İli Örneği. Istanbul University Journal of Sociology, 36(1), 175-205. https://doi.org/10.16917/sd.68905
  • Heath, A., & Zhao, Y. (2019). Occupational mobility in developing countries: Conceptual issues and empirical findings (Social mobility in the Global South – concepts, measures, and determinants.) [WIDER Working Paper]. UNU-WIDER. https://doi.org/10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2019/732-3
  • Hertz, T. (2007). Trends in the Intergenerational Elasticity of Family Income in the United States. Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 46(1), 22-50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232X.2007.00456.x
  • Hout, M. (1983). Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences: Mobility Tables. SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412985086
  • Hout, M., & Hauser, R. M. (1992). "Symmetry and hierarchy in social mobility: A methodological analysis of the CASMIN model of class mobility". European Sociological Review, 8(3), 239-266. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.esr.a036640
  • Kalaycıoğlu, S., Kardam, F., Rittersberger-Tılıç, H., Çelik, K., & Türkyılmaz, A. S. (2008). Ankara Kent Merkezinde Toplumsal Tabakalaşma, Hareketlilik ve Sosyo-Ekonomik Statü Araştırması (Araştırma Raporu SOBAG 104 K 039; s. 182). Ortadoğu Teknik Üniversitesi. https://open.metu.edu.tr/handle/11511/49643
  • Karaca, F. (2012). "Toplumsal yapıda görülen kuşaklar arası sosyal hareketlilik": Denizli ili örneği. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 162(162), Article 162. https://doi.org/10.20296/tsad.31803
  • Karakaya, M. F. (2016). "Son Klasik, İlk Modern: Pitirim Aleksanroviç Sorokin ve Toplumsal Hareketlilik. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi", 36(1), Article 1.
  • Kasnakoğlu, Z. T. (1975). Distribution in Turkey: A Study of the Determinants of Male Earnings Differentials in 1968 [Ph.D. thesis]. University of Wisconsin.
  • Kemerlioğlu, E. (1996). Toplumsal tabakalaşma ve hareketlilik. Saray Kitabevleri.
  • Kerbo, H. R. (2006). Social stratification and inequality: Class conflict in historical, comparative, and global perspective (6th ed). McGraw-Hill.
  • Kerr, C. (1983). The Future of Industrial Societies: Convergence Or Continuing Diversity? Harvard University Press.
  • Korkmaz, D. D. A. (2011). Sosyal Hareketlilik: Eğitim ve Mesleğin Sosyal Hareketliliğe Etkisi. Istanbul Journal of Sociological Studies, 31, Article 31.
  • Lipset, S. M., & Bendix, R. (1991). Social Mobility in Industrial Society. Transaction Publishers.
  • Major, L. E., & Machin, S. (2018). Social mobility and its enemies. Pelican, an imprint of Penguin Books.
  • Özcan, Y. Z. (1983a). Social Stratification and Social Mobility in Turkey [Ph.D. thesis]. The University of Chicago.
  • Özcan, Y. Z. (1983b). "The educational status attainment process, maile urban population 1968". Journal of Human Sciences, 2(1), 59-78.
  • Özcan, Y. Z. (1988a). Occupational Attainment Process in Turkey. Journal of Human Sciences, 7(2), 103-132.
  • Özcan, Y. Z. (1988b). Occupational Structure and Social Mobility in Turkey, 1968. METU Studies in Development, 15(1-2), 151-182.
  • Özdemir, C. (2020). Türkiye’de Toplumsal Tabakalaşma ve Hareketliliğin Meslekler Üzerinden Ölçümü. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, Özel Sayı 1 / Supplement 1, Article Özel Sayı 1 / Supplement 1. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2019-0053
  • Parsons, T. (1960). Structure and Process in Modern Societies. Free Press.
  • Rothman, R. A. (2015). Inequality and Stratification: Race, Class, and Gender. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315662794
  • Sernau, S. (2011). Social Inequality in a Global Age (3rd Edition). Pine Forge Press.
  • Solon, G. (1992). Intergenerational Income Mobility in the United States. The American Economic Review, 82(3), 393-408.
  • Sorokin, P. A. (1959). Social and Cultural Mobility. Free Press.
  • Sönmez, A. (2007). The Transformation of Occupational Structure and Chances for Mobility in Turkey in the Context of Studies on Social-Class Mobility. BILIG, 41(41).
  • Sönmez, A. (2020). Yapısallaşmış Toplumsal Eşitsizlikleri Tarif Etme ve Yorumlamada Bir Araç Olarak Toplumsal Hareketlilik Oranlarını Hesaplama Yöntemleri. İnsan ve Toplum, 10(4), 41-75.
  • Şengönül, T. (2007). "Toplumumuzda eğitimin dikey sosyal hareketliliğe etkisi". Sosyoloji Dergisi, 19(1), 171-208. Turner, R. H. (2001). Sponsored and Contest Mobility and the School System. İçinde Social Stratification, Class,
  • Race, and Gender in Sociological Perspective, Second Edition (2. bs). Routledge.
  • Varlıer, O. (1982). Türkiye’de kazanç eşitsizliklerinin nedenleri (1. Baskı). Gazi Üniversitesi.
  • Wilson, W. J. (1996). When Work Disappears. Political Science Quarterly, 111(4), 567-595. https://doi.org/10.2307/2152085
  • Wright, E. O. (1997). Class Counts: Comparative Studies in Class Analysis. Cambridge University Press.

KUŞAKLARARASI SOSYAL HAREKETLİLİK: TEMEL KAVRAMLAR, ÖLÇME YÖNTEMLERİ VE KARŞILAŞTIRMALI SOSYAL HAREKETLİLİK ARAŞTIRMALARI

Year 2025, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 1 - 50, 30.01.2025

Abstract

Bu makalede, kuşaklar arası sosyal hareketlilik araştırmalarında kullanılan temel kavramlar ve terimler ele alınmış ve hareketlilik tablolarının ölçüm yöntemleri üzerinde durulmuştur. İkinci bölümde, yapısal ve dolaşım hareketliliği ile giriş-çıkış tabloları tanımlanmış ve üçüncü bölümde, İngiltere'de yapılan bir sosyal hareketlilik araştırması örneğinde hesaplamaların nasıl yapıldığı açıklanmıştır. Üçüncü ve dördüncü bölümlerde, İngiltere, ABD ve Türkiye'de sosyal hareketlilik araştırmalarının temel sonuçları kısaca özetlenmiş ve geleceğe yönelik projeksiyonlar üzerinde durulmuştur. Beşinci bölümde, iki büyük ölçekli uluslararası karşılaştırmalı hareketlilik araştırmasının temel bulguları ana hatlarıyla irdelenmiş ve çeşitli sosyal hareketlilik teorilerinin öngörüleri tartışılmıştır. İngiltere, ABD ve Türkiye’de kuşaklar arası sosyal hareketlilik kalıpları benzerlik arz etmektedir. Her üç ülkede de kuşaklar arası sosyal hareketliliğin baskın karakteri yukarı doğru kısa mesafeli hareketliliktir. Türkiye’de yapısal hareketlilik bir miktar daha yüksekken İngiltere ve ABD’de dolaşım hareketliliği daha yüksektir. Ancak İngiltere ve ABD’de 1980'lerden başlayarak orta düzey işlerin daralması, gelir eşitsizliğinin artması ve düşük ücretli işlerde büyüme gibi nedenlerle sosyal hareketliliğin hızının yavaşlamaya başladığını ve aşağı doğru hareketliliğin yaygınlaştığı tartışması gündemdedir. Türkiye’de gelir eşitsizliği ve eğitim düzeyinin yaygınlaşması ile eğitim yatırımı getirisinin düşmesinin sosyal hareketliliği zorlaştırdığı ileri sürülmektedir. Uluslararası karşılaştırmalı sosyal hareketlilik araştırma sonuçları, dönemin koşullarına göre değişiklik göstermiştir. Bulgular, çeşitli sosyal hareketlilik teorilerinin varsaydığı düzenlilikleri desteklememektedir. Uzun vadeli eğilim, sanayileşmiş ülkelerde yapısal hareketlilikte eğilimsiz dalgalanmalar ve bazı dönemlerde yakınsama, dolaşım hareketliliğinde göreceli istikrar olmuştur.

Project Number

Proje değil

References

  • Aaronson, D., & Mazumder, B. (2008). Intergenerational Economic Mobility in the United States, 1940 to 2000. Journal of Human Resources, 43(1), 139-172.
  • Aral, S. (1980). "Social Mobility in Turkey. Içinde A. Ulusan" & E. Özbudun (Ed.), The political economy of income distribution in Turkey. Holmes [and] Meier.
  • Blau, P. M., & Duncan, O. D. (1967). "The American occupational structure". Wiley.
  • Boddin, D. (2016). The Role of Newly Industrialized Economies in Global Value Chains. IMF Working Papers, Article 2016/207. https://ideas.repec.org//p/imf/imfwpa/2016-207.html
  • Boratav, K. (1995). İstanbul ve Anadolu’dan sınıf profilleri. "Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları".
  • Bourdieu, P., & Passeron, J. C. (1990). Reproduction in education, society and culture (2nd ed. / preface to the 1990 edition by Pierre Bourdieu). SAGE and [Amazon].
  • Breen, R. (Ed.). (2005). Social Mobility in Europe. Oxford University Press.
  • Breen, R., & Rootman, D. (2009). Social Mobility. Içinde J. Manza & M. Sauder (Ed.), Inequality and society: Social science perspectives on social stratification (1st ed). Norton.
  • Bulutay, T., Timur, S., & Ersel, H. (1971). Türkiye’de gelir daǧılımı, 1968 (1. Baskı). Sevinç Matbaasi.
  • Çiçek, A. (2011). Malatya’da meslek yapısı ve sosyal hareketlilik [Doktora Tezi]. İnönü Üniversitesi.
  • Domhoff, G. W. (2006). Who rules America? Power and politics, and social change (5th ed). McGraw-Hill.
  • Erikson, R., & Goldthorpe, J. H. (1987). Commonality and Variation in Social Fluidity in Industrial Nations. Part I: A Model for Evaluating the “FJH Hypothesis”. European Sociological Review, 3(1), 54-77.
  • Erikson, R., & Goldthorpe, J. H. (1992). The constant flux: A study of class mobility in industrial societies. Clarendon Press and Oxford University Press.
  • Erikson, R., & Goldthorpe, J. H. (2001). Trends in Class Mobility: The Post-War European Experience. İçinde Social Stratification, Class, Race, and Gender in Sociological Perspective, Second Edition (2. bs, ss. 344-372). Routledge.
  • Featherman, D. L., & Hauser, R. M. (1978). A Refined Model of Occupational Mobility. İçinde Social Stratification (4. bs). Routledge.
  • Giddens, A. (2000). Sosyoloji. Ayraç Yayınları. İstanbul
  • Goldthorpe, J. H. (2013). "Understanding – and Misunderstanding – Social Mobility in Britain: The Entry of the Economists, the Confusion of Politicians and the Limits of Educational Policy". Journal of Social Policy, 42(3), 431-450. https://doi.org/10.1017/S004727941300024X
  • Goldthorpe, J. H., Llewellyn, C., Payne, C., Goldthorpe, J. H., Llewellyn, C., & Payne, C. (1987). Social Mobility and Class Structure in Modern Britain (Second Edition, Second Edition). Oxford University Press.
  • Gregory, M., Chen, E., & Brody, G. H. (2014, Ocak 4). Can Upward Mobility Cost You Your Health? The New York Times - Opinionator. https://archive.nytimes.com/opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/01/04/can-upward-mobility-cost-you-your-health/
  • Grusky, D. B., & Hauser, R. M. (2001). Comparative Social Mobility Revisited: Models of Convergence and Divergence in 16 Countries. İçinde Social Stratification, Class, Race, and Gender in Sociological Perspective, Second Edition (2. bs). Routledge.
  • Hazır K., I., Çelik, K., & Kalaycıoğlu, S. (2016). Kuşak-içi ve Kuşaklararası Toplumsal Hareketliliğin Yörüngesi: Ankara İli Örneği. Istanbul University Journal of Sociology, 36(1), 175-205. https://doi.org/10.16917/sd.68905
  • Heath, A., & Zhao, Y. (2019). Occupational mobility in developing countries: Conceptual issues and empirical findings (Social mobility in the Global South – concepts, measures, and determinants.) [WIDER Working Paper]. UNU-WIDER. https://doi.org/10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2019/732-3
  • Hertz, T. (2007). Trends in the Intergenerational Elasticity of Family Income in the United States. Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 46(1), 22-50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232X.2007.00456.x
  • Hout, M. (1983). Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences: Mobility Tables. SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412985086
  • Hout, M., & Hauser, R. M. (1992). "Symmetry and hierarchy in social mobility: A methodological analysis of the CASMIN model of class mobility". European Sociological Review, 8(3), 239-266. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.esr.a036640
  • Kalaycıoğlu, S., Kardam, F., Rittersberger-Tılıç, H., Çelik, K., & Türkyılmaz, A. S. (2008). Ankara Kent Merkezinde Toplumsal Tabakalaşma, Hareketlilik ve Sosyo-Ekonomik Statü Araştırması (Araştırma Raporu SOBAG 104 K 039; s. 182). Ortadoğu Teknik Üniversitesi. https://open.metu.edu.tr/handle/11511/49643
  • Karaca, F. (2012). "Toplumsal yapıda görülen kuşaklar arası sosyal hareketlilik": Denizli ili örneği. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 162(162), Article 162. https://doi.org/10.20296/tsad.31803
  • Karakaya, M. F. (2016). "Son Klasik, İlk Modern: Pitirim Aleksanroviç Sorokin ve Toplumsal Hareketlilik. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi", 36(1), Article 1.
  • Kasnakoğlu, Z. T. (1975). Distribution in Turkey: A Study of the Determinants of Male Earnings Differentials in 1968 [Ph.D. thesis]. University of Wisconsin.
  • Kemerlioğlu, E. (1996). Toplumsal tabakalaşma ve hareketlilik. Saray Kitabevleri.
  • Kerbo, H. R. (2006). Social stratification and inequality: Class conflict in historical, comparative, and global perspective (6th ed). McGraw-Hill.
  • Kerr, C. (1983). The Future of Industrial Societies: Convergence Or Continuing Diversity? Harvard University Press.
  • Korkmaz, D. D. A. (2011). Sosyal Hareketlilik: Eğitim ve Mesleğin Sosyal Hareketliliğe Etkisi. Istanbul Journal of Sociological Studies, 31, Article 31.
  • Lipset, S. M., & Bendix, R. (1991). Social Mobility in Industrial Society. Transaction Publishers.
  • Major, L. E., & Machin, S. (2018). Social mobility and its enemies. Pelican, an imprint of Penguin Books.
  • Özcan, Y. Z. (1983a). Social Stratification and Social Mobility in Turkey [Ph.D. thesis]. The University of Chicago.
  • Özcan, Y. Z. (1983b). "The educational status attainment process, maile urban population 1968". Journal of Human Sciences, 2(1), 59-78.
  • Özcan, Y. Z. (1988a). Occupational Attainment Process in Turkey. Journal of Human Sciences, 7(2), 103-132.
  • Özcan, Y. Z. (1988b). Occupational Structure and Social Mobility in Turkey, 1968. METU Studies in Development, 15(1-2), 151-182.
  • Özdemir, C. (2020). Türkiye’de Toplumsal Tabakalaşma ve Hareketliliğin Meslekler Üzerinden Ölçümü. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, Özel Sayı 1 / Supplement 1, Article Özel Sayı 1 / Supplement 1. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2019-0053
  • Parsons, T. (1960). Structure and Process in Modern Societies. Free Press.
  • Rothman, R. A. (2015). Inequality and Stratification: Race, Class, and Gender. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315662794
  • Sernau, S. (2011). Social Inequality in a Global Age (3rd Edition). Pine Forge Press.
  • Solon, G. (1992). Intergenerational Income Mobility in the United States. The American Economic Review, 82(3), 393-408.
  • Sorokin, P. A. (1959). Social and Cultural Mobility. Free Press.
  • Sönmez, A. (2007). The Transformation of Occupational Structure and Chances for Mobility in Turkey in the Context of Studies on Social-Class Mobility. BILIG, 41(41).
  • Sönmez, A. (2020). Yapısallaşmış Toplumsal Eşitsizlikleri Tarif Etme ve Yorumlamada Bir Araç Olarak Toplumsal Hareketlilik Oranlarını Hesaplama Yöntemleri. İnsan ve Toplum, 10(4), 41-75.
  • Şengönül, T. (2007). "Toplumumuzda eğitimin dikey sosyal hareketliliğe etkisi". Sosyoloji Dergisi, 19(1), 171-208. Turner, R. H. (2001). Sponsored and Contest Mobility and the School System. İçinde Social Stratification, Class,
  • Race, and Gender in Sociological Perspective, Second Edition (2. bs). Routledge.
  • Varlıer, O. (1982). Türkiye’de kazanç eşitsizliklerinin nedenleri (1. Baskı). Gazi Üniversitesi.
  • Wilson, W. J. (1996). When Work Disappears. Political Science Quarterly, 111(4), 567-595. https://doi.org/10.2307/2152085
  • Wright, E. O. (1997). Class Counts: Comparative Studies in Class Analysis. Cambridge University Press.
There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Regional Studies
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Kemal Aydın 0000-0002-2013-7085

Hasan Aykut Karaboğa 0000-0001-8877-3267

Nadire Gülçin Yıldız 0000-0002-5852-9658

Hüseyin Özalp 0000-0003-1215-195X

Project Number Proje değil
Publication Date January 30, 2025
Submission Date November 30, 2024
Acceptance Date January 22, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Aydın, K., Karaboğa, H. A., Yıldız, N. G., Özalp, H. (2025). KUŞAKLARARASI SOSYAL HAREKETLİLİK: TEMEL KAVRAMLAR, ÖLÇME YÖNTEMLERİ VE KARŞILAŞTIRMALI SOSYAL HAREKETLİLİK ARAŞTIRMALARI. SDE Akademi, 5(1), 1-50. https://doi.org/10.58375/sde.1593584

SDE AKADEMİ WEB SAYFASI: https://sdeakademidergisi.org/