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ECtHR PILOT JUDGMENT PROCEDURE, THE PRINCIPLE OF SUBSIDIARITY, AND STRUCTURAL JUSTICE

Year 2025, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 137 - 168, 30.01.2025

Abstract

The workload problem of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has been a key issue for the Council of Europe since the 1990s, leading to reforms through additional protocols. Protocol No. 11 aimed to enhance the individual application system and reduce the Court's workload. However, the continued increase in applications revealed its inadequacy, resulting in Protocol No. 14, which also focused on efficiency and workload. In 2010, Protocols No. 15 and 16 introduced further reforms, emphasizing subsidiarity, the margin of appreciation, and fostering dialogue between the Court and national authorities. These developments contributed to the restructuring of the monitoring mechanisms established by the Convention.
The pilot judgment procedure emerged as one of the most notable results of this reform process. Beyond addressing workload issues, it transformed the Court into a mechanism prioritizing structural justice over individual justice. The study explores the historical development, legal basis, and features of this procedure, its philosophical connections to subsidiarity and structural justice, and critiques of its implementation.
Ultimately, the study argues that the pilot judgment procedure is more than a response to the workload crisis. It aims to make the Court a transformative mechanism that provides structural and lasting solutions to human rights issues in member states, aligning with the goals of the Council of Europe and the European Convention on Human Rights.

References

  • Altıparmak, Kerem. (2009), “Kopya Davalar ve Pilot Kararlar: Bir Kararda Bin Adaletsizlik?” 50. Yılında Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi: Başarı mı, Hayal Kırıklığı mı?, Yay. Haz. Kerem Altıparmak, Ankara: Ankara Barosu Yayınları.
  • Assanidze v. Gürcistan, (No. 71503/01). K. 71503/01 (Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi, 8 Nisan 2004), https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-61875 , (01.10.2024)
  • Broniowski v. Polonya, (No. 31443/96). K. 31443/96 (Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi, 28 Eylül 2005), https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-61828 , (01.10.2024).
  • Brumarescu v. Romanya, (No. 28342/95). K. 28342/95 (Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi, 23 Ocak 2001), https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-59159 , (01.10.2024).
  • Burmych ve diğerleri / Ukrayna, (No. 46852/13 et al.). K. 46852/13 et al. (Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi, 12 Ekim 2017), https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-178082 , (01.10.2024).
  • Colandrea, Valerio (2007). “On the Power of the European Court of Human Rights to Order Specific Non-Monetary Measures: Some Remarks in Light of the Assanidze, Broniowski and Sejdovic Cases.” Human Rights Law Review, Vol. 7, No. 2, 396-411.
  • Council of Europe Committee of Ministers. (2000). Recommendation Rec(2000)2 on the re-examination or reopening of certain cases at domestic level following judgments of the European Court of Human Rights, https://rm.coe.int/16805e2f06 , (01.10.2024).
  • Council of Europe Committee of Ministers. (2002). “Recommendation Rec(2002)2 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on Access to Official Documents”, https://search.coe.int/cm/Pages/result_details.aspx?ObjectId=09000016804c6fcc , (01.10.2024).
  • Council of Europe Committee of Ministers. (2004). “Resolution Res(2004)3 of the Committee of Ministers on Judgments Revealing an Underlying Systemic Problem”, https://search.coe.int/cm/Pages/result_details.aspx?ObjectId=09000016805dd190 , (01.10.2024).
  • Council of Europe Committee of Ministers. (2004). “Recommendation Rec(2004)6 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on the Improvement of Domestic Remedies”, https://search.coe.int/cm/Pages/result_details.aspx?ObjectId=09000016805dd18e , (01.10.2024).
  • Council of Europe Committee of Ministers. (2006). Report of the Group of Wise Persons to the Committee of Ministers CM(2006)203, https://search.coe.int/cm?i=09000016805d7893 , (01.10.2024).
  • Council of Europe. (2010). High Level Conference on the Future of the European Court of Human Rights - Interlaken Declaration.
  • Council of Europe. (2012). High Level Conference on the Future of the European Court of Human Rights - Brighton Declaration.
  • Council of Europe. (2015). High-Level Conference on the ‘Implementation of the European Convention on Human Rights, Our Shared Responsibility’ - Brussels Declaration.
  • Council of Europe. (2017). Annual Report 2017 of the European Court of Human Rights, https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/annual_report_2017_eng , (01.10.2024).
  • Çakmak, U. Ramazan (2021). “İkincillik İlkesi Çerçevesinde Türkiye’de İnsan Hakları Tazminat Komisyonu.” Terazi Hukuk Dergisi, Cilt 16, Sayı 177, 29-56.
  • Değirmencioğlu, Burcu. (2024). “AİHM Esas Denetiminde Kullanılan Özel Bir Metot Olarak ‘Pilot Karar Usulü’ ve Türk Anayasa Yargısı Özelinde Değerlendirilmesi.” Kırıkkale Hukuk Mecmuası, Cilt 4, Sayı 2, 785-827. “Dialogue between judges, European Court of Human Rights, Council of Europe.” (2005), https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/dialogue_2005_eng , (01.10.2024).
  • Ergül, Ergin. (2024). İnsan Hakları Hukuku Dersleri, Ankara: Adalet Yayınevi. European Court of Human Rights. (2003). Position Paper on Proposals for Reform of the European Convention on Human Rights and Other Measures as Set Out in the Report of the Steering Committee for Human Rights of 4 April 2003 (CDDH(2003)006 Final).
  • European Court of Human Rights. (2007). Opinion of the Court on the Wise Persons’ Report, https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/2007_wise_Person_Opinion_ENG.pdf , (01.10.2024).
  • European Court of Human Rights. (2011). Press Release - New Rule Introduced Concerning Handling of Systemic and Structural Human Rights Violations in Europe. Registrar of the Court, https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng-press?i=003-7324607-9992958 , (01.10.2024).
  • European Court of Human Rights. (2023). Factsheet - Pilot Judgments, https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/FS_Pilot_judgments_ENG.pdf , (01.10.2024).
  • Explanatory Report to Protocol No. 11 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Restructuring the Control Machinery Established Thereby. (1994). European Treaty Series - No. 155. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
  • Explanatory Report to Protocol No. 14 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Amending the Control System of the Convention. (2004). Council of Europe Treaty Series. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
  • Galtung, Johan. (1969). “Violence, Peace, and Peace Research.” Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 6, No. 3, 167-191.
  • Geçit, Bekir. (2022). İnsan Hakları Nedir?, İstanbul: Çizgi Kitabevi.
  • Glas, Lize R. (2016). “The Functioning of the Pilot-Judgment Procedure of the European Court of Human Rights in Practice.” Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, Vol. 34, No. 1, 41-70.
  • Haider, Dominik. (2013). The Pilot-Judgment Procedure of the European Court of Human Rights. Leiden: Brill | Nijhoff.
  • Helfer, Laurence R. (2008). “Redesigning the European Court of Human Rights: Embeddedness as a Deep Structural Principle of the European Human Rights Regime.” European Journal of International Law, Vol. 19, No. 1, 125-159.
  • Karakul, Selman. (2018). “Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi’nin Kendi Kararlarının Yerine Getirilmesindeki Rolü.” İstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 5, Sayı 2, 125-156.
  • Köküsarı, İsmail. (2019). “Anayasa Mahkemesi ve Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi Kararlarında Pilot Karar Uygulaması.” Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 23, Sayı 3-4, 181-243.
  • Kurban, Dilek. (2016). “Forsaking Individual Justice: The Implications of the European Court of Human Rights’ Pilot Judgment Procedure for Victims of Gross and Systematic Violations.” Human Rights Law Review, Vol. 16, No. 4, 731-769.
  • Meriç, Emre Oğuz. (2021). “İnsan Hakları İhlallerinin Önlenmesinde Pilot Kararların Usuli Açıdan Etkililiği.” Dicle Akademi Dergisi, Cilt 1, Sayı 2, 29-56.
  • Oduncu, Leyla Nur. (2021). “Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi Pilot Karar Usulü.” İnsan Hakları Yıllığı, Cilt 38, 83-121.
  • Papamichalopoulos ve diğerleri v. Yunanistan, (No. 14556/89). K. 14556/89 (Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi, 31 Ekim 1995), https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-57961 , (01.10.2024).
  • Sadurski, Wojciech. (2009). “Partnering with Strasbourg: Constitutionalisation of the European Court of Human Rights, the Accession of Central and East European States to the Council of Europe, and the Idea of Pilot Judgments.” Human Rights Law Review, Vol. 9, No. 3, 397-453.
  • Steering Committee for Human Rights. (2009). Reforming the European Convention on Human Rights - A Work in Progress. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing.

AİHM PİLOT KARAR USULÜ, İKİNCİLLİK PRENSİBİ VE YAPISAL ADALET

Year 2025, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 137 - 168, 30.01.2025

Abstract

Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesinin iş yükü problemi, Avrupa Konseyi tarafından 1990'lı yıllardan itibaren gündeme alınmış ve Sözleşmeye ek protokoller eklenmesi ile gelişen reform sürecinin temel meselelerinden biri olmuştur. Bu kapsamda ilk olarak 11. Protokol, bireysel başvuru sistemini daha etkili kılmak ve Mahkemenin iş yükünü azaltmak amacıyla devreye alınmıştır. Ancak başvuruların hızla artmaya devam etmesi mevcut mekanizmaların yetersizliği olarak görülmüş ve 14. Protokol ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu protokolün de gündemi verimlilik ve iş yükü problemiydi. 2010 yılında başlayan ikinci reform sürecinde ise 15. ve 16. Protokoller ortaya çıkmıştır. 15. Protokol ikincillik ilkesini ve takdir marjını vurgularken, 16. Protokol AİHM ile ulusal otoriteler arasındaki diyaloğun geliştirilmesine odaklanmıştır. Tüm bu gelişmeler, Sözleşmenin oluşturduğu denetim mekanizmalarının yeniden yapılandırılmasına katkı sağlamıştır. Reform sürecinin en dikkat çekici sonuçlarından birisi pilot karar usulüdür. Usul yalnızca iş yükü sorununa bir çözüm getirmekle kalmamış, aynı zamanda Mahkemenin bireysel adalet yerine yapısal adaletin tesisine odaklanan bir mekanizma haline gelmesine olanak sağlamıştır. Çalışmanın ilk kısmında pilot karar usulünün tarihsel gelişimi, hukuki dayanakları ve temel özellikleri ele alınmıştır. İkinci kısımda ise usulün temel felsefesini ortaya koymak adına ikincillik ilkesi ve yapısal adalet kavramlarıyla ilişkisi incelenmiştir. Son kısımda ise, kısaca, usulün uygulanmasına getirilen eleştiriler değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmanın nihai iddiası usulü AİHM’in iş yükü krizine çözüm sunan bir prosedürden daha fazlası olarak görmek gerektiğidir. Usulün bir amacı da Mahkemenin bir temyiz mercii değil, Avrupa Konseyinin ve Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesinin amaçları doğrultusunda taraf devlet ülkelerinde insan hakları sorunlarına yapısal ve kalıcı çözümler getiren dönüştürücü bir kontrol ve denetim mekanizması olmasına katkı sağlamaktır.

References

  • Altıparmak, Kerem. (2009), “Kopya Davalar ve Pilot Kararlar: Bir Kararda Bin Adaletsizlik?” 50. Yılında Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi: Başarı mı, Hayal Kırıklığı mı?, Yay. Haz. Kerem Altıparmak, Ankara: Ankara Barosu Yayınları.
  • Assanidze v. Gürcistan, (No. 71503/01). K. 71503/01 (Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi, 8 Nisan 2004), https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-61875 , (01.10.2024)
  • Broniowski v. Polonya, (No. 31443/96). K. 31443/96 (Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi, 28 Eylül 2005), https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-61828 , (01.10.2024).
  • Brumarescu v. Romanya, (No. 28342/95). K. 28342/95 (Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi, 23 Ocak 2001), https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-59159 , (01.10.2024).
  • Burmych ve diğerleri / Ukrayna, (No. 46852/13 et al.). K. 46852/13 et al. (Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi, 12 Ekim 2017), https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-178082 , (01.10.2024).
  • Colandrea, Valerio (2007). “On the Power of the European Court of Human Rights to Order Specific Non-Monetary Measures: Some Remarks in Light of the Assanidze, Broniowski and Sejdovic Cases.” Human Rights Law Review, Vol. 7, No. 2, 396-411.
  • Council of Europe Committee of Ministers. (2000). Recommendation Rec(2000)2 on the re-examination or reopening of certain cases at domestic level following judgments of the European Court of Human Rights, https://rm.coe.int/16805e2f06 , (01.10.2024).
  • Council of Europe Committee of Ministers. (2002). “Recommendation Rec(2002)2 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on Access to Official Documents”, https://search.coe.int/cm/Pages/result_details.aspx?ObjectId=09000016804c6fcc , (01.10.2024).
  • Council of Europe Committee of Ministers. (2004). “Resolution Res(2004)3 of the Committee of Ministers on Judgments Revealing an Underlying Systemic Problem”, https://search.coe.int/cm/Pages/result_details.aspx?ObjectId=09000016805dd190 , (01.10.2024).
  • Council of Europe Committee of Ministers. (2004). “Recommendation Rec(2004)6 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on the Improvement of Domestic Remedies”, https://search.coe.int/cm/Pages/result_details.aspx?ObjectId=09000016805dd18e , (01.10.2024).
  • Council of Europe Committee of Ministers. (2006). Report of the Group of Wise Persons to the Committee of Ministers CM(2006)203, https://search.coe.int/cm?i=09000016805d7893 , (01.10.2024).
  • Council of Europe. (2010). High Level Conference on the Future of the European Court of Human Rights - Interlaken Declaration.
  • Council of Europe. (2012). High Level Conference on the Future of the European Court of Human Rights - Brighton Declaration.
  • Council of Europe. (2015). High-Level Conference on the ‘Implementation of the European Convention on Human Rights, Our Shared Responsibility’ - Brussels Declaration.
  • Council of Europe. (2017). Annual Report 2017 of the European Court of Human Rights, https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/annual_report_2017_eng , (01.10.2024).
  • Çakmak, U. Ramazan (2021). “İkincillik İlkesi Çerçevesinde Türkiye’de İnsan Hakları Tazminat Komisyonu.” Terazi Hukuk Dergisi, Cilt 16, Sayı 177, 29-56.
  • Değirmencioğlu, Burcu. (2024). “AİHM Esas Denetiminde Kullanılan Özel Bir Metot Olarak ‘Pilot Karar Usulü’ ve Türk Anayasa Yargısı Özelinde Değerlendirilmesi.” Kırıkkale Hukuk Mecmuası, Cilt 4, Sayı 2, 785-827. “Dialogue between judges, European Court of Human Rights, Council of Europe.” (2005), https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/dialogue_2005_eng , (01.10.2024).
  • Ergül, Ergin. (2024). İnsan Hakları Hukuku Dersleri, Ankara: Adalet Yayınevi. European Court of Human Rights. (2003). Position Paper on Proposals for Reform of the European Convention on Human Rights and Other Measures as Set Out in the Report of the Steering Committee for Human Rights of 4 April 2003 (CDDH(2003)006 Final).
  • European Court of Human Rights. (2007). Opinion of the Court on the Wise Persons’ Report, https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/2007_wise_Person_Opinion_ENG.pdf , (01.10.2024).
  • European Court of Human Rights. (2011). Press Release - New Rule Introduced Concerning Handling of Systemic and Structural Human Rights Violations in Europe. Registrar of the Court, https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng-press?i=003-7324607-9992958 , (01.10.2024).
  • European Court of Human Rights. (2023). Factsheet - Pilot Judgments, https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/FS_Pilot_judgments_ENG.pdf , (01.10.2024).
  • Explanatory Report to Protocol No. 11 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Restructuring the Control Machinery Established Thereby. (1994). European Treaty Series - No. 155. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
  • Explanatory Report to Protocol No. 14 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Amending the Control System of the Convention. (2004). Council of Europe Treaty Series. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
  • Galtung, Johan. (1969). “Violence, Peace, and Peace Research.” Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 6, No. 3, 167-191.
  • Geçit, Bekir. (2022). İnsan Hakları Nedir?, İstanbul: Çizgi Kitabevi.
  • Glas, Lize R. (2016). “The Functioning of the Pilot-Judgment Procedure of the European Court of Human Rights in Practice.” Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, Vol. 34, No. 1, 41-70.
  • Haider, Dominik. (2013). The Pilot-Judgment Procedure of the European Court of Human Rights. Leiden: Brill | Nijhoff.
  • Helfer, Laurence R. (2008). “Redesigning the European Court of Human Rights: Embeddedness as a Deep Structural Principle of the European Human Rights Regime.” European Journal of International Law, Vol. 19, No. 1, 125-159.
  • Karakul, Selman. (2018). “Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi’nin Kendi Kararlarının Yerine Getirilmesindeki Rolü.” İstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 5, Sayı 2, 125-156.
  • Köküsarı, İsmail. (2019). “Anayasa Mahkemesi ve Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi Kararlarında Pilot Karar Uygulaması.” Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 23, Sayı 3-4, 181-243.
  • Kurban, Dilek. (2016). “Forsaking Individual Justice: The Implications of the European Court of Human Rights’ Pilot Judgment Procedure for Victims of Gross and Systematic Violations.” Human Rights Law Review, Vol. 16, No. 4, 731-769.
  • Meriç, Emre Oğuz. (2021). “İnsan Hakları İhlallerinin Önlenmesinde Pilot Kararların Usuli Açıdan Etkililiği.” Dicle Akademi Dergisi, Cilt 1, Sayı 2, 29-56.
  • Oduncu, Leyla Nur. (2021). “Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi Pilot Karar Usulü.” İnsan Hakları Yıllığı, Cilt 38, 83-121.
  • Papamichalopoulos ve diğerleri v. Yunanistan, (No. 14556/89). K. 14556/89 (Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi, 31 Ekim 1995), https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-57961 , (01.10.2024).
  • Sadurski, Wojciech. (2009). “Partnering with Strasbourg: Constitutionalisation of the European Court of Human Rights, the Accession of Central and East European States to the Council of Europe, and the Idea of Pilot Judgments.” Human Rights Law Review, Vol. 9, No. 3, 397-453.
  • Steering Committee for Human Rights. (2009). Reforming the European Convention on Human Rights - A Work in Progress. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects International Law
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Nurullah Yusuf Ergür 0000-0002-1364-4732

Publication Date January 30, 2025
Submission Date December 21, 2024
Acceptance Date January 20, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Ergür, N. Y. (2025). AİHM PİLOT KARAR USULÜ, İKİNCİLLİK PRENSİBİ VE YAPISAL ADALET. SDE Akademi, 5(1), 137-168. https://doi.org/10.58375/sde.1605298

SDE AKADEMİ WEB SAYFASI: https://sdeakademidergisi.org/