Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy for the USA Consumption Stationarity Test for the USA: Evidence from Fourier Tests

Abstract

Energy is a driving force for economic activity and industrial development. Researching the stationarity of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption together has become an important research branch in energy economics. There are not many studies in the literature investigating whether shocks to renewable and non- renewable energy consumption have temporary or permanent effects. In this context, in this study, it is desired to test the stationarity of renewable (Nuclear electricity, Hydroelectric power consumption, Geothermal Energy and Biomass Energy) and non-renewable (Coal, Natural Gas, Oil) energy consumption for the USA. For this purpose, Fourier-based unit root tests, which were brought to the literature by Christopoulos and Leon-Ledesma (2010), were used. Annual data on renewable and non-renewable energy consumption covering the period 1960-2020 were obtained from the official database of the US Energy Information Administration (EIA). According to the results obtained, it has been found that both renewable and non-renewable energy consumption of the USA is not stationary. For the test, which only takes into account the nonlinearity, it is seen that the oil consumption is stationary at the %10 level.

Keywords

• Renewable Energy
• Non-Renewable Energy
• Fourier Function
• FADF
• FKSS

ABD için Yenilenebilir ve Yenilenemez Enerji Tüketimi Durağanlık Sınaması: Fourier Testlerden Kanıtlar

Abstract

Enerji, ekonomik faaliyet ve endüstriyel gelişme için itici bir güçtür. Yenilenebilir ve yenilenemez enerji tüketiminin durağanlığının birlikte araştırılması, enerji ekonomisinde önemli bir araştırma dalı haline gelmiştir. Yenilenebilir ve yenilenemez enerji tüketimine yönelik şokların geçici veya kalıcı etkileri olup olmadığını birlikte araştıran çalışma ise literatürde çok fazla bulunmamaktadır. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışmada ABD için yenilenebilir (Nükleer elektrik, Hidroelektrik güç tüketimi, Jeotermal Enerji ve Biyokütle Enerjisi) ve yenilenemez (Kömür, Doğal Gaz, Petrol) enerji tüketiminin durağanlığı sınanmak istenmektedir. Bu amaçla Christopoulos ve Leon- Ledesma (2010) tarafından literatüre kazandırılan Fourier temelli birim kök testleri kullanılmıştır. 1960-2020 dönemini kapsayan yenilenebilir ve yenilenemez enerji tüketimi yıllık verilerine ABD Enerji Bilgi İdaresi (EIA) resmi veri tabanından ulaşılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre ABD’nin hem yenilenebilir hem de yenilenemeyen enerji tüketiminin durağan olmadığı bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır. Sadece doğrusal olmama durumunu dikkate alan test için petrol tüketiminin %10 düzeyinde durağan olduğu görülmektedir.

Keywords

• Yenilenebilir Enerji
• Yenilenemez Enerji
• Fourier Foksiyon
• FADF
• FKSS

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