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Ekonomik Büyümenin Sürdürülebilirliği, Eğitim ve Verimlilik İlişkisi: G-20 Ülkeleri Üzerinde Bir Uygulama 1992-2014

Year 2016, Volume: 4 Issue: 4, 171 - 193, 01.10.2016

Abstract

İktisadi büyüme teorilerinin beşeri sermaye konusunda gösterdiği gelişimle birlikte son yıllarda ekonomik büyümenin kaynağı açısından gelişmekte olan ülkelerde fiziksel sermaye birikiminin öne çıktığı, gelişmiş ülkelerde ise temelinde eğitim olan beşeri sermaye odaklı büyüme stratejilerinin ağırlık kazandığı görülmektedir. Bu açıdan ülke ekonomilerinde uzun dönemli ve sürdürülebilir büyümeyi gerçekleştiren asıl dinamiklerden birinin beşeri sermaye olduğu, beşeri sermayeyi etkileyen faktörlerin başında ise eğitimin geldiği yakın dönemli büyüme çalışmalarında sıklıkla dile getirilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, eğitim-ekonomik büyüme ilişkileri yeni ve kapsamlı değişkenlerle gelişmişlik düzeylerine göre gelişmiş G-9 ve gelişmekte olan G-10 olarak gruplandırılan G-20 ülkeleri üzerinde verimlilik temelinde incelenmektedir. Bu yönüyle çalışmada, G-9 ve G-10 ülke gruplarında niceliksel/niteliksel eğitim göstergelerin kısmi ve toplam faktör verimliliği üzerindeki etkileri 1992-2014 dönemi için yeni nesil panel veri analizi metodolojisi ile ekonometrik olarak araştırılmaktadır. Çalışma sonucunda, inceleme döneminde eğitim ile verimlilik arasındaki ilişkilerin G-9 grubunda güçlü olduğu, buna karşılık G-10 grubunda nispeten zayıf kaldığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bununla birlikte çalışmada, örneklem döneminde G-10 ve G-9 grubunda yer alan ülkelerin, uzun dönemli ekonomik büyüme performanslarının sürdürülebilirliği açısından farklılaşmalarında eğitimin hem nicelik hem de nitelik boyutuyla önemli bir etkiye sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir.

References

  • Agiomirgianakis, George, Dimitrios Asteriou and Vassilis Monastiriotis (2002), “Human Capital and Economic Growth Revisited: A Dynamic Panel Data Study”, International Advances in Economic Research, 8(3), p.177-187.
  • Barro, Robert J. (1991), “Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(2), p.407-43.
  • Barro, Robert J. (1999), “Education and Economic Growth”, http://www.oecd.org/innovation/research/1825455.pdf,(10.08.2015).
  • Barro, Robert J. (2001), “Human Capital and Growth”, American Economic Review, 91(2), p.12-17.
  • Barro, Robert J. and Lee, Jong Wha (2010), “A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in The World, 1950-2010”, NBER Working Paper Series, National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper No: 15902. http: //www.nber.org/papers/w15902.
  • Benhabib, Jess and Mark M. Spiegel (1994), “The Role of Human Capital in Economic Development Evidence from Aggregate Cross-Country Data”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 34, p.143-173.
  • Blankenau, William F., Nicole B. Simpson and Marc Tomljanovich (2007), “Public Education Expenditures, Taxation, and Growth: Linking Data to Theory”, American Economic Review, 97, p.393-397.
  • Cohen, Daniel and Marcelo Soto (2007), “Growth and Human Capital: Good Data, Good Results”, Journal of Economic Growth, 12(1), p.51-76.
  • Cooray, Arusha V. (2009), “The Role of Education in Economic Growth”, University of Wollongong Research Online, Proceedings of the 2009 Australian Conference of Economists, 1-27. Online: http: //ro.uow.edu.au/commpapers/694, (15.07.2015).
  • Denison, Edward F. (1962), The Sources of Economic Growth in The USA and Alternatives Before Us. Committe for Economic Development, NewYork.
  • Denison, Edward F. (1967),Why Growth Rates Differ: Post War Experience in Nine Western Countries. The Brookings Institution, Washington DC.
  • Ersoy, Açıkgöz Bernur ve Mine Yılmazer (2007), “Beşeri Sermayeyi İçselleştiren Büyüme Modellerinde Kamu Eğitim Harcamalarının Rolü: Panel Eşbütünleşme Analizi”, Marmara Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 23(2), s.389-410.
  • Göçer, İsmet, Mehmet Mercan ve Hakan Hotunluoğlu (2012), Seçilmiş OECD Ülkelerinde Cari İşlemler Açığının Sürdürülebilirliği: Yatay Kesit Bağımlılığı Altında Çoklu Yapısal Kırılmalı Panel Veri Analizi, Maliye Dergisi, 163, s.449-470.
  • Hanushek, Eric A., and Ludger Wößmann (2007), “The Role of Education Quality in Economic Growth”, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, WP No: 4122.
  • Hicks, Norman (1980), “Economic Growth and Human Resources”, Washington DC: World Bank Staff Working Paper, No: 408, 1-37.
  • İzmen, Ümit, Alpay Filiztekin ve Kamil Yılmaz (2005), Türkiye’de Büyüme Perspektifleri Makroekonomik Çerçeve Dinamikler/ Strateji, Tüsiad Büyüme Stratejileri Dizisi No: 1, Yayın No. TÜSİAD-T/2005- 06/398).
  • Keller, Katarina R. I. (2006), “Investment in Primary, Secondary, and Higher Education and the Effects on Economic Growth”, Contemporary Economic Policy, 24(1), p.18-34.
  • Lau, J. Lawrence., Dean T. Jamison and Frederic F. Louat (1991), “Education and Productivity in Developing Countries”, World Bank Working Paper Series, No: 612.
  • Lee, Doo Won and Tong H. Lee (1995), “Human Capital and Economic Growth. Tests Based on The International Evaluation of Education Achievement”, Economics Letters, 47, p.219-25.
  • Levine, Ross and David Renelt (1992), “A Sensitivity Analysis of Cross- Country Growth Regressions”, The American Economic Review. 82(4), p.942-963.
  • Mankiw, N. Gregory, David Romer and David N. Weil (1992), “A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107, p.407-437.
  • Mark, Nelson. C., Masao Ogaki and Donggyu Sul (2005), “Dynamic Seemingly Unrelated Cointegrating Regressions”, Review of Economic Studies, 72, p.797-820.
  • Mehrara, Mohsen and Maysam Musai (2013), “The Relationship Between Economic Growth and Human Capital in Developing Countries”, International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, 5(55), p.55- 62.
  • Mosino, Alejandro (2002), Education, Human Capital Accumulation and Economic Growth, Master of Sciences in Economics, Lausanne University of Lausanne Hec-Department of Econometrics and Political Economics, Lausanne.
  • Nazlıoğlu, Şaban (2010), Makro İktisat Politikalarının Tarım Sektörü Üzerindeki Etkileri: Gelişmiş ve Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler İçin Bir Karşılaştırma, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Erciyes Üniversitesi/ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kayseri.
  • Permani, R. (2008), “Education as a Determinant of Economic Growth in East Asia: Historical Trends and Empiricial Evidences (1965- 2000)”, The Asia-Pacific Economic and Business History Conference, 13-15 February 2008. University of Melbourne.
  • Pesaran, M. Hashem (2007), A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in The Presence of Cross‐Section Dependence, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), p.265-312.
  • Pesaran, M. Hashem and Takashi Yamagata (2008), “Testing Slope Homogeneity in Large Panels”, Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), p.50-93.
  • Pesaran, M. Hashem., Aman Ullah and Takashi Yamagata (2008), A Bias‐ Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross‐Section Independence, The Econometrics Journal, 11(1), p.105-127.
  • Rodrik, Dani (2009), Tek Ekonomi Çok Reçete Küreselleşme, Kurumlar ve Ekonomik Büyüme, Çeviren (Neşenur Domaniç) Efil Yayınevi, 1.Basım, Ankara.
  • Romer, M. Paul (1989), Human Capital and Growth: Theory and Evidence, NBER Working Paper Series, National Bureau of Economic Research, WP No: 3173.
  • Saygılı, Şeref, Cengiz Cihan ve Zafer A. Yavan (2006), Eğitim ve Sürdürülebilir Büyüme Türkiye Deneyimi, Riskler ve Fırsatlar, TÜSİAD Büyüme Stratejileri Dizisi No: 7, Yayın No: TÜSİAD- T/2006-06-420.
  • Saygılı, Şeref, Cihan Cengiz ve Hasan Yurtoğlu (2005), Türkiye Ekonomisinde Sermaye Birikimi, Verimlilik ve Büyüme (1972-2003) Uluslararası Karşılaştırma ve AB’ye Yakınsama Süreci (2014), TÜSİAD Büyüme Stratejileri Dizisi No: 6, Yayın No. TÜSİAD- T/2005-12/413).
  • Serdaroğlu, Tuncay (2013), Türkiye’de Finansal Açıklık ve Toplam Faktör Verimliliği, Uzmanlık Tezi, T.C. Kalkınma Bakanlığı, Ekonomik Modeller ve Staratejik Araştırmalar Genel Müdürlüğü.
  • Suri, Tavneet, Michael A. Boozer, Gustav Ranis and Frances Stewart (2011), “Paths to Success: The Relationship Between Human Development and Economic Growth”, World Development, 39(4), p.506-522.
  • Tarı, R. (2010), Ekonometri, Umuttepe Yayınları, 6. Baskı, Kocaeli.
  • Tatoğlu, Ferda Y. (2012), Panel Veri Ekonometrisi-Stata Uygulamalı, Beta Basım Yayım, İstanbul.
  • Tatoğlu, Ferda Y. (2013), İleri Panel Veri Analizi-Stata Uygulamalı, Beta Basım Yayım, 2. Baskı, İstanbul.
  • Westerlund, Joakim (2008), “Panel Cointegration Tests of the Fisher Effect”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 23(2), p.193-233.
  • Wolff, Edward N. (2000), “Human Capital Investment and Economic Growth: Exploring The Cross-Country Evidence”, Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 11, p.433-472.
  • Wolff, Edward N. (2001), “The Role of Education in The Postwar Productivity Convergence Among OECD Countries”, Industrial and Corporate Change, 10(3), p.735-759.
  • Yalçınkaya, Ömer (2015), Sürdürülebilir Büyüme Bağlamında Eğitim Ulusal ve Uluslararası Bir Değerlendirme, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Erzurum.
  • Yardımcıoğlu, Fatih, Temel Gürdal ve Mehmet E. Altundemir (2014), “Education and Economic Growth: A Panel Cointegration Approach in OECD Countries (1980-2008)”, Education and Science, 39(173), p.1-12.

Sustainability of Economic Growth, Education and Its Relation to Productivity: An Application on G-20 Countries 1992-2014

Year 2016, Volume: 4 Issue: 4, 171 - 193, 01.10.2016

Abstract

Together with the development to be shown on human capital of the economic growth theories, in terms of sources of economic growth it is seen in recent years that physical capital accumulation come forward in developing countries, human capital-oriented growth strategies which is on the basis of education has gained weight in developed countries as well. From this respect, it is expressed frequently that one of the main dynamics to be realized long-term and sustainable growth in the country’s economy is human capital and at the beginning of the factors to be affected human capital come from education in the near-term growth studies. In this study, it is examined that education-economic growth relationships on G-20 countries categorized as developed G-9 and the developing G-10 according to the development level, on the basis of efficiency with new and extensive variables. In the study this aspect, effects on the partial and total factor productivity of quantitative/qualitative education indicators in the G-9 and G-10 country groups has been investigated as econometric with a new generation of panel data analysis methodology for the period 1994-2014. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the relationships between education and productivity were strong in the G-9 group, in contrast that was remained relatively weak in the G-10 group in the review period. However, in the study it was determined that the differentiation in terms of sustainability of long-term economic growth performance countries in G-10 and G-9 the group during the sampling period has a significant effect the size of both quality and quantity of education

References

  • Agiomirgianakis, George, Dimitrios Asteriou and Vassilis Monastiriotis (2002), “Human Capital and Economic Growth Revisited: A Dynamic Panel Data Study”, International Advances in Economic Research, 8(3), p.177-187.
  • Barro, Robert J. (1991), “Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(2), p.407-43.
  • Barro, Robert J. (1999), “Education and Economic Growth”, http://www.oecd.org/innovation/research/1825455.pdf,(10.08.2015).
  • Barro, Robert J. (2001), “Human Capital and Growth”, American Economic Review, 91(2), p.12-17.
  • Barro, Robert J. and Lee, Jong Wha (2010), “A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in The World, 1950-2010”, NBER Working Paper Series, National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper No: 15902. http: //www.nber.org/papers/w15902.
  • Benhabib, Jess and Mark M. Spiegel (1994), “The Role of Human Capital in Economic Development Evidence from Aggregate Cross-Country Data”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 34, p.143-173.
  • Blankenau, William F., Nicole B. Simpson and Marc Tomljanovich (2007), “Public Education Expenditures, Taxation, and Growth: Linking Data to Theory”, American Economic Review, 97, p.393-397.
  • Cohen, Daniel and Marcelo Soto (2007), “Growth and Human Capital: Good Data, Good Results”, Journal of Economic Growth, 12(1), p.51-76.
  • Cooray, Arusha V. (2009), “The Role of Education in Economic Growth”, University of Wollongong Research Online, Proceedings of the 2009 Australian Conference of Economists, 1-27. Online: http: //ro.uow.edu.au/commpapers/694, (15.07.2015).
  • Denison, Edward F. (1962), The Sources of Economic Growth in The USA and Alternatives Before Us. Committe for Economic Development, NewYork.
  • Denison, Edward F. (1967),Why Growth Rates Differ: Post War Experience in Nine Western Countries. The Brookings Institution, Washington DC.
  • Ersoy, Açıkgöz Bernur ve Mine Yılmazer (2007), “Beşeri Sermayeyi İçselleştiren Büyüme Modellerinde Kamu Eğitim Harcamalarının Rolü: Panel Eşbütünleşme Analizi”, Marmara Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 23(2), s.389-410.
  • Göçer, İsmet, Mehmet Mercan ve Hakan Hotunluoğlu (2012), Seçilmiş OECD Ülkelerinde Cari İşlemler Açığının Sürdürülebilirliği: Yatay Kesit Bağımlılığı Altında Çoklu Yapısal Kırılmalı Panel Veri Analizi, Maliye Dergisi, 163, s.449-470.
  • Hanushek, Eric A., and Ludger Wößmann (2007), “The Role of Education Quality in Economic Growth”, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, WP No: 4122.
  • Hicks, Norman (1980), “Economic Growth and Human Resources”, Washington DC: World Bank Staff Working Paper, No: 408, 1-37.
  • İzmen, Ümit, Alpay Filiztekin ve Kamil Yılmaz (2005), Türkiye’de Büyüme Perspektifleri Makroekonomik Çerçeve Dinamikler/ Strateji, Tüsiad Büyüme Stratejileri Dizisi No: 1, Yayın No. TÜSİAD-T/2005- 06/398).
  • Keller, Katarina R. I. (2006), “Investment in Primary, Secondary, and Higher Education and the Effects on Economic Growth”, Contemporary Economic Policy, 24(1), p.18-34.
  • Lau, J. Lawrence., Dean T. Jamison and Frederic F. Louat (1991), “Education and Productivity in Developing Countries”, World Bank Working Paper Series, No: 612.
  • Lee, Doo Won and Tong H. Lee (1995), “Human Capital and Economic Growth. Tests Based on The International Evaluation of Education Achievement”, Economics Letters, 47, p.219-25.
  • Levine, Ross and David Renelt (1992), “A Sensitivity Analysis of Cross- Country Growth Regressions”, The American Economic Review. 82(4), p.942-963.
  • Mankiw, N. Gregory, David Romer and David N. Weil (1992), “A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107, p.407-437.
  • Mark, Nelson. C., Masao Ogaki and Donggyu Sul (2005), “Dynamic Seemingly Unrelated Cointegrating Regressions”, Review of Economic Studies, 72, p.797-820.
  • Mehrara, Mohsen and Maysam Musai (2013), “The Relationship Between Economic Growth and Human Capital in Developing Countries”, International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, 5(55), p.55- 62.
  • Mosino, Alejandro (2002), Education, Human Capital Accumulation and Economic Growth, Master of Sciences in Economics, Lausanne University of Lausanne Hec-Department of Econometrics and Political Economics, Lausanne.
  • Nazlıoğlu, Şaban (2010), Makro İktisat Politikalarının Tarım Sektörü Üzerindeki Etkileri: Gelişmiş ve Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler İçin Bir Karşılaştırma, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Erciyes Üniversitesi/ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kayseri.
  • Permani, R. (2008), “Education as a Determinant of Economic Growth in East Asia: Historical Trends and Empiricial Evidences (1965- 2000)”, The Asia-Pacific Economic and Business History Conference, 13-15 February 2008. University of Melbourne.
  • Pesaran, M. Hashem (2007), A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in The Presence of Cross‐Section Dependence, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), p.265-312.
  • Pesaran, M. Hashem and Takashi Yamagata (2008), “Testing Slope Homogeneity in Large Panels”, Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), p.50-93.
  • Pesaran, M. Hashem., Aman Ullah and Takashi Yamagata (2008), A Bias‐ Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross‐Section Independence, The Econometrics Journal, 11(1), p.105-127.
  • Rodrik, Dani (2009), Tek Ekonomi Çok Reçete Küreselleşme, Kurumlar ve Ekonomik Büyüme, Çeviren (Neşenur Domaniç) Efil Yayınevi, 1.Basım, Ankara.
  • Romer, M. Paul (1989), Human Capital and Growth: Theory and Evidence, NBER Working Paper Series, National Bureau of Economic Research, WP No: 3173.
  • Saygılı, Şeref, Cengiz Cihan ve Zafer A. Yavan (2006), Eğitim ve Sürdürülebilir Büyüme Türkiye Deneyimi, Riskler ve Fırsatlar, TÜSİAD Büyüme Stratejileri Dizisi No: 7, Yayın No: TÜSİAD- T/2006-06-420.
  • Saygılı, Şeref, Cihan Cengiz ve Hasan Yurtoğlu (2005), Türkiye Ekonomisinde Sermaye Birikimi, Verimlilik ve Büyüme (1972-2003) Uluslararası Karşılaştırma ve AB’ye Yakınsama Süreci (2014), TÜSİAD Büyüme Stratejileri Dizisi No: 6, Yayın No. TÜSİAD- T/2005-12/413).
  • Serdaroğlu, Tuncay (2013), Türkiye’de Finansal Açıklık ve Toplam Faktör Verimliliği, Uzmanlık Tezi, T.C. Kalkınma Bakanlığı, Ekonomik Modeller ve Staratejik Araştırmalar Genel Müdürlüğü.
  • Suri, Tavneet, Michael A. Boozer, Gustav Ranis and Frances Stewart (2011), “Paths to Success: The Relationship Between Human Development and Economic Growth”, World Development, 39(4), p.506-522.
  • Tarı, R. (2010), Ekonometri, Umuttepe Yayınları, 6. Baskı, Kocaeli.
  • Tatoğlu, Ferda Y. (2012), Panel Veri Ekonometrisi-Stata Uygulamalı, Beta Basım Yayım, İstanbul.
  • Tatoğlu, Ferda Y. (2013), İleri Panel Veri Analizi-Stata Uygulamalı, Beta Basım Yayım, 2. Baskı, İstanbul.
  • Westerlund, Joakim (2008), “Panel Cointegration Tests of the Fisher Effect”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 23(2), p.193-233.
  • Wolff, Edward N. (2000), “Human Capital Investment and Economic Growth: Exploring The Cross-Country Evidence”, Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 11, p.433-472.
  • Wolff, Edward N. (2001), “The Role of Education in The Postwar Productivity Convergence Among OECD Countries”, Industrial and Corporate Change, 10(3), p.735-759.
  • Yalçınkaya, Ömer (2015), Sürdürülebilir Büyüme Bağlamında Eğitim Ulusal ve Uluslararası Bir Değerlendirme, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Erzurum.
  • Yardımcıoğlu, Fatih, Temel Gürdal ve Mehmet E. Altundemir (2014), “Education and Economic Growth: A Panel Cointegration Approach in OECD Countries (1980-2008)”, Education and Science, 39(173), p.1-12.
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ömer Yalçınkaya This is me

Vedat Kaya This is me

Publication Date October 1, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 4 Issue: 4

Cite

ISNAD Yalçınkaya, Ömer - Kaya, Vedat. “Ekonomik Büyümenin Sürdürülebilirliği, Eğitim Ve Verimlilik İlişkisi: G-20 Ülkeleri Üzerinde Bir Uygulama 1992-2014”. Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi 4/4 (October 2016), 171-193.