GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF SOL - GEL

Şafak Toygun; Gülhan Köneçoğlu; Yasemen Kalpaklı

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF SOL - GEL

Abstract

The sol–gel synthesis based on the hydrolysis and condensation of molecular precursors is used to prepare a wide range of inorganic materials. The sol-gel technique is a very convenient method of obtaining both inorganic and hybrid organic-inorganic polymers. Basic advantage of this technique is carrying out the whole process at very gentle conditions. In contrast to solid-state processes, sol- gel processes offer the possibility to control the reaction pathways on a molecular level during the transformation of the precursor species to the final product. In this way, sol-gel processes enable the synthesis of nanoparticles with well-defined and uniform crystal morphologies and with superior purity and homogeneity. Sol-gel chemistry is a quite complex process, on the one hand due to the high reactivity of the metal oxide precursors towards water and the double role of water as ligand and solvent, and, on the other hand, due to the large number of reaction parameters that have to be strictly controlled (hydrolysis and condensation rate of the metal oxide precursors, pH, temperature, method of mixing, rate of oxidation, etc.) in order to provide good reproducibility of the synthesis protocol. Therefore, the main target of the present review is to explain the basic principles of sol-gel process and to evaluate the parameters that are effective in the sol- gel processes.

Keywords

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Chemical Engineering

Journal Section

Review

Authors

Şafak Toygun This is me
Türkiye

Gülhan Köneçoğlu This is me
Türkiye

Yasemen Kalpaklı This is me
Türkiye

Publication Date

December 1, 2013

Submission Date

November 16, 2012

Acceptance Date

March 13, 2013

Published in Issue

Year 2013 Volume: 31 Number: 4

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA53ND33LH

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Toygun, Ş., Köneçoğlu, G., & Kalpaklı, Y. (2013). GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF SOL - GEL. Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 31(4), 456-476. https://izlik.org/JA53ND33LH

AMA

1.Toygun Ş, Köneçoğlu G, Kalpaklı Y. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF SOL - GEL. SIGMA. 2013;31(4):456-476. https://izlik.org/JA53ND33LH

Chicago

Toygun, Şafak, Gülhan Köneçoğlu, and Yasemen Kalpaklı. 2013. “GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF SOL - GEL”. Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences 31 (4): 456-76. https://izlik.org/JA53ND33LH.

EndNote

Toygun Ş, Köneçoğlu G, Kalpaklı Y (December 1, 2013) GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF SOL - GEL. Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences 31 4 456–476.

IEEE

[1]Ş. Toygun, G. Köneçoğlu, and Y. Kalpaklı, “GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF SOL - GEL”, SIGMA, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 456–476, Dec. 2013, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA53ND33LH

ISNAD

Toygun, Şafak - Köneçoğlu, Gülhan - Kalpaklı, Yasemen. “GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF SOL - GEL”. Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences 31/4 (December 1, 2013): 456-476. https://izlik.org/JA53ND33LH.

JAMA

1.Toygun Ş, Köneçoğlu G, Kalpaklı Y. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF SOL - GEL. SIGMA. 2013;31:456–476.

MLA

Toygun, Şafak, et al. “GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF SOL - GEL”. Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences, vol. 31, no. 4, Dec. 2013, pp. 456-7, https://izlik.org/JA53ND33LH.

Vancouver

1.Şafak Toygun, Gülhan Köneçoğlu, Yasemen Kalpaklı. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF SOL - GEL. SIGMA [Internet]. 2013 Dec. 1;31(4):456-7. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA53ND33LH