Xerogel of fast kinetics and high adsorption capacity for cationic dye removal

Abstract

Silica-based xerogel was prepared by the two-step sol-gel method to investigate its methylene blue removal performance. The characteristics of the prepared adsorbent were determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR), scanning electron micros- copy (SEM), and N2 adsorption/desorption analyses. The MB removal studies were conducted with different operating parameters and optimal conditions were found to be 0.06 g adsor-bent dosage, and 20 mg.L-1 initial MB concentration at 45 min. The Langmuir isotherm best represents the MB adsorption equilibrium data and the high maximum adsorption capacity was achieved with 1666.67 mg.g-1. The kinetic mechanism of the study is defined by the pseu-do-second-order kinetic model. Additionally, the adsorption of MB on xerogel exhibited fast kinetics, reaching a high removal capacity (96.56%) in a minute.

Keywords

• Xerogel
• Fast Kinetics
• High Capacity
• Adsorption
• Cationic Dye

References

1. REFERENCES
2. [1] Crini G. Non-conventional low-cost adsorbents for dye removal: A review. Bioresour Technol 2006;97:1061–1085. [CrossRef]
3. [2] Konicki W, Aleksandrzak M, Moszyński D, Mijowska E. Adsorption of anionic azo-dyes from aqueous solutions onto graphene oxide: Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017;496:188–200. [CrossRef]
4. [3] Li Y, Du Q, Liu T, Sun J, Wang Y, Wu S, et al. Methylene blue adsorption on graphene oxide/calcium alginate composites. Carbohydr Polym 2013;95:501–507. [CrossRef]
5. [4] Yagub MT, Sen TK, Afroze S, Ang HM. Dye and its removal from aqueous solution by adsorption: A review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2014;209:172–184. [CrossRef]
6. [5] Chen Z, Fu J, Wang M, Wang X, Zhang J, Xu Q. Adsorption of cationic dye (methylene blue) from aqueous solution using poly(cyclotriphosphazene-co-4,4′-sulfonyldiphenol) nanospheres. Appl Surf Sci 2014;289:495–501. [CrossRef]
7. [6] Zhang W, Zhang LY, Zhao XJ, Zhou Z. Citrus pectin derived ultrasmall Fe3O4@C nanoparticles as a high-performance adsorbent toward removal of methylene blue. J Mol Liq 2016;222:995–1002. [CrossRef]
8. [7] Ravi, Pandey LM. Enhanced adsorption capacity of designed bentonite and alginate beads for the effective removal of methylene blue. Appl Clay Sci 2019;169:102–111. [CrossRef]

9. [8] Hoijang S, Wangkarn S, Ieamviteevanich P, Pinitsoontorn S, Ananta S, Lee TR, et al. Silica-coated magnesium ferrite nanoadsorbent for selective removal of methylene blue. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020;606:125483. [CrossRef]
10. [9] Xiao X, Zhang F, Feng Z, Deng S, Wang Y. Adsorptive removal and kinetics of methylene blue from aqueous solution using NiO/MCM-41 composite. Phys E: Low-dimens Syst Nanostructures 2015;65:4–12. [CrossRef]
11. [10] Hassan AF, Abdel-Mohsen AM, Fouda MM. Comparative study of calcium alginate, activated carbon, and their composite beads on methylene blue adsorption. Carbohydr Polym 2014;102:192–198. [CrossRef]
12. [11] Chen J, Feng J, Yan W. Influence of metal oxides on the adsorption characteristics of PPy/metal oxides for Methylene Blue. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016;475:26–35. [CrossRef]
13. [12] Panizza M, Barbucci A, Ricotti R, Cerisola G. Electrochemical degradation of methylene blue. Sep Purif Technol 2007;54:382–387. [CrossRef]
14. [13] Labanda J, Sabaté J, Llorens J. Experimental and modeling study of the adsorption of single and binary dye solutions with an ion-exchange membrane adsorber. Chem Eng J 2011:166:536–
15. 543. [CrossRef]
16. [14] Soniya M, Muthuraman G. Comparative study between liquid–liquid extraction and bulk liquid membrane for the removal and recovery of methylene blue from wastewater. J Ind Eng Chem 2015;30:266–273. [CrossRef]
17. [15] Salem IA, El-Maazawi MS. Kinetics and mechanism of color removal of methylene blue with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by some supported alumina surfaces. Chemosphere 2000;41:1173- 1180. [CrossRef]
18. [16] Bazrafshan AA, Ghaedi M, Hajati S, Naghiha R, Asfaram A. Synthesis of ZnO-nanorod-based materials for antibacterial, antifungal activities, DNA cleavage and efficient ultrasound-assisted dyes adsorption. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2017;142:330–337. [CrossRef]
19. [17] Yimin D, Jiaqi Z, Danyang L, Lanli N, Liling Z, Yi Z, et al, Preparation of Congo red functionalized Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticle and its application for the removal of methylene blue. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018;550:90–98. [CrossRef]
20. [18] Diagboya PNE, Dikio ED. Silica-based mesoporous materials; emerging designer adsorbents for aqueous pollutants removal and water treatment. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 2018;266:252–267. [CrossRef]
21. [19] Peres EC, Slaviero JC, Cunha AM, Hosseini–Bandegharaei A, Dotto G. Microwave synthesis of silica nanoparticles and its application for methylene blue adsorption. J Environ Chem Eng 2018;6:649–659. [CrossRef]
22. [20] Sheng L, Zhang Y, Tang F, Liu S. Mesoporous/microporous silica materials: Preparation from natural sands and highly efficient fixed-bed adsorption of methylene blue in wastewater. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 2018;257:9–18. [CrossRef]
23. [21] Erturk S, Sari Yilmaz M, Piskin S. Potential low-cost carbon-based adsorbent from gold mine tailings for anionic dye removal. Water Sci Technol 2021;83:1300–1314. [CrossRef]
24. [22] Hameed BH, Din AT, Ahmad AL. Adsorption of methylene blue onto bamboo-based activated carbon: Kinetics and equilibrium studies. J Hazard Mater 2007;141:819–825. [CrossRef]
25. [23] Yao Y, Xu F, Chen M, Xu Z, Zhu Z. Adsorption behavior of methylene blue on carbon nanotubes. Bioresour Technol 2010;101:3040–3046. [CrossRef]
26. [24] Sari Yilmaz M. Graphene oxide/hollow mesoporous silica composite for selective adsorption of methylene blue. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 2022;330:111570. [CrossRef]
27. [25] Han R, Zhang J, Han P, Wang Y, Zhao Z, Tang M. Study of equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic parameters about methylene blue adsorption onto natural zeolite. Chem Eng J 2009;145:496–504. [CrossRef]
28. [26] Benvenuti J, Fisch A, dos Santos JHZ, Gutterres M. Silica-based adsorbent material with grape bagasse encapsulated by the sol-gel method for the adsorption of Basic Blue 41 dye. J Environ Chem Eng 2019;7:103342. [CrossRef]
29. [27] Rafatullah M, Sulaiman O, Hashim R, Ahmad A. Adsorption of methylene blue on low-cost adsorbents: A review. J Hazard Mater 2010;177:70–80. [CrossRef]
30. [28] Luque R, Balu AM, Campelo JM, Gracia MD, Losada E, Pineda A, et al. Catalytic applications of mesoporous silica-based materials. R Soc Chem 2012;43:253–280. [CrossRef]
31. [29] Karamahmut Mermer N, Sari Yilmaz M, Dere Ozdemir O, Piskin MB. The synthesis of silica-based aerogel from gold mine waste for thermal insulation. J Therm Anal Calorim 2017;129:1807– 1812. [CrossRef]
32. [30] Knežević NŽ, Ruiz-Hernández E, Hennink WE, Vallet-Regí M. Magnetic mesoporous silica-based core/shell nanoparticles for biomedical applications. RSC Adv 2013;3:9584. [CrossRef]
33. [31] Pawlaczyk M, Schroeder G. Adsorption studies of Cu(II) ions on dendrimer-grafted silica-based materials. J Mol Liq 2019;281:176–185. [CrossRef]
34. [32] Sriram G, Uthappa UT, Madhuprasad K, Ho-Young J, Tariq A, Brahmkhatri Varsha P, et al. Xerogel activated diatoms as an effective hybrid adsorbent for the efficient removal of malachite green. New J Chem 2019;43:3810–3820. [CrossRef]
35. [33] Osagie C, Othmani A, Ghosh S, Malloum A, Kashitarash Esfahani Z, Ahmadi S. Dyes adsorption from aqueous media through the nanotechnology: A review. J Mater Res Technol 2021;14:2195–2218. [CrossRef]
36. [34] Guzel Kaya G, Yilmaz E, Deveci H. A novel silica xerogel synthesized from volcanic tuff as an adsorbent for high-efficient removal of methylene blue: Parameter optimization using Taguchi experimental design. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 2019;94:2729–2737. [CrossRef]
37. [35] Hannachi Y, Hafidh A. Preparation and characterization of novel bi-functionalized xerogel for removal of methylene blue and lead ions from aqueous solution in batch and fixed-bed modes: RSM optimization, kinetic and equilibrium studies. J Saudi Chem Soc 2020;24:505–519. [CrossRef]
38. [36] Mota TLR, Gomes ALM, Palhares HG, Nunes EHM, Houmard M. Influence of the synthesis parameters on the mesoporous structure and adsorption behavior of silica xerogels fabricated by sol–gel technique. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 2019;92:681–694. [CrossRef]
39. [37] Venkateswara Rao A, Nilsen E, Einarsrud MA. Effect of precursors, methylation agents and solvents on the physicochemical properties of silica aerogels prepared by atmospheric pressure drying method. J Non Cryst Solids 2001;296:165–171. [CrossRef]
40. [38] Ali RM, Hamad HA, Hussein MM, Malash GF. Potential of using green adsorbent of heavy metal removal from aqueous solutions: Adsorption kinetics, isotherm, thermodynamic, mechanism and economic analysis. Ecol Eng 2016;91:317–332. [CrossRef]
41. [39] Hu W, Li M, Chen W, Zhang N, Li B, Wang M, et al. Preparation of hydrophobic silica aerogel with kaolin dried at ambient pressure. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016;501:83–91. [CrossRef]
42. [40] Al-Oweini R, El-Rassy H. Synthesis and characterization by FTIR spectroscopy of silica aerogels prepared using several Si(OR)4 and R′′Si(OR′)3 precursors. J Mol Struct 2009;919:140–145. [CrossRef]
43. [41] Standeker S, Novak Z, Knez Z. Adsorption of toxic organic compounds from water with hydrophobic silica aerogels. J Colloid Interface Sci 2007;310:362–368. [CrossRef]
44. [42] Li M, Jiang H, Xu D, Hai O, Zheng W. Low density and hydrophobic silica aerogels dried under ambient pressure using a new co-precursor method. J Non Cryst Solids 2016;452:187–193. [CrossRef]
45. [43] Crini G, Peindy H, Gimbert F, Robert C. Removal of C.I. Basic Green 4 (Malachite Green) from aqueous solutions by adsorption using cyclodextrin-based adsorbent: Kinetic and equilibrium studies. Sep Purif Technol 2007;53:97–110. [CrossRef]
46. [44] Chairat M, Rattanaphani S, Bremner JB, Rattanaphani V. Adsorption kinetic study of lac dyeing on cotton. Dyes Pigm 2008;76:435–439. [CrossRef]
47. [45] Hameed BH, Salman JM, Ahmad AL. Adsorption isotherm and kinetic modeling of 2,4-D pesticide on activated carbon derived from date stones. J Hazard Mater 2009;163:121–126. [CrossRef]
48. [46] Jamwal HS, Kumari S, Chauhan GS, Reddy NS, Ahn JH. Silica-polymer hybrid materials as methylene blue adsorbents. J Environ Chem Eng 2017;5:103–113. [CrossRef]
49. [47] Han H, Wei W, Jiang Z, Lu J, Zhu J, Xie J. Removal of cationic dyes from aqueous solution by adsorption onto hydrophobic/hydrophilic silica aerogel. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016;509:539–549. [CrossRef]
50. [48] Ge S, Geng W, He X, Zhao J, Zhou B, Duan L, et al. Effect of framework structure, pore size and surface modification on the adsorption performance of methylene blue and Cu2+ in mesoporous silica. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018;539:154–162. [CrossRef]
51. [49] Hassan H, Salama A, El-Ziaty AK, El-Sakhawy M. New chitosan/silica/zinc oxide nanocomposite as adsorbent for dye removal. Int J Biol Macromol 2019;131:520–526. [CrossRef]
52. [50] Yu ZH, Zhai SR, Guo H, Iv TM, Song Y, Zhang F, et al. Removal of methylene blue over low-cost mesoporous silica nanoparticles prepared with naturally occurring diatomite. J Sol Gel Sci Technol 2018;88:541–550. [CrossRef]
53. [51] Dhmees AS, Khaleel NM, Mahmoud SA. Synthesis of silica nanoparticles from blast furnace slag as cost-effective adsorbent for efficient azo-dye removal. Egypt J Pet 2018;27:1113–1121. [CrossRef]
54. [52] Li Z, Sellaoui L, Gueddida S, Dotto G, Lamine AB, Badawi M, et al. Adsorption of methylene blue on silica nanoparticles: Modelling analysis of the adsorption mechanism via a double layer model. J Mol Liq 2020;319:114348. [CrossRef]
55. [53] Karim AH, Triwahyono S, Sidik SM, Kamarudin NHN, Jusoh R, Jusoh NWC, et al. Amino modified mesostructured silica nanoparticles for efficient adsorption of methylene blue. J Colloid Interface Sci 2012;386:307–314. [CrossRef]
56. [54] Parida D, Salmeia KA, Sadeghpour A, Zhao S, Maurya AK, Assaf KI, et al. Template-free synthesis of hybrid silica nanoparticle with functionalized mesostructure for efficient methylene blue removal. Mater Des 2021;201:109494. [CrossRef]
57. [55] Saleh TA, Al-Ruwayshid SH, Sarı A, Tuzen M. Synthesis of silica nanoparticles grafted with copolymer of acrylic acrylamide for ultra-removal of methylene blue from aquatic solutions. Eur Polym J 2020;130:109698. [CrossRef]
58. [56] Shi J, Zhang H, Yu Y, Zou X, Zhou W, Guo J, et al. Adsorption Properties of calcium alginate-silica dioxide hybrid adsorbent to methylene blue. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2020;30:2114– 2125. [CrossRef]
59. [57] Verma M, Dwivedi PK, Saxena NS. Hollow silica nanoparticles synthesized from core-shell nanoparticles as highly efficient adsorbent for methylene blue and its invitro release: Mechanism and Kinetics study. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020;587:124333. [CrossRef]
60. [58] Carvalho LB, Carvalho TG, Magriotis ZM, Ramalho TDC, Pinto LDMA. Cyclodextrin/silica hybrid adsorbent for removal of methylene blue in aqueous media. J Incl Phenom Macrocycl Chem 2014;78:77–87. [CrossRef]
61. [59] Sadanand S, Fosso-Kankeu E, Ramontja J. Efficient and Rapid Adsorption Characteristics of Templating Xanthan Gum-Graft-Poly (Aniline) and Silica Nanocomposite toward Removal of Toxic Methylene Blue Dyes. In: 9th Int'l Conference on Advances in Science, Engineering, Technology & Waste Management (ASETWM-17). 2017.