Statistical exploration for enlargement of reformed water cement ratio law for fly ash concrete

Abstract

In the last ten years, supplementary mineral admixture (SMA) for cement substitution became gradually practical because of their pozzolanic strength and durability characteristics. A crucial issue for SMA concrete is the strength change depending to the age of the binding ingredient. In order to preserve the pozzolanic reaction in SMA concrete, which aids in the development of strength in cementitious qualities, the time frame of water curing is crucial. In the present study, concrete specimens results from laboratories for various mix designs were evaluated, and the associated strengths were correlated with the Abrams law parameter. The Abrams law was developed for concrete having cement as binder content. Many times, this law has not workout where the alternative binder content to cement need to be used for producing concrete. In this work, statistical approaches were used to build mathematical models that relate compressive strength to many factors that impact it, such as cement content, fly ash content, fly ash to binder ratio, and water binder ratio. Variables are considered —f/cm, c, f, cm, cm/A, µ along with w/cm. The best equation after analysis is found as log (CS) = a0 + a1 (w/cm) + a2 (f/cm). These models might be helpful tools for changing Abrams laws to account for fly ash concrete. The current study effort has been focused on low to moderately strong ordinary concrete construction and the mix design process has been maintained as straightforward as possible. Fly ash was substituted for cement at 0% to 50% of the weight of the cementitious material. The water cementing substance ratios varied from 0.4 to 0.6. The amounts of cementitious materials varied for 300 kg/m3, 375 kg/m3, and 450 kg/m3. This study is focused on adoptability of 54 mixes of fly ash combinations and their utility to common practitioners. As a result, it can be concluded that the influence of cement content to the strength of fly ash concrete is greatest at the beginning of the process, diminishes as the process progresses up to 56 days, and then becomes nearly constant. Also, it can be deduced that the strength of fly ash concrete achieves almost saturation at 56-90 days, and that the increment beyond this point is negligible

Keywords

• Abram Law
• Cement Content; Concrete
• Fly Ash
• Water Cement Ratio

References

1. REFERENCES
2. [1] Gursel AP, Masanet E, Horvath A, Stadel A. Lifecycle inventory analysis of concrete production: a critical review. Cem Concr Compos 2014;51:38–48. [CrossRef]
3. [2] Santanu B, Pan S. Modified water-cement ratio law for fly ash concrete. Indian Concr J 2013;87:21–28.
4. [3] Abdullahi M, Ojelade GO, Auta SM. Modified water-cement ratio law for compressive strength of rice husk ash concrete, Niger J Technol 2017;36:373-379. [CrossRef]
5. [4] Mehta PK. Greening of the concrete industry for sustainable development. Concr Int 2002;24:723–728.
6. [5] Mahajan LS, Bhagat SR. Strength Assessment of Concrete using Fly Ash and Metakaolin, In proceeding: International Conference on Advances in Concrete Technology materials and construction practices, Excel India Publishers, New Delhi, 2016, 113–114.
7. [6] Li VC, Wang S, Wu C. Tensile Strain-Hardening Behavior of Polyvinyl Alcohol Engineered Cementitious Composite (PVA-ECC). Mater J 2001;98:483–492. [CrossRef]
8. [7] Wang S, Li VC. Engineered cementitious composites with high-volume fly ash. ACI Mater J 2007;104:233–241. [CrossRef]

9. [8] Mahajan L. Bhagat S. Machine learning approaches for predicting compressive strength of concrete with fly ash admixture, Res Eng Struct Mater 2023;9:431–456.
10. [9] Neville AM. Properties of Concrete. London: Longman Scientific and Technical Publishing; 1995.
11. [10] Draper NR, April HS. Applied Regression Analysis. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 1998.
12. [11] Mahmud HB, Chia BS, Hamid NBAA. Rice husk ash - an alternative material in producing high strength concrete. In: Proceedings of İnternational Conference on Engineering Materials, Ottawa, Canada, 1997. p. 275–284.
13. [12] Cook DJ, Pama RP, Damer SA. The behaviour of concrete and cement paste containing rice husk ash. In: Proceedings of conference on hydraulic cement pastes. London: Cement and Concrete Association, 1976. p. 268–282.
14. [13] Wu B, Ye G. Development of porosity of cement paste blended with supplementary cementitious materials after carbonation. Construct Build Mater 2017;145:52–61. [CrossRef]
15. [14] Papadakis VG. Effect of fly ash on Portland cement systems: Part I. Low calcium fly ash. Cem Concr Res 1999;29:1727–1736. [CrossRef]
16. [15] Marsh BK, Day R. Pozzolanic and cementitious reactions of fly ash in blended cement pastes, Cem. Concr. Res 1988;18:301–310. [CrossRef]
17. [16] Afshinnia K, Rangaraju PR. Impact of combined use of ground glass powder and crushed glass aggregate on selected properties of Portland cement concrete, Constr Build Mater 2016;117:263–272. [CrossRef]
18. [17] Qiang W, Peiyu Y, Guidong M. Effect of blended steel slag-GBFS mineral admixture on hydration and strength of cement Construct Build Mater 2012;35:8–14. [CrossRef]
19. [18] Wang XY, Lee HS. Modeling the hydration of concrete incorporating fly ash or slag. Cem Concr Res 2010;40:984–996. [CrossRef]
20. [19] Beshr H, Almusallam AA. Maslehuddin M. Effect of coarse aggregate quality on the mechanical properties of high strength concrete. Constr Build Mater 2003;17:97–103. [CrossRef]
21. [20] Ati DC. Heat evolution of high-volume fly ash concrete. Cem Concr Res 2002;32:751–756. [CrossRef]
22. [21] Mahajan LS, Bhagat SR. Hardened behavior of fly ash ıncorporated concrete with bottom ash (FACB) as partial replacement of fine aggregate. Int J Innov Technol Explor Eng 2020;9:2898–2907. [CrossRef]
23. [22] Mahajan LS, Bhagat SR. Fly ash effects on fresh concrete. Int J Innov Technol Explor Eng 2020;9:1247–1252. [CrossRef]
24. [23] Poon CS, Lam CS. The effect of aggregate-to-cement ratio and types of aggregates on the properties of pre-cast concrete blocks. Cem and Concr Compos 2007;30:283–289. [CrossRef]
25. [24] Esfandiari J, Heidari O, Esfandiari S. Experimental behavior of buckling restrained braces by adding diferent admixtures concrete and using the steel core under cyclic loads. Case Stud Construct Mater 2023;18:e01876. [CrossRef]
26. [25] LeBow, CJ. Effect of cement content on concrete performance (Graduate thesis). Arkansas, USA: University of Arkansas; 2018.
27. [26] Singh VK. 14 Portland cement additives. In Singh VK, (editör). Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil and Structural Engineering, The Science and Technology of Cement and Other Hydraulic Binders. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing; 2023. p. 499–570. [CrossRef]
28. [27] Shamsad A, Saeid A. A Statistical Approach to Optimizing Concrete Mixture Design. Scientific World J 2014;2014:561539. [CrossRef]
29. [28] Mondal A, Bhanja S. Augmentation of Abrams law for fly ash concrete. Mater Today Proceed 2022;65:644–650. [CrossRef]
30. [29] Kirange M, Mahajan L. Predicting strength of concrete by ensemble technique. Res Eng Struct Mater 2023;9:1039–1060.
31. [30] Popovics S. A numerical approach to the complete stressstrain curve of concrete. Cem and Concr Res 1973;3:583–599. [CrossRef]