Application of water quality index for drinking purposes in dam lakes: A case study of thrace region

Year 2020, Volume: 38 Issue: 1, 393 - 402, 27.03.2020

Cem Tokatlı

Abstract

Thrace Region is located in the north – west part of Marmara Region of Turkey and has very large agricultural lands because of contained quite rich soil and many freshwater resources. Altınyazı, Karaidemir, Kayalıköy, Kırklareli, Sultanköy and Süloğlu Dam Lakes are located in Thrace Region and they were constructed by DSİ (State Water Works) in order to provide irrigation and drinking water and flood protection. The aim of this study was to determine a total of 25 essential and toxic element accumulations in water of these significant reservoirs (Li, Be, B, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Sr, Mo, Cd, Sb, Ba, Tl and Pb) and apply the Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WAWQI) in order to evaluate the water quality in terms of drinking purposes. Cluster Analysis (CA) was also used to classify the investigated elements and stations in terms of similar characteristics. Water samples were collected in spring season (rainy) of 2018 from 15 stations and element accumulations were investigated by using an ICP-MS. According to results of elemental CA, 4 statistically significant clusters were formed in terms of similar elemental densities, which were named as "most intense elements", "high-moderate intense elements", "low-moderate intense elements" and "rarest elements". According to results of locational CA, 2 statistically significant clusters were formed in terms of similar water quality characteristics, which were named as "more polluted locations" and "less polluted locations". According to the results of WAWQI, the reservoirs has "A grade" water quality and the values of overall WAWQI were within the permissible limits (<100). But the Qi values of selenium were found as over the permissible limits and the risk sequence of the elements in water of the reservoirs as follows: Se > As > Cr > B > Mo > Ba > Ni > Pb > Cd > Mn > Cu in general.

Keywords

Thrace region reservoirs, macro – micro elements, water quality index.

References

• [1] Anonymous (2016). Yüzeysel Su Kalitesi Yönetimi Yönetmeliği. 10 Ağustos 2016 Tarih ve 29737 Sayılı Resmi Gazete. Orman ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı, Ankara, 28 s.
• [2] APHA (American Public Health Association) (1992). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. In A.E. Greenberg, A.E., Clesceri, L.S. and Eato, A.D. (eds.) American Public Health Association. 18th ed.,Washington, U.S.A.
• [3] ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry) (2003). Toxicological Profile for Selenium. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
• [4] Akter, T., Jhohura, F. T., Akter, F., Chowdhury, T. R., Mistry, S. K., Dey, D., Barua, M. K., Islam, M. A., Rahman, M. (2016). Water Quality Index for Measuring Drinking Water Quality in Rural Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 35:4.
• [5] Brown, R. M., Mcclelland, N. I., Deınınger, R. A., O’connor, M. F. (1972). A Water Quality Indexcrashing the Physiological Barrier. Indic Environ Qual, 1, 173–182.
• [6] Coşkun, M., Steinnes, E., Viladimirovna, M., Torill, F., Sjobakk, E., Demkina, S. (2006). Heavy Metal Pollution of Surface Soil in the Thrace Region, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 119 (1–3): 545–556.
• [7] Damo, R., Icka., P. (2013). Evaluation of Water Quality Index for Drinking Water. Pol. J. Environ. Stud., 22 (4): 1045-1051.
• [8] EC (European Communities) (2007). European Communities (drinking water) (no. 2), Regulatıons 2007, S.I. No. 278 of 2007.
• [9] EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) METHOD 3051. (1998). Microwave Assisted Acid Digestion of Sediments, Sludges, Soils, and Oils.
• [10] EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) METHOD 200.7. (2001). Determination of Metals and Trace Elements in Water and Wastes by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry.
• [11] http://www2.dsi.gov.tr/
• [12] Mukatea, S., Wagha, V., Panaskara, D., Jacobs, J. A., Sawantc, A. (2019). Development of New Integrated Water Quality Index (IWQI) Model to Evaluate the Drinking Suitability of Water. Ecological Indicators, 101: 348-354.
• [13] Özler, H. M., Aydın, A. (2008). Hydrochemical and Microbiological Quality of Groundwater in West Thrace Region of Turkey. Environmental Geology, 54 (2): 355–363.
• [14] Puri, P. J., Yenkie, M.K.N., Sangal, S.P., Gandhare, N.V., Sarote, G. B., Dhanorkar, D. B. (2011). Surface Water (Lakes) Quality Assessment in Nagpur City (India) Based On Water Quality Index (WQI). Rasayan J. Chem., Vol.4 (1): 43-48.
• [15] Tokatlı, C. (2014). Drinking Water Quality of a Rice Land in Turkey by a Statistical and GIS Perspective: İpsala District. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 23 (6): 2247-2258.
• [16] Tokatlı, C. (2015). Assessment of the Water Quality in the Meriç River: As an Element of the Ecosystem in the Thrace Region of Turkey. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 24 (5): 2205-2211.
• [17] Tokatlı, C. (2017). Bio – Ecological and Statistical Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in Sediments of a Worldwide Important Wetland: Gala Lake National Park (Turkey). Archives of Environmental Protection, 43 (1): 34-47.
• [18] Tokatlı, C. (2018). Drinking Water Quality Assessment in Villages Located in Meriç River Basin (Edirne, Turkey). Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 36 (3): 871-886.
• [19] Tokatlı, C., Baştatlı, Y. (2016). Trace and Toxic Element Levels in River Sediments. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 25 (4): 1715-1720.
• [20] Tyagi, S., Sharma, B., Singh, P., Dobhal, R. (2013). Water Quality Assessment in Terms of Water Quality Index. American Journal of Water Resources, 1(3):34–8.
• [21] WHO (World Health Organization) (2011). Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. World Health Organization Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data, NLM classification: WA 675.
• [22] Wu, Z., Wang, X., Chen, Y., Cai,Y., Deng, J (2018). Assessing River Water Quality Using Water Quality Index in Lake Taihu Basin, China. Science of the Total Environment, 612: 914–922.