AN OVERVIEW TO THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF THE INVERTED T TYPE CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL TAKING INTO ACCOUNT SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION PHENOMENON

Year 2020, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 37 - 50, 01.03.2020

Tufan Cakır Kasif Furkan Ozturk

Abstract

The dynamic response of the cantilever retaining walls is affected by many factors such as the geometry of the wall, the earthquake frequency content, the wall flexibility, the backfill characteristics, and the soil structure interaction. Therefore, it may not be possible to analyse all aspects of the dynamic response of the cantilever retaining walls in spite of their simplicity. It is also well known that some unfavourable effects on the behaviour of the walls may impair the balance of the wall. In this context, the study aims to investigate the dynamic response of the T type cantilever retaining wall considering soil structure interaction. In line with this purpose, the soil structure interaction system is produced with a three dimensional finite element model. The seismic analyses are performed in time domain using C-OLC360 component of 1983 Coalinga earthquake, and four different foundation soil systems are used in these analyses. The elasto-plastic behaviour of the backfill and the foundation soil are represented with Drucker-Prager material model. In order to reflect the material damping of the system, Rayleigh damping is utilized considering mass and stiffness proportional dampings. In addition, the viscous boundary dashpot elements which consider the criteria of Lysmer and Kuhlemeyer for wave propagation, are placed around the boundaries of the numerical model. The results are examined in terms of both the stresses and displacements. The findings have revealed that the dynamic response of the T shaped cantilever retaining walls is considerably affected by the soil structure interaction.

Keywords

Cantilever retaining wall, soil structure interaction, geotechnical engineering, finite element method, damping

References

• [1] Huang C.C., (2000) Investigations of soil retaining structures damaged during the Chi‐Chi (Taiwan) earthquake, Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, 23 (4), 417-428.
• [2] Koseki J., Hayano K. (2000) Preliminary report on damage to retaining walls caused by the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake, Bulletin of ERS, 33, 23-34.
• [3] Fang Y.S., Yang Y.C. and Chen T.J., (2003) Retaining walls damaged in the Chi-Chi earthquake”, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 40 (6), 1142-1153.
• [4] Dismuke J.N., (2011) Retaining wall performance during the February 2011 Christchurch Earthquake, Australian Earthquake Engineering Society 2011 Conference, 18-20 November 2011, Barossa Valley, South Australia.
• [5] Zhang J., Qu H., Liao Y., Ma Y., (2012) Seismic damage of earth structures of road engineering in the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, Environmental Earth Sciences, 65 (4), 987-993.
• [6] Wu Y., He S., Li X., (2012) Failure mechanism and seismic design of retaining wall in earthquake, Environmental Earth Sciences, 65 (4), 1013-1019.
• [7] Riches L.K., (2015) Observed earthquake damage to Christchurch city council owned retaining walls and the repair solutions developed, In Proc. of the 6th Int. Conf. in Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, 1–4 November 2015, Christchurch, New Zealand.
• [8] Okabe S., (1924) General theory of earth pressure and seismic stability of retaining wall and dam, Journal of Japanese Society of Civil Engineering, 10 (6), 1277-1323.
• [9] Mononobe N., Matsuo H., (1929) On the determination of earth pressures during earthquakes, Proceedings of World Engineering Congress, 1929, 179-187.
• [10] Seed H.B., Whitman R.V., (1970) Design of earth retaining structures for dynamic loads, Proceedings of the Specialty Conference on Lateral Stresses in the Ground and Design of Earth Retaining Structures, 1970, 103-147, Ithaca, New York.
• [11] Nadim F., Whitman R.V., (1983) Seismically induced movement of retaining walls, Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, 109 (7), 915-931.
• [12] Ghosh S., (2010) Pseudo-dynamic active force and pressure behind battered retaining wall supporting inclined backfill, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 30 (11), 1226-1232.
• [13] Santhoshkumar, G., Ghosh, P., Murakami, A., (2019) Seismic Active Resistance of a Tilted Cantilever Retaining Wall considering Adaptive Failure Mechanism. International Journal of Geomechanics, 19 (8), 04019086.
• [14] Jadhav, P. R., Prashant, A., (2019). Double wedge model for computing seismic sliding displacements of cantilever retaining walls, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 116, 570-579.
• [15] Richards R., Elms D.G., (1979) Seismic behavior of gravity retaining walls, Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, 105, 449-464.
• [16] Whitman R.V., Liao S., (1985) Seismic design of gravity retaining walls, Massachusetts Inst of Tech Cambridge Dept of Civil Engineering.
• [17] Steedman R.S., Zeng X., (1996) Rotation of large gravity walls on rigid foundations under seismic loading, Geotechnical Special Publication, 38-56.
• [18] Zeng X., Steedman R.S., (2000) Rotating block method for seismic displacement of gravity walls, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 126 (8), 709-717.
• [19] Pain A., Choudhury D., Bhattacharyya S.K., (2017) Seismic rotational stability of gravity retaining walls by modified pseudo-dynamic method, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 94, 244-253.
• [20] Matsuo H., Ohora S., (1960) Lateral earth pressure and stability of quay walls during earthquakes, Proceedings of 2nd World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, 1960, 165-181, Tokyo, Japan.
• [21] Wood J.H., (1973) Earthquake-induced soil pressures on structures, Report EERL 73-05, Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology (United States).
• [22] Arias A., Sanchez-Sesma F.J., Ovando-Shelley E., (1981) A simplified elastic model for seismic analysis of earth-retaining structures with limited displacement, Proc. of International Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, 1981, 235-240, St. Louis, MO.
• [23] Veletsos A.S., Parikh V.H., Younan A.H., (1995) Dynamic response of a pair of walls retaining a viscoelastic solid, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 24, 1567-1589.
• [24] Wu G., Finn W.D.L., (1996) Seismic pressures against rigid walls, In Analysis and design of retaining structures against earthquakes, ASCE, 1-18.
• [25] Wu G., Finn W.D.L., (1999) Seismic lateral pressures for design of rigid walls, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 36, 509-522.
• [26] Li X., (1999) Dynamic analysis of rigid walls considering flexible foundation, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 125, 803-806.
• [27] Younan A.H., Veletsos A.S., (2000) Dynamic response of flexible retaining walls, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 29, 1815-1844.
• [28] Papagiannopoulos G.A., Beskos D.E., Triantafyllidis T., (2015) Seismic pressures on rigid cantilever walls retaining linear poroelastic soil: An exact solution, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 77, 208-219.
• [29] Vrettos C., Beskos D.E., Triantafyllidis T., (2016) Seismic pressures on rigid cantilever walls retaining elastic continuously non-homogeneous soil: An exact solution, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 82, 142-153.
• [30] Beskou N.D., Papagiannopoulos G.A., Chassiakos A.P., (2018) Seismic analysis of rigid walls retaining a cross-anisotropic poroelastic soil layer over bedrock, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 114, 615-624.
• [31] Callisto L., Soccodato F.M., (2010) Seismic design of flexible cantilevered retaining walls, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 136 (2), 344-354.
• [32] Al Atik L., Sitar N., (2010) Seismic earth pressures on cantilever retaining structures, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 136 (10), 1324-1333.
• [33] Athanasopoulos-Zekkos A., Vlachakis V.S., Athanasopoulos G.A., (2013) Phasing issues in the seismic response of yielding, gravity-type earth retaining walls – overview and results from a FEM study, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 55, 59-70.
• [34] Shrestha S., Ravichandran N., Raveendra M., Attenhofer J.A., (2016) Design and analysis of retaining wall backfilled with shredded tire and subjected to earthquake shaking, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 90, 227-239.
• [35] Osouli A., Zamiran S., (2017) The effect of backfill cohesion on seismic response of cantilever retaining walls using fully dynamic analysis, Computers and Geotechnics, 89, 143-152.
• [36] Cakir T., (2017) Assessment of effect of material properties on seismic response of a cantilever wall, Geomechanics and Engineering, 13 (4), 601-619.
• [37] Cakir, T., Dag, S., (2015) Dynamic Displacement and Stress Analyses of Cantilever Retaining Walls Considering Soil-Structure Interaction and Wall Flexibility, Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 33 (4), 577-589.
• [38] Zamiran S., Osouli A., (2018) Seismic motion response and fragility analyses of cantilever retaining walls with cohesive backfill, Soils and Foundations, 58(2), 412-426.
• [39] Chowdhury, I., Singh, J.P., (2015) Behavior of gravity type retaining wall under earthquake load with generalized backfill, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 19 (4), 563-591.
• [40] Bakr J., Ahmad S.M., (2018) A finite element performance-based approach to correlate movement of a rigid retaining wall with seismic earth pressure, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 114, 460-479.
• [41] Cattoni, E., Salciarini, D., Tamagnini, C., (2019) A Generalized Newmark Method for the assessment of permanent displacements of flexible retaining structures under seismic loading conditions, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 117, 221-233.
• [42] Veletsos, A. S., Younan, A.H., (1994) Dynamic soil pressures on rigid vertical walls, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 23 (3), 275-301.
• [43] ANSYS 13.0, ANSYS Inc., Canonsburg, 2010.
• [44] Psarropoulos P.N., Klonaris G., Gazetas G., (2005) Seismic earth pressures on rigid and flexible retaining walls, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 25, 795-809.
• [45] Lysmer J., Kuhlemeyer R.L., (1969) Finite dynamic model for infinite media, Journal of Engineering Mechanics Division, 95, 859-878.
• [46] Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER), Available: https://ngawest2.berkeley.edu/site. [Accessed: 2012].